Abstract
The activity of ranbezolid (RBX 7644), a new oxazolidinone, against 306 anaerobes was compared with those of 11 other agents. The MICs at which 50% of the isolates tested are inhibited and those at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited (in micrograms per milliliter) were as follows: ranbezolid, 0.03 and 0.5; linezolid, 2 and 4; vancomycin, >16 and >16; teicoplanin, 1 and >16; quinupristin-dalfopristin, 1 and >8; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 0.5 and 2; imipenem, 0.125 and 1; clindamycin, 0.25 and 8; metronidazole, 1 and 4; gatifloxacin, 0.5 and 4; and moxifloxacin, 0.5 and 2, respectively. Ranbezolid had very good in vitro activity against both gram-negative and -positive anaerobes.
Anaerobes are frequent causes of human infections, e.g., intra-abdominal infections, especially in immunocompromised and otherwise debilitated hosts. β-lactamase production is found in most of the Bacteroides fragilis group and has increasingly been found in Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium spp. Clindamycin resistance is found in the B. fragilis group and some Clostridium strains, and metronidazole resistance, common among anaerobic gram-positive non-spore-forming rods, has also been found in the B. fragilis group (1-4).
Oxazolidinones are a new class of synthetic antimicrobial agents active mainly against gram-positive organisms, including gram-positive anaerobes such as Clostridium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., and Propionibacterium acnes. Linezolid, the oxazolidinone for which most data are currently available, is active against staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, and aerobic gram-positive non-spore-forming rods as well as gram-positive anaerobes. Activity against gram-negative organisms is less marked. Similar MICs have been described for AZD2563, another experimental oxazolidinone (5, 7, 8, 10, 13).
Ranbezolid (RBX 7644; Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, New Delhi, India) (Fig. 1) is a new oxazolidinone with enhanced activity against gram-positive organisms and activity against some fastidious gram-negative organisms. The present study examines the in vitro activity of ranbezolid in comparison with those of linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin against 306 gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes.
FIG. 1.
Chemical structure of ranbezolid.
The strains were all clinical isolates, most of which were isolated during the past 3 years, mostly from the Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pa., but also from other hospitals, and were identified by conventional methodology (12). Each Clostridium difficile isolate was from a separate patient, with some patients from the Hershey Medical Center and others from different hospitals. The possibility of clonality (leading to similar susceptibilities) cannot be excluded in all cases. Prior to testing, organisms were stored in double-strength skim milk (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) at −70°C. Purity throughout the study was checked by Gram stain and colonial morphology. Ranbezolid powder was obtained from Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, and other drugs were obtained from their respective manufacturers. Agar dilution testing for MICs was performed according to NCCLS methodology (11) by using Brucella laked blood agar plates and an inoculum of 105 CFU/spot. Plates were incubated for 48 h in an anaerobic chamber (Coy Laboratory Products, Ann Arbor, Mich.). Standard quality control strains were included in each run.
The MICs are presented in Table 1. As can be seen, the MICs of ranbezolid for gram-negative and -positive strains were lower than those of linezolid, with the ranbezolid MICs at which 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the isolates tested are inhibited being 0.03 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively, compared with linezolid values of 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml, respectively. The only organisms for which ranbezolid MICs were >0.5 μg/ml were Fusobacterium varium (1.0 μg/ml) and the anaerobic gram-positive rods, particularly lactobacilli and Propionibacterium acnes (2.0 to 4.0 μg/ml). For all other anaerobes, ranbezolid MICs ranged between ≤0.008 and 0.5 μg/ml. By contrast, linezolid yielded MICs of <1.0 μg/ml mainly against gram-positive anaerobes, with higher MICs against gram-negative anaerobes.
TABLE 1.
