Skip to main content
PMC home page
Environmental Health Perspectives logoLink to Environmental Health Perspectives
. 1998 Feb;106(Suppl 1):111–130. doi: 10.1289/ehp.98106s1111

Rodent models of cardiopulmonary disease: their potential applicability in studies of air pollutant susceptibility.

U P Kodavanti 1, D L Costa 1, P A Bromberg 1
PMCID: PMC1533271  PMID: 9539009

Abstract

The mechanisms by which increased mortality and morbidity occur in individuals with preexistent cardiopulmonary disease following acute episodes of air pollution are unknown. Studies involving air pollution effects on animal models of human cardiopulmonary diseases are both infrequent and difficult to interpret. Such models are, however, extensively used in studies of disease pathogenesis. Primarily they comprise those developed by genetic, pharmacologic, or surgical manipulations of the cardiopulmonary system. This review attempts a comprehensive description of rodent cardiopulmonary disease models in the context of their potential application to susceptibility studies of air pollutants regardless of whether the models have been previously used for such studies. The pulmonary disease models include bronchitis, emphysema, asthma/allergy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial fibrosis, and infection. The models of systemic hypertension and congestive heart failure include: those derived by genetics (spontaneously hypertensive, Dahl S. renin transgenic, and other rodent models); congestive heart failure models derived by surgical manipulations; viral myocarditis; and cardiomyopathy induced by adriamycin. The characteristic pathogenic features critical to understanding the susceptibility to inhaled toxicants are described. It is anticipated that this review will provide a ready reference for the selection of appropriate rodent models of cardiopulmonary diseases and identify not only their pathobiologic similarities and/or differences to humans but also their potential usefulness in susceptibility studies.

Full text

PDF
111

Images in this article

114Figure 2
on p.114

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adamson I. Y., Prieditis H. L. Response of mouse lung to carbon deposition during injury and repair. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Jan;103(1):72–76. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9510372. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aharinejad S., Schraufnagel D. E., Böck P., MacKay C. A., Larson E. K., Miksovsky A., Marks S. C., Jr Spontaneously hypertensive rats develop pulmonary hypertension and hypertrophy of pulmonary venous sphincters. Am J Pathol. 1996 Jan;148(1):281–290. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ambler G. R., Johnston B. M., Maxwell L., Gavin J. B., Gluckman P. D. Improvement of doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy in rats treated with insulin-like growth factor I. Cardiovasc Res. 1993 Jul;27(7):1368–1373. doi: 10.1093/cvr/27.7.1368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Andersson P. Antigen-induced bronchial anaphylaxis in actively sensitized guinea-pigs. Pattern of response in relation to immunization regimen. Allergy. 1980 Jan;35(1):65–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1980.tb01718.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arai M., Suzuki T., Nagai R. Sarcoplasmic reticulum genes are upregulated in mild cardiac hypertrophy but downregulated in severe cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996 Aug;28(8):1583–1590. doi: 10.1006/jmcc.1996.0149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Arm J. P., Lee T. H. The pathobiology of bronchial asthma. Adv Immunol. 1992;51:323–382. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60491-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Arnal J. F., Philippe M., Laboulandine I., Michel J. B. Effect of perindopril in rat cardiac volume overload. Am Heart J. 1993 Sep;126(3 Pt 2):776–782. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90929-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bachmann S., Peters J., Engler E., Ganten D., Mullins J. Transgenic rats carrying the mouse renin gene--morphological characterization of a low-renin hypertension model. Kidney Int. 1992 Jan;41(1):24–36. doi: 10.1038/ki.1992.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bajusz E., Baker J. R., Nixon C. W., Homburger F. Spontaneous, herditary myocardial degeneration and congestive heart failure in a strain of Syrian hamsters. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969 Jan 31;156(1):105–129. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb16721.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bajusz E. Hereditary cardiomyopathy: a new disease model. Am Heart J. 1969 May;77(5):686–696. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(69)90556-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Beasley R., Roche W. R., Roberts J. A., Holgate S. T. Cellular events in the bronchi in mild asthma and after bronchial provocation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Mar;139(3):806–817. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.3.806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Beaulac C., Clément-Major S., Hawari J., Lagacé J. Eradication of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa with fluid liposome-encapsulated tobramycin in an animal model of chronic pulmonary infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Mar;40(3):665–669. doi: 10.1128/aac.40.3.665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bellofiore S., Martin J. G. Antigen challenge of sensitized rats increases airway responsiveness to methacholine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988 Oct;65(4):1642–1646. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.4.1642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bing O. H., Brooks W. W., Robinson K. G., Slawsky M. T., Hayes J. A., Litwin S. E., Sen S., Conrad C. H. The spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of the transition from compensated left ventricular hypertrophy to failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995 Jan;27(1):383–396. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2828(08)80035-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Blom-Muilwijk M. C., Vriesendorp R., Veninga T. S., Hofstra W., Sleyfer D. T., Wieringa R. A., Konings A. W. Pulmonary toxicity after treatment with bleomycin alone or in combination with hyperoxia. Studies in the rat. Br J Anaesth. 1988 Jan;60(1):91–97. doi: 10.1093/bja/60.1.91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Blyth D. I., Pedrick M. S., Savage T. J., Hessel E. M., Fattah D. Lung inflammation and epithelial changes in a murine model of atopic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1996 May;14(5):425–438. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.14.5.8624247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Blythe S., England D., Esser B., Junk P., Lemanske R. F., Jr IgE antibody mediated inflammation of rat lung: histologic and bronchoalveolar lavage assessment. