Abstract
The earliest medical schools were established to supplement apprenticeship, the only route to practice available in colonial Canada. By 1885, eight medical schools were trying to accommodate the volume of new scientific information flowing from Europe. In 1910, when Flexner evaluated the schools against the Johns Hopkins model, some were woefully deficient, but by 1928 all had achieved Class A rating. The 1921 discovery of insulin in Toronto gave impetus to scientific research and, possibly, influenced the formation and funding of the National Research Council in 1934. Clinical specialization expanded, leading in 1929 to the establishment of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada to accredit training and certify graduates. The Association of Canadian Medical Colleges was formed at a meeting of deans to discuss a federal offer of funding and to accelerate the graduation of physicians for the war effort.
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