MICs (micrograms per milliliter) of agents
| Organism(s) (no. of strains) and agent | MIC range | MIC50 | MIC90 | Organism(s) (no. of strains) and agent | MIC range | MIC50 | MIC90 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteroides fragilis (26) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.125 | 0.06 | 0.125 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.5-4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 2.0->8.0 | 8.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 4.0->128.0 | 32.0 | >128.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 0.25-8.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.06->32.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | 0.25-2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | 16.0->16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.06-4.0 | 0.125 | 1.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.5->16.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25->16.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
|
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (12)
|
||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.06-0.125 | 0.06 | 0.125 | |||||
| Linezolid | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | >8.0 | >8.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 16.0->128.0 | 32.0 | >128.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 0.5-8.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.25->32.0 | 4.0 | >32.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.125-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 1.0->16.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 1.0->16.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Bacteroides distasonis (12) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.06-0.125 | 0.06 | 0.125 | |||||
| Linezolid | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 8.0->8.0 | >8.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 2.0->128.0 | 2.0 | >128.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 1.0-32.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.03->32.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | 16.0->16.0 | 16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.03-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||
| Bacteroides vulgatus (11) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.06 | 0.016 | 0.016 | |||||
| Linezolid | 2.0-4.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 2.0->8.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 8.0->128.0 | 16.0 | >128.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 0.5-8.0 | 0.5 | 8.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | ≤0.016->32.0 | 0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.125-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-16.0 | 1.0 | 16.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.5-16.0 | 1.0 | 16.0 | |||||
| Bacteroides ovatus (10) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.03-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.125 | |||||
| Linezolid | 2.0-4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 8.0->8.0 | 8.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 16.0->128.0 | 32.0 | >128.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 0.5-4.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 1.0->32.0 | 2.0 | >32.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.125-0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | |||||
| Metronidazole | 0.25-1.0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | 1.0-4.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-0.125 | 0.03 | 0.125 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.5-8.0 | 0.5 | 8.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.5-16.0 | 1.0 | 16.0 | |||||
| Miscellaneous Prevotella and Porphyromonas species (26)a | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.25 | 0.03 | 0.125 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.25-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | ≤0.0125-4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.0125-64.0 | ≤0.125 | 32.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.0125-2.0 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Clindamycin | ≤0.016->32.0 | ≤0.016 | ≤0.016 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 1.0->16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06->16.0 | 2.0 | 16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-0.125 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.06-2.0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03-2.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||
| All Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. (57) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.5 | 0.06 | 0.25 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.25-4.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | ≤0.125-8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-128.0 | 4.0 | 64.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-4.0 | 0.25 | 2.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | ≤0.016->32.0 | ≤0.016 | 32.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 1.0->16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06->16.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-0.125 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.06-8.0 | 0.25 | 4.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03-16.0 | 0.5 | 4.0 | |||||
| Fusobacterium nucleatum (11) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.03 | 0.016 | 0.03 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.5-4.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 1.0-8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-1.0 | ≤0.125 | 0.25 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-1.0 | ≤0.125 | 0.25 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.06-0.125 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-0.5 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.125-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||||
| Fusobacterium necrophorum (3) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.016 | |||||||
| Linezolid | 0.25-0.5 | |||||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 0.25-1.0 | |||||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-0.5 | |||||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-0.5 | |||||||
| Clindamycin | 0.03 | |||||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-0.25 | |||||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | |||||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | |||||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.0016-0.25 | |||||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.5 | |||||||
| Moxifloxacin | 1.0-2.0 | |||||||
| Fusobacterium mortiferum (11) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.03-0.125 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.25-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 4.0->8.0 | 8.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 1.0->128.0 | 1.0 | 128.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 1.0-32.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.06-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.125 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-0.5 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Fusobacterium varium (11) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Linezolid | 1.0-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | >8.0 | >8.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 1.0-2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 1.0-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 1.0->32.0 | 8.0 | 32.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-1.0 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.5-1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 2.0->16.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 2.0->16.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| All Fusobacterium spp. (36) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-1.0 | 0.03 | 1.0 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.25-4.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 0.25->8.0 | 8.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125->128 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-32.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.03->32.0 | 0.06 | 16.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-1.0 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Vancomycin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25->16.0 | 0.5 | 4.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.125->16.0 | 0.5 | 4.0 | |||||