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Dec;134(6):1246–1251. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.134.5.1246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Boulet L. P., Cartier A., Thomson N. C., Roberts R. S., Dolovich J., Hargreave F. E. Asthma and increases in nonallergic bronchial responsiveness from seasonal pollen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1983 Apr;71(4):399–406. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(83)90069-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Boyd R. L., Ramphal R., Rice R., Mangos J. A. Chronic colonization of rat airways with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun. 1983 Mar;39(3):1403–1410. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.3.1403-1410.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bray G. A. The Zucker-fatty rat: a review. Fed Proc. 1977 Feb;36(2):148–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Brusselle G., Kips J., Joos G., Bluethmann H., Pauwels R. Allergen-induced airway inflammation and bronchial responsiveness in wild-type and interleukin-4-deficient mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Mar;12(3):254–259. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.12.3.7873190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Burnett R. T., Dales R., Krewski D., Vincent R., Dann T., Brook J. R. Associations between ambient particulate sulfate and admissions to Ontario hospitals for cardiac and respiratory diseases. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Jul 1;142(1):15–22. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117540. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Burns R. A. Chronic Prostatitis. Calif Med. 1955 Aug;83(2):98–99. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Busch R. H., Lauhala K. E., Loscutoff S. M., McDonald K. E. Experimental pulmonary emphysema induced in the rat by intratracheally administered elastase: morphogenesis. Environ Res. 1984 Apr;33(2):497–513. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(84)90044-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Busse W. W., Calhoun W. F., Sedgwick J. D. Mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jun;147(6 Pt 2):S20–S24. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.6_Pt_2.S20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Böhm M., Moll M., Schmid B., Paul M., Ganten D., Castellano M., Erdmann E. Beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms in cardiac hypertrophy of renin transgenic rats. Hypertension. 1994 Dec;24(6):653–662. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.24.6.653. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Campese V. M., Tawadrous M., Bigazzi R., Bianchi S., Mann A. S., Oparil S., Raij L. Salt intake and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide in hypertension. Hypertension. 1996 Sep;28(3):335–340. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.28.3.335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Capasso J. M., Olivetti G., Anversa P. Mechanical and electrical properties of cardiomyopathic hearts of Syrian hamsters. Am J Physiol. 1989 Dec;257(6 Pt 2):H1836–H1842. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.6.H1836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Castleman W. L., Sorkness R. L., Lemanske R. F., Grasee G., Suyemoto M. M. Neonatal viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia induces bronchiolar hypoplasia and alveolar dysplasia in rats. Lab Invest. 1988 Sep;59(3):387–396. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Castleman W. L., Sorkness R. L., Lemanske R. F., Jr, McAllister P. K. Viral bronchiolitis during early life induces increased numbers of bronchiolar mast cells and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Pathol. 1990 Oct;137(4):821–831. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Chasteney E. A., Liang C. S., Hood W. B., Jr Beta-adrenoceptor and adenylate cyclase function in the infarct model of rat heart failure. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1992 May;200(1):90–94. doi: 10.3181/00379727-200-43398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Chen W., Havell E. A., Gigliotti F., Harmsen A. G. Interleukin-6 production in a murine model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: relation to resistance and inflammatory response. Infect Immun. 1993 Jan;61(1):97–102. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.1.97-102.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Chen W., Havell E. A., Harmsen A. G. Importance of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon in host resistance against Pneumocystis carinii infection. Infect Immun. 1992 Apr;60(4):1279–1284. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.4.1279-1284.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Chung K. F., Becker A. B., Lazarus S. C., Frick O. L., Nadel J. A., Gold W. M. Antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in allergic dogs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985 Apr;58(4):1347–1353. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1347. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Clowes A. W., Reidy M. A., Clowes M. M. Kinetics of cellular proliferation after arterial injury. I. Smooth muscle growth in the absence of endothelium. Lab Invest. 1983 Sep;49(3):327–333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Clowes A. W., Reidy M. A., Clowes M. M. Mechanisms of stenosis after arterial injury. Lab Invest. 1983 Aug;49(2):208–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Coffin D. L., Gardner D. E. Interaction of biological agents and chemical air pollutants. Ann Occup Hyg. 1972 Nov;15(2):219–235. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/15.2-4.219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Connors A. F., Jr, Dawson N. V., Thomas C., Harrell F. E., Jr, Desbiens N., Fulkerson W. J., Kussin P., Bellamy P., Goldman L., Knaus W. A. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Oct;154(4 Pt 1):959–967. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887592. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Conrad C. H., Brooks W. W., Hayes J. A., Sen S., Robinson K. G., Bing O. H. Myocardial fibrosis and stiffness with hypertrophy and heart failure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Circulation. 1995 Jan 1;91(1):161–170. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.1.161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Cookson W. O., Moffatt M. F. Asthma: an epidemic in the absence of infection? Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):41–42. doi: 10.1126/science.275.5296.41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Cooper J. A., Jr, Zitnik R. J., Matthay R. A. Mechanisms of drug-induced pulmonary disease. Annu Rev Med. 1988;39:395–404. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.39.020188.002143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Corry D. B., Folkesson H. G., Warnock M. L., Erle D. J., Matthay M. A., Wiener-Kronish J. P., Locksley R. M. Interleukin 4, but not interleukin 5 or eosinophils, is required in a murine model of acute airway hyperreactivity. J Exp Med. 1996 Jan 1;183(1):109–117. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.1.109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Costa D. L., Kutzman R. S., Lehmann J. R., Drew R. T. Altered lung function and structure in the rat after subchronic exposure to acrolein. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Feb;133(2):286–291. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.2.286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Cottin Y., Ribuot C., Maupoil V., Godin D., Arnould L., Brunotte F., Rochette L. Early incidence of adriamycin treatment on cardiac parameters in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994 Feb;72(2):140–145. doi: 10.1139/y94-022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Cowley A. W., Jr, Roman R. J. The role of the kidney in hypertension. JAMA. 1996 May 22;275(20):1581–1589. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Coyle A. J., Bertrand C., Tsuyuki S., Pircher H., Walti S., Le Gros G., Erard F. IL-4 differentiates naive CD8+ T cells to a "Th2-like" phenotype: a link between viral infections and bronchial asthma. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Oct 31;796:97–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32571.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. D'Amato G., Liccardi G., Cazzola M. Environment and development of respiratory allergy: I. Outdoors. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1994 Dec;49(5):406–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. De Haller R., Reid L. Adult chronic bronchitis. Morphology, histochemistry and vascularisation of the bronchial mucous glands. Med Thorac. 1965;22(6):549–567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Deschamps C., Farkas G. A., Beck K. C., Schroeder M. A., Hyatt R. E. Experimental emphysema. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1995 Nov;5(4):691–699. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Diamond L., Kimmel E. C., Lai Y. L., Winsett D. W. Augmentation of elastase-induced emphysema by cigarette smoke. Effects of reduced nicotine content. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Nov;138(5):1201–1206. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/138.5.1201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Dixon I. M., Hata T., Dhalla N. S. Sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in congestive heart failure due to myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol. 1992 Mar;262(3 Pt 1):C664–C671. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.3.C664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Dockery D. W., Pope C. A., 3rd, Xu X., Spengler J. D., Ware J. H., Fay M. E., Ferris B. G., Jr, Speizer F. E. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 9;329(24):1753–1759. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199312093292401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Dockery D. W., Schwartz J. Particulate air pollution and mortality: more than the Philadelphia story. Epidemiology. 1995 Nov;6(6):629–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Drazen J. M., O'Cain C. F., Ingram R. H., Jr Experimental induction of chronic bronchitis in dogs: effects on airway obstruction and responsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Jul;126(1):75–79. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.1.75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Drew R. T., Kutzman R. S., Costa D. L., Iwai J. Effects of sulfur dioxide and ozone on hypertension sensitive and resistant rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1983 Jul-Aug;3(4):298–302. doi: 10.1016/s0272-0590(83)80143-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Duan J., Jaramillo J., Jung G. L., McLeod A. L., Fernandes B. H. A novel renal hypertensive guinea pig model for comparing different inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 1996 Apr;35(2):83–89. doi: 10.1016/1056-8719(96)00004-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Dunn C. J., Elliott G. A., Oostveen J. A., Richards I. M. Development of a prolonged eosinophil-rich inflammatory leukocyte infiltration in the guinea-pig asthmatic response to ovalbumin inhalation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Mar;137(3):541–547. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.3.541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Durmowicz A. G., Parks W. C., Hyde D. M., Mecham R. P., Stenmark K. R. Persistence, re-expression, and induction of pulmonary arterial fibronectin, tropoelastin, and type I procollagen mRNA expression in neonatal hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Pathol. 1994 Dec;145(6):1411–1420. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Dye J. A., Morgan K. T., Neldon D. L., Tepper J. S., Burleson G. R., Costa D. L. Characterization of upper respiratory disease in rats following neonatal inoculation with a rat-adapted influenza virus. Vet Pathol. 1996 Jan;33(1):43–54. doi: 10.1177/030098589603300105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. ERIKSSON S. PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA AND ALPHA1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY. Acta Med Scand. 1964 Feb;175:197–205. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1964.tb00567.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ehrlich J. P., Burleson G. R. Enhanced and prolonged pulmonary influenza virus infection following phosgene inhalation. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1991 Oct;34(2):259–273. doi: 10.1080/15287399109531565. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Ehrlich R., Findlay J. C., Fenters J. D., Gardner D. E. Health effects of short-term inhalation of nitrogen dioxide and ozone mixtures. Environ Res. 1977 Oct;14(2):223–231. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(77)90034-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Eidelman D. H., Bellofiore S., Martin J. G. Late airway responses to antigen challenge in sensitized inbred rats. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 May;137(5):1033–1037. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.5.1033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Eitzman D. T., McCoy R. D., Zheng X., Fay W. P., Shen T., Ginsburg D., Simon R. H. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in transgenic mice that either lack or overexpress the murine plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jan 1;97(1):232–237. doi: 10.1172/JCI118396. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Elsner D., Riegger G. A. Characteristics and clinical relevance of animal models of heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1995 May;10(3):253–259. doi: 10.1097/00001573-199505000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Elwood W., Lötvall J. O., Barnes P. J., Chung K. F. Characterization of allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in actively sensitized brown-Norway rats. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991 Dec;88(6):951–960. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90253-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Ernsberger P., Koletsky R. J., Collins L. A., Bedol D. Sympathetic nervous system in salt-sensitive and obese hypertension: amelioration of multiple abnormalities by a central sympatholytic agent. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1996 Jun;10 (Suppl 1):275–282. doi: 10.1007/BF00120497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Factor S. M., Minase T., Cho S., Dominitz R., Sonnenblick E. H. Microvascular spasm in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster: a preventable cause of focal myocardial necrosis. Circulation. 1982 Aug;66(2):342–354. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.66.2.342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Fagard R., Lijnen P., Staessen J., Verschuere J., Amery A. The pulmonary circulation in essential systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1988 May 1;61(13):1061–1065. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(88)90126-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Farone A., Huang S., Paulauskis J., Kobzik L. Airway neutrophilia and chemokine mRNA expression in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Mar;12(3):345–350. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.12.3.7873201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Feldstein C. A., Sabaris R. P., Cohen A., Iermoli R. Dynamics of the pulmonary circulation in systemic hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1988 Jul;1(3 Pt 3):113S–116S. doi: 10.1093/ajh/1.3.113s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Feng Q. P., Bergdahl A., Lu X. R., Sun X. Y., Edvinsson L., Hedner T. Vascular alpha-2 adrenoceptor function is decreased in rats with congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 1996 Apr;31(4):577–584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Fenoglio J. J., Jr, Ursell P. C., Kellogg C. F., Drusin R. E., Weiss M. B. Diagnosis and classification of myocarditis by endomyocardial biopsy. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jan 6;308(1):12–18. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198301063080103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Fessler H. E. Heart-lung interactions: applications in the critically ill. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jan;10(1):226–237. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10010226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Fonzi L., Lungarella G. Correlation between biochemical and morphological repair in rabbit lungs after elastase injury. Lung. 1980;158(3):165–171. doi: 10.1007/BF02713719. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Fraser-Smith E. B., Rosete J. D., Schatzman R. C. Suppression by mycophenolate mofetil of the neointimal thickening caused by vascular injury in a rat arterial stenosis model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Dec;275(3):1204–1208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Frew A. J. The immunology of respiratory allergies. Toxicol Lett. 1996 Aug;86(2-3):65–72. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(96)03674-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. GOCO R. V., KRESS M. B., BRANTIGAN O. C. Comparison of mucus glands in the tracheobronchial tree of man and animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1963 Mar 30;106:555–571. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb16665.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Ganten D., Wagner J., Zeh K., Bader M., Michel J. B., Paul M., Zimmermann F., Ruf P., Hilgenfeldt U., Ganten U. Species specificity of renin kinetics in transgenic rats harboring the human renin and angiotensinogen genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7806–7810. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Garlisi C. G., Falcone A., Kung T. T., Stelts D., Pennline K. J., Beavis A. J., Smith S. R., Egan R. W., Umland S. P. T cells are necessary for Th2 cytokine production and eosinophil accumulation in airways of antigen-challenged allergic mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1995 Apr;75(1):75–83. doi: 10.1006/clin.1995.1055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Gerdes A. M., Onodera T., Wang X., McCune S. A. Myocyte remodeling during the progression to failure in rats with hypertension. Hypertension. 1996 Oct;28(4):609–614. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.28.4.609. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Gilmour M. I. Interaction of air pollutants and pulmonary allergic responses in experimental animals. Toxicology. 1995 Dec 28;105(2-3):335–342. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(95)03230-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Gilmour M. I., Selgrade M. J. A model of immune-mediated lung disease in rats sensitized to house dust mite and upregulation of immunity following exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Chest. 1996 Mar;109(3 Suppl):69S–69S. doi: 10.1016/s0012-3692(15)43417-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Gilmour M. I., Selgrade M. K. A comparison of the pulmonary defenses against streptococcal infection in rats and mice following O3 exposure: differences in disease susceptibility and neutrophil recruitment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1993 Dec;123(2):211–218. doi: 10.1006/taap.1993.1239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Glasgow J. E., Pietra G. G., Abrams W. R., Blank J., Oppenheim D. M., Weinbaum G. Neutrophil recruitment and degranulation during induction of emphysema in the rat by nitrogen dioxide. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 May;135(5):1129–1136. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.5.1129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Glasser S. W., Korfhagen T. R., Wert S. E., Whitsett J. A. Transgenic models for study of pulmonary development and disease. Am J Physiol. 1994 Nov;267(5 Pt 1):L489–L497. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.267.5.L489. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Glezen W. P. Reactive airway disorders in children. Role of respiratory virus infections. Clin Chest Med. 1984 Dec;5(4):635–643. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Goldring I. P., Cooper P., Ratner I. M., Greenburg L. Pulmonary effects of sulfur dioxide exposure in the Syrian hamster. I. Combined with viral respiratory disease. Arch Environ Health. 1967 Aug;15(2):167–176. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1967.10664898. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Goldring I. P., Greenburg L., Park S. S., Ratner I. M. Pulmonary effects of sulfur dioxide exposure in the Syrian hamster. II. Combined with emphysema. Arch Environ Health. 1970 Jul;21(1):32–37. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1970.10667188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Graham B. S., Perkins M. D., Wright P. F., Karzon D. T. Primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J Med Virol. 1988 Oct;26(2):153–162. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890260207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Groeneveld K., van Alphen L., Eijk P. P., Visschers G., Jansen H. M., Zanen H. C. Endogenous and exogenous reinfections by Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the effect of antibiotic treatment on persistence. J Infect Dis. 1990 Mar;161(3):512–517. doi: 10.1093/infdis/161.3.512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Gundel R. H., Gerritsen M. E., Gleich G. J., Wegner C. D. Repeated antigen inhalation results in a prolonged airway eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in primates. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1990 Feb;68(2):779–786. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Hall C. B., Hall W. J., Gala C. L., MaGill F. B., Leddy J. P. Long-term prospective study in children after respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Pediatr. 1984 Sep;105(3):358–364. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80005-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Harkema J. R., Hotchkiss J. A. In vivo effects of endotoxin on intraepithelial mucosubstances in rat pulmonary airways. Quantitative histochemistry. Am J Pathol. 1992 Aug;141(2):307–317. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Harkema J. R., Mauderly J. L., Gregory R. E., Pickrell J. A. A comparison of starvation and elastase models of emphysema in the rat. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Apr;129(4):584–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Harkema J. R., Mauderly J. L., Hahn F. F. The effects of emphysema on oxygen toxicity in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Dec;126(6):1058–1065. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.6.1058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Harmsen A. G., Stankiewicz M. Requirement for CD4+ cells in resistance to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice. J Exp Med. 1990 Sep 1;172(3):937–945. doi: 10.1084/jem.172.3.937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Haston C. K., Amos C. I., King T. M., Travis E. L. Inheritance of susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the mouse. Cancer Res. 1996 Jun 1;56(11):2596–2601. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Hatch G. E., Boykin E., Graham J. A., Lewtas J., Pott F., Loud K., Mumford J. L. Inhalable particles and pulmonary host defense: in vivo and in vitro effects of ambient air and combustion particles. Environ Res. 1985 Feb;36(1):67–80. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90008-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Hay J., Shahzeidi S., Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol. 1991;65(2):81–94. doi: 10.1007/BF02034932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Heath D. The rat is a poor animal model for the study of human pulmonary hypertension. Cardioscience. 1992 Mar;3(1):1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Heckman C. A., Dalbey W. E. Pathogenesis of lesions induced in rat lung by chronic tobacco smoke inhalation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982 Jul;69(1):117–129. doi: 10.1093/jnci/69.1.117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Hegele R. G., Hayashi S., Hogg J. C., Paré P. D. Mechanisms of airway narrowing and hyperresponsiveness in viral respiratory tract infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 May;151(5):1659–1665. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735630. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Hegele R. G., Robinson P. J., Gonzalez S., Hogg J. C. Production of acute bronchiolitis in guinea-pigs by human respiratory syncytial virus. Eur Respir J. 1993 Oct;6(9):1324–1331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Heppleston A. G. Minerals, fibrosis, and the lung. Environ Health Perspect. 1991 Aug;94:149–168. doi: 10.1289/ehp.94-1567953. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Hernnäs J., Nettelbladt O., Bjermer L., Särnstrand B., Malmström A., Hällgren R. Alveolar accumulation of fibronectin and hyaluronan precedes bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat. Eur Respir J. 1992 Apr;5(4):404–410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Hill M. F., Singal P. K. Antioxidant and oxidative stress changes during heart failure subsequent to myocardial infarction in rats. Am J Pathol. 1996 Jan;148(1):291–300. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Hill N. S., Jederlinic P., Gagnon J. Supplemental oxygen reduces right ventricular hypertrophy in monocrotaline-injected rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989 Apr;66(4):1642–1648. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.4.1642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Hill N. S., Klinger J. R., Warburton R. R., Pietras L., Wrenn D. S. Brain natriuretic peptide: possible role in the modulation of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol. 1994 Mar;266(3 Pt 1):L308–L315. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.266.3.L308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Hippeli S., Elstner E. F. Biological and biochemical effects of air pollutants: synergistic effects of sulphite. Biochem Soc Symp. 1995;61:153–161. doi: 10.1042/bss0610153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Ho Y. S. Transgenic models for the study of lung biology and disease. Am J Physiol. 1994 Apr;266(4 Pt 1):L319–L353. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.266.4.L319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Hogg J. C. The pathology of asthma. Clin Chest Med. 1984 Dec;5(4):567–571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Holtzman M. J., Sampath D., Castro M., Look D. C., Jayaraman S. The one-two of T helper cells: does interferon-gamma knock out the Th2 hypothesis for asthma? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1996 Apr;14(4):316–318. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.14.4.8600934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Hultgren H. N., Grover R. F. Circulatory adaptation to high altitude. Annu Rev Med. 1968;19:119–152. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.19.020168.001003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Ideishi M., Miura S., Sakai T., Maeda H., Kinoshita A., Sasaguri M., Jimi S., Arakawa K. Comparative effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II antagonist in Dahl rats. Blood Press Suppl. 1994;5:99–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Itani M. M., Talerico M. G., Pino P. A., Burke-Wolin T. Early regulatory changes in rat pulmonary artery of renin-dependent systemic hypertension models. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1996 Oct;15(4):467–472. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.15.4.8879180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Jakab G. J., Bassett D. J. Influenza virus infection, ozone exposure, and fibrogenesis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 May;141(5 Pt 1):1307–1315. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.5_Pt_1.1307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Jakab G. J., Hmieleski R. R. Reduction of influenza virus pathogenesis by exposure to 0.5 ppm ozone. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1988;23(4):455–472. doi: 10.1080/15287398809531128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Janoff A. Biochemical links between cigarette smoking and pulmonary emphysema. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983 Aug;55(2):285–293. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.285. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Janoff A. Elastases and emphysema. Current assessment of the protease-antiprotease hypothesis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 Aug;132(2):417–433. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.132.2.417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Jansen H. M., Sachs A. P., van Alphen L. Predisposing conditions to bacterial infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;151(6):2073–2080. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Jany B., Basbaum C. B. Mucin in disease. Modification of mucin gene expression in airway disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Sep;144(3 Pt 2):S38–S41. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.3_pt_2.S38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Jeffery P. K. Histological features of the airways in asthma and COPD. Respiration. 1992;59 (Suppl 1):13–16. doi: 10.1159/000196096. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Jeffery P. K. Morphologic features of airway surface epithelial cells and glands. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Aug;128(2 Pt 2):S14–S20. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.2P2.S14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Johns C., Gavras I., Handy D. E., Salomao A., Gavras H. Models of experimental hypertension in mice. Hypertension. 1996 Dec;28(6):1064–1069. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.28.6.1064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Johnston S. L., Holgate S. T. The inflammatory response in asthma. Br J Hosp Med. 1991 Aug;46(2):84–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Jörres R., Nowak D., Magnussen H. The effect of ozone exposure on allergen responsiveness in subjects with asthma or rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jan;153(1):56–64. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Kacew S., Ruben Z., McConnell R. F. Strain as a determinant factor in the differential responsiveness of rats to chemicals. Toxicol Pathol. 1995 Nov-Dec;23(6):701–715. doi: 10.1177/019262339502300608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Karlinsky J. B., Snider G. L. Animal models of emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Jun;117(6):1109–1133. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1978.117.6.1109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Karol M. H., Stadler J., Magreni C. Immunotoxicologic evaluation of the respiratory system: animal models for immediate- and delayed-onset pulmonary hypersensitivity. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1985 Jun;5(3):459–472. doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(85)90093-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Khalil N., O'Connor R. N., Flanders K. C., Shing W., Whitman C. I. Regulation of type II alveolar epithelial cell proliferation by TGF-beta during bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats. Am J Physiol. 1994 Nov;267(5 Pt 1):L498–L507. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.267.5.L498. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Kim C. S., Kang T. C. Comparative measurement of lung deposition of inhaled fine particles in normal subjects and patients with obstructive airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Mar;155(3):899–905. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9117024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. King A., Smith P., Heath D. Ultrastructural differences between pulmonary arteriolar muscularization induced by hypoxia and monocrotaline. Exp Mol Pathol. 1994 Aug;61(1):24–35. doi: 10.1006/exmp.1994.1023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Kodama M., Matsumoto Y., Fujiwara M., Masani F., Izumi T., Shibata A. A novel experimental model of giant cell myocarditis induced in rats by immunization with cardiac myosin fraction. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990 Nov;57(2):250–262. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(90)90039-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Kodavanti U. P., Jaskot R. H., Su W. Y., Costa D. L., Ghio A. J., Dreher K. L. Genetic variability in combustion particle-induced chronic lung injury. Am J Physiol. 1997 Mar;272(3 Pt 1):L521–L532. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1997.272.3.L521. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Korner P. I. Cardiovascular hypertrophy and hypertension: causes and consequences. Blood Press Suppl. 1995;2:6–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Koyama S., Kodama M., Izumi T., Shibata A. Experimental rat model representing both acute and chronic heart failure related to autoimmune myocarditis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1995 Oct;9(5):701–707. doi: 10.1007/BF00878553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Kuhn C., 3rd, Starcher B. C. The effect of lathyrogens on the evolution of elastase-induced emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Sep;122(3):453–460. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.3.453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Kung T. T., Jones H., Adams G. K., 3rd, Umland S. P., Kreutner W., Egan R. W., Chapman R. W., Watnick A. S. Characterization of a murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994 Sep;105(1):83–90. doi: 10.1159/000236807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Kung T. T., Stelts D., Zurcher J. A., Jones H., Umland S. P., Kreutner W., Egan R. W., Chapman R. W. Mast cells modulate allergic pulmonary eosinophilia in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Apr;12(4):404–409. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.12.4.7695919. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Kurokawa K. Role of the kidney in the genesis of hypertension: aberrant renal response to excess salt intake. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995 Dec;22(12):S417–S422. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Kutzman R. S., Wehner R. W., Haber S. B. Selected responses of hypertension-sensitive and resistant rats to inhaled acrolein. Toxicology. 1984 May 1;31(1):53–65. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(84)90155-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Kutzman R. S., Wehner R. W., Haber S. B. The impact of inhaled acrolein on hypertension-sensitive and resistant rats. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1986 May-Aug;6(5-6):97–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Lafuma C., Harf A., Lange F., Bozzi L., Poncy J. L., Bignon J. Effect of low-level NO2 chronic exposure on elastase-induced emphysema. Environ Res. 1987 Jun;43(1):75–84. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80059-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Lai Y. L., Thacker A. A., Diana J. N. Hypoxemia and elevated tachykinins in rat monocrotaline pneumotoxicity. Lung. 1996;174(3):195–203. doi: 10.1007/BF00173311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Lal K. J., Dakshinamurti K., Thliveris J. The effect of vitamin B6 on the systolic blood pressure of rats in various animal models of hypertension. J Hypertens. 1996 Mar;14(3):355–363. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199603000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Lanes S., Stevenson J. S., Codias E., Hernandez A., Sielczak M. W., Wanner A., Abraham W. M. Indomethacin and FPL-57231 inhibit antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in sheep. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1986 Sep;61(3):864–872. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.864. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Lazenby A. J., Crouch E. C., McDonald J. A., Kuhn C., 3rd Remodeling of the lung in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat. An immunohistochemical study of laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Jul;142(1):206–214. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.1.206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Lebrec H., Burleson G. R. Influenza virus host resistance models in mice and rats: utilization for immune function assessment and immunotoxicology. Toxicology. 1994 Jul 1;91(2):179–188. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(94)90143-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Levy D., Larson M. G., Vasan R. S., Kannel W. B., Ho K. K. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA. 1996 May 22;275(20):1557–1562. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Li H., Chen S. J., Chen Y. F., Meng Q. C., Durand J., Oparil S., Elton T. S. Enhanced endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor gene expression in chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994 Sep;77(3):1451–1459. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Lo M., Medeiros I. A., Mullins J. J., Ganten D., Barres C., Cerutti C., Vincent M., Sassard J. High blood pressure maintenance in transgenic mRen-2 vs. Lyon genetically hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol. 1993 Jul;265(1 Pt 2):R180–R186. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.1.R180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Loscutoff S. M., Cannon W. C., Buschbom R. L., Busch R. H., Killand B. W. Pulmonary function in elastase-treated guinea pigs and rats exposed to ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate aerosols. Environ Res. 1985 Feb;36(1):170–180. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90015-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Lucey E. C., Stone P. J., Christensen T. G., Breuer R., Snider G. L. An 18-month study of the effects on hamster lungs of intratracheally administered human neutrophil elastase. Exp Lung Res. 1988;14(5):671–686. doi: 10.3109/01902148809087836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Lukacs N. W., Strieter R. M., Chensue S. W., Kunkel S. L. Interleukin-4-dependent pulmonary eosinophil infiltration in a murine model of asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994 May;10(5):526–532. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.10.5.8179915. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Lundgren D. L., Mauderly J. L., Rebar A. H., Gillett N. A., Hahn F. F. Modifying effects of preexisting pulmonary fibrosis on biological responses of rats to inhaled 239PuO2. Health Phys. 1991 Mar;60(3):353–363. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199103000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Löwenberg A., Orie N. G., Sluiter H. J., de Vries K. Bronchial hyperreactivity and bronchial obstruction in respiratory viral infection. An attempt to evaluate the relationship. Respiration. 1986;49(1):1–9. doi: 10.1159/000194852. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Maciver I., Silverman S. H., Brown M. R., O'Reilly T. Rat model of chronic lung infections caused by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. J Med Microbiol. 1991 Sep;35(3):139–147. doi: 10.1099/00222615-35-3-139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Mamuya W., Chobanian A., Brecher P. Age-related changes in fibronectin expression in spontaneously hypertensive, Wistar-Kyoto, and Wistar rat hearts. Circ Res. 1992 Dec;71(6):1341–1350. doi: 10.1161/01.res.71.6.1341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Mannino D. M., Etzel R. A., Parrish R. G. Pulmonary fibrosis deaths in the United States, 1979-1991. An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 May;153(5):1548–1552. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.5.8630600. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Maruyama K., Ye C. L., Woo M., Venkatacharya H., Lines L. D., Silver M. M., Rabinovitch M. Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats and increased elastolytic activity. Am J Physiol. 1991 Dec;261(6 Pt 2):H1716–H1726. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.6.H1716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Mauderly J. L., Bice D. E., Cheng Y. S., Gillett N. A., Griffith W. C., Henderson R. F., Pickrell J. A., Wolff R. K. Influence of preexisting pulmonary emphysema on susceptibility of rats to inhaled diesel exhaust. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 May;141(5 Pt 1):1333–1341. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.5_Pt_1.1333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Mauderly J. L., Bice D. E., Cheng Y. S., Gillett N. A., Henderson R. F., Pickrell J. A., Wolff R. K. Influence of experimental pulmonary emphysema on the toxicological effects from inhaled nitrogen dioxide and diesel exhaust. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 1989 Oct;(30):1–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. McKenzie J. C., Kelley K. B., Merisko-Liversidge E. M., Kennedy J., Klein R. M. Developmental pattern of ventricular atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression in chronically hypoxic rats as an indicator of the hypertrophic process. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1994 Jun;26(6):753–767. doi: 10.1006/jmcc.1994.1090. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Medvedev O. S., Gorodetskaya E. A. Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of perindopril in experimental heart failure. Am Heart J. 1993 Sep;126(3 Pt 2):764–769. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90927-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Mettler F. P., Young D. M., Ward J. M. Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity (cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure) in rats. Cancer Res. 1977 Aug;37(8 Pt 1):2705–2713. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Meyrick B. Structure function correlates in the pulmonary vasculature during acute lung injury and chronic pulmonary hypertension. Toxicol Pathol. 1991;19(4 Pt 1):447–457. doi: 10.1177/0192623391019004-113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Mok J. Y., Simpson H. Outcome for acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in infancy. Arch Dis Child. 1984 Apr;59(4):306–309. doi: 10.1136/adc.59.4.306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Monti E., Prosperi E., Supino R., Bottiroli G. Free radical-dependent DNA lesions are involved in the delayed cardiotoxicity induced by adriamycin in the rat. Anticancer Res. 1995 Jan-Feb;15(1):193–197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Mukaddam-Daher S., Tremblay J., Fujio N., Koch C., Jankowski M., Quillen E. W., Jr, Gutkowska J. Alteration of lung atrial natriuretic peptide receptors in genetic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):L38–L45. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.1.L38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Mullins J. J., Peters J., Ganten D. Fulminant hypertension in transgenic rats harbouring the mouse Ren-2 gene. Nature. 1990 Apr 5;344(6266):541–544. doi: 10.1038/344541a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Murray C. J., Lopez A. D. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997 May 3;349(9061):1269–1276. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07493-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Neas L. M., Dockery D. W., Koutrakis P., Tollerud D. J., Speizer F. E. The association of ambient air pollution with twice daily peak expiratory flow rate measurements in children. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Jan 15;141(2):111–122. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Niewoehner D. E., Hoidal J. R. Lung fibrosis and emphysema: divergent responses to a common injury? Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):359–360. doi: 10.1126/science.7089570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. O'Reilly T. Relevance of animal models for chronic bacterial airway infections in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;151(6):2101–2108. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767564. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Ogawa H., Fujimura M., Saito M., Matsuda T., Akao N., Kondo K. The effect of the neurokinin antagonist FK-224 on the cough response to inhaled capsaicin in a new model of guinea-pig eosinophilic bronchitis induced by intranasal polymyxin B. Clin Auton Res. 1994 Apr;4(1-2):19–28. doi: 10.1007/BF01828834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Okamoto K., Yamamoto K., Morita N., Ohta Y., Chikugo T., Higashizawa T., Suzuki T. Establishment and use of the M strain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Hypertens Suppl. 1986 Oct;4(3):S21–S24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Overcash R. G., Lindsey J. R., Cassel G. H., Baker H. J. Enhancement of natural and experimental respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats by hexamethylphosphoramide. Am J Pathol. 1976 Jan;82(1):171–190. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Pelouch V., Dixon I. M., Sethi R., Dhalla N. S. Alteration of collagenous protein profile in congestive heart failure secondary to myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Biochem. 1993 Dec 22;129(2):121–131. doi: 10.1007/BF00926360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Peters A., Döring A., Wichmann H. E., Koenig W. Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality? Lancet. 1997 May 31;349(9065):1582–1587. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01211-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Price J. F. Acute and long-term effects of viral bronchiolitis in infancy. Lung. 1990;168 (Suppl):414–421. doi: 10.1007/BF02718159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Prince G. A., Jenson A. B., Horswood R. L., Camargo E., Chanock R. M. The pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. Am J Pathol. 1978 Dec;93(3):771–791. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Pullan C. R., Hey E. N. Wheezing, asthma, and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Jun 5;284(6330):1665–1669. doi: 10.1136/bmj.284.6330.1665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Rabinovitch M., Bothwell T., Hayakawa B. N., Williams W. G., Trusler G. A., Rowe R. D., Olley P. M., Cutz E. Pulmonary artery endothelial abnormalities in patients with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension. A correlation of light with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Lab Invest. 1986 Dec;55(6):632–653. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Rabinovitch M. Investigational approaches to pulmonary hypertension. Toxicol Pathol. 1991;19(4 Pt 1):458–469. doi: 10.1177/019262339101900414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Ranga V., Grahn D., Journey T. M. Morphologic and phenotypic analysis of an outcross line of blotchy mouse. Exp Lung Res. 1983 May;4(4):269–279. doi: 10.3109/01902148309055014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Raub J. A., Miller F. J., Graham J. A., Gardner D. E., O'Neil J. J. Pulmonary function in normal and elastase-treated hamsters exposed to a complex mixture of olefin-ozone-sulfur dioxide reaction products. Environ Res. 1983 Aug;31(2):302–310. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90008-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Reichart E., Boerkmann P., Plenat F. Trypsin-triggered emphysema: an established model in rats. Respir Med. 1994 Oct;88(9):701–702. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(05)80071-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Resta T. C., Russ R. D., Doyle M. P., Martinez J. M., Walker B. R. Cardiovascular responses to hemorrhage during acute and chronic hypoxia. Am J Physiol. 1994 Sep;267(3 Pt 2):R619–R627. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.3.R619. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Richerson H. B., Coon J. D., Lubaroff D. Selective early increases of bronchoalveolar CD8+ lymphocytes in a LEW rat model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 Jul;96(1):113–121. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70040-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Riedel F., Krämer M., Scheibenbogen C., Rieger C. H. Effects of SO2 exposure on allergic sensitization in the guinea pig. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988 Oct;82(4):527–534. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90961-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Roche W. R., Beasley R., Williams J. H., Holgate S. T. Subepithelial fibrosis in the bronchi of asthmatics. Lancet. 1989 Mar 11;1(8637):520–524. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90067-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Rochester C. L., Rankin J. A. Is asthma T-cell mediated? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