| Peptostreptococcus spp. (52)b | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.03 | ≤0.008 | 0.016 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | ≤0.125-2.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-32.0 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-32.0 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Clindamycin | ≤0.0016->32.0 | 0.25 | 1.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-2.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 0.125-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.006-0.25 | 0.125 | 0.125 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-2.0 | 0.06 | 0.125 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.125-16.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.06-16.0 | 0.25 | 2.0 | |||||
| Propionibacterium acnes (11) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 1.0-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | ≤0.125 | ≤0.125 | ≤0.125 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-0.25 | ≤0.125 | 0.25 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-0.25 | ≤0.125 | 0.25 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |||||
| Metronidazole | >16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 0.5-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | 0.25-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-0.03 | ≤0.016 | 0.03 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.125-0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.125-0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||||
| Actinomyces spp. (6) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-1.0 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Linezolid | 0.25-8.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | ≤0.125-0.5 | ≤0.125 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-0.5 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-0.5 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Clindamycin | 0.03-4.0 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Metronidazole | 1.0->16 | >16 | ||||||
| Vancomycin | 0.5-8.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06-0.5 | 0.125 | ||||||
| Imipenem | 0.03-0.25 | 0.125 | ||||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.5-4.0 | 2.0 | ||||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.5-4.0 | 2.0 | ||||||
| Bifidobacterium spp. (8) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-1.0 | 0.125 | ||||||
| Linezolid | 0.125-1.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | ≤0.125 | ≤0.125 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-0.5 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-0.5 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Clindamycin | ≤0.016->32.0 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Metronidazole | 2.0->16.0 | >16 | ||||||
| Vancomycin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06-0.5 | 0.125 | ||||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-0.5 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-2.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Eubacterium spp. (8) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.016 | ≤0.008 | ||||||
| Linezolid | 1.0-2.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 0.25-0.5 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Clindamycin | 0.06-0.25 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-0.5 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Vancomycin | 1.0-2.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06-0.125 | 0.125 | ||||||
| Imipenem | 0.25-0.5 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-0.5 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-0.5 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Lactobacillus spp. (8) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.03-4.0 | 4.0 | ||||||
| Linezolid | 0.5-8.0 | 4.0 | ||||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 0.25-2.0 | 2.0 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Clindamycin | 0.25-4.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Metronidazole | 16->16 | >16 | ||||||
| Vancomycin | 1.0->16 | >16 | ||||||
| Teicoplanin | 0.25->16 | >16 | ||||||
| Imipenem | 0.25-2.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-8.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-8.0 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens (20) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.016-0.125 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |||||
| Linezolid | 1.0-4.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-0.25 | ≤0.125 | 0.25 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-0.5 | ≤0.125 | ≤0.125 | |||||
| Clindamycin | ≤0.016-2.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06-0.125 | ≤0.06 | 0.125 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.03-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.25 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||
| Clostridium difficile (10) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||||
| Linezolid | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 0.5-2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | 1.0-4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 0.5-4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 2.0->32.0 | 4.0 | >32.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | 0.25-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 1.0-4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | 0.125-0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||||
| Imipenem | 2.0-4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 1.0-16.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 1.0-8.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Clostridium spp. (15)c | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |||||
| Linezolid | 1.0-8.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | 0.25-1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125-0.5 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-0.5 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Clindamycin | 0.03-8.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125-1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 1.0-4.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06-4.0 | ≤0.06 | 0.5 | |||||
| Imipenem | 0.06-0.5 | 0.125 | 0.5 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.25-2.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-2.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
| All strains (306) | ||||||||
| Ranbezolid | ≤0.008-4.0 | 0.03 | 0.5 | |||||
| Linezolid | 0.125-8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Quinupristin-dalfopristin | ≤0.125->8.0 | 1.0 | >8.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin | ≤0.125->128.0 | 1.0 | 128.0 | |||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | ≤0.125-32.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
| Clindamycin | ≤0.016->32.0 | 0.25 | 8.0 | |||||
| Metronidazole | ≤0.125->16.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Vancomycin | 0.125->16.0 | >16.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Teicoplanin | ≤0.06->16.0 | 1.0 | >16.0 | |||||
| Imipenem | ≤0.016-4.0 | 0.125 | 1.0 | |||||
| Gatifloxacin | 0.06->16.0 | 0.5 | 4.0 | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03->16.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | |||||
Prevotella corporis, 4; Prevotella loescheii, 2; Prevotella buccae, 9; Prevotella disiens, 5; Prevotella oris, 2; Prevotella oralis group, 1; Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, 2; and Porphyromonas gingivalis, 1.
Peptostreptococcus magnus, 11; Peptostreptococcus micros, 11; Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, 10; Peptostreptococcus tetradius, 8; Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, 9; and Peptostreptococcus prevotii, 3.
Clostridium tertium, 3; Clostridium sordellii, 2; Clostridium ramosum, 2; Clostridium bifermentans, 1; Clostridium cadaveris, 3; Clostridium histolyticum, 1; Clostridium paraputrificum, 1; and Clostridium spp., 2.
Quinupristin-dalfopristin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin were active predominantly against gram-positive species. Teicoplanin MICs were several dilutions lower than those of vancomycin for most bacterial groups. Amoxicillin-clavulanate was active against most groups, with an MIC50 of 0.5 μg/ml and an MIC90 of 2.0 μg/ml, while imipenem was also very active, with an MIC50 of 0.125 μg/ml and an MIC90 of 1.0 μg/ml against all strains. Clindamycin was very active, except against some strains in the B. fragilis group, Prevotella species, peptostreptococci, and clostridia, while metronidazole was active against all groups except the anaerobic gram-positive rods (with the exception of some eubacteria). The overall gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin MIC50s and MIC90s were 0.5 μg/ml and 2.0 to 4.0 μg/ml, respectively, against all strains tested.
Ranbezolid is a new oxazolidinone with expanded activity against gram-positive cocci, fastidious gram-negative rods, and anaerobes (A. Rattan, A. Mehta, B. Das, M. Pandya, P. Bhateja, T. Mathur, S. Singhal, R. Sood, S. Malhotra, A. Yadav, A. Ray, R. Rao, and S. Rudra, Abstr. 42nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. F-1288, 2002; D. Hoellman, L. Ednie, M. Jacobs, A. Rattan, and P. Appelbaum, Abstr. 42nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. F-1289, 2002; L. M. Kelly, D. Hoellman, M. Jacobs, A. Rattan, and P. Appelbaum, Abstr. 42nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. F-1290, 2002; L. Ednie, M. Jacobs, A. Rattan, and P. Appelbaum, Abstr. 42nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. F-1291, 2002; A. Rattan, M. Pandya, P. Bhateja, T. Mathur, R. Dhar, B. Das, and A. Mehta, Abstr. 42nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. F-1294, 2002). The present study confirms and expands the recently presented finding of the excellent antianaerobe activity of ranbezolid against both gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes (L. Ednie et al., 42nd ICAAC). This is the first oxazolidinone of which we are aware with similar activities against both gram-negative and -positive anaerobes. Goldstein and coworkers (8) have documented that the MIC of linezolid was ≤2.0 mg/liter for fusobacteria, Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., and peptostreptococci. Because only bite wound organisms were tested in this previous study, no strains of the B. fragilis group were examined. Wise and coworkers (13) have reported linezolid MICs of ≤4.0 mg/liter for B. fragilis, <2.0 mg/liter for Clostridium perfringens, and 8.0 μg/ml for Clostridium difficile. The MICs of AZD2563 for anaerobes were similar to those of linezolid, with lower MICs for gram-positive than for gram-negative organisms and also low MICs for fusobacteria (7). Our results for linezolid are similar to those of the other workers cited above (7, 8, 13). Teicoplanin, like vancomycin, was active only against gram-positive organisms. The MICs of other compounds tested in the present study were similar to those reported by other workers, with imipenem having the greatest overall activity against all groups of bacteria (1-4, 6, 9, 10).
In summary, ranbezolid had excellent in vitro activity against all groups of anaerobes tested. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic, toxicological, and ultimately clinical studies will be necessary to test whether these in vitro data translate into clinical efficacy.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a grant from Ranbaxy Research Laboratories.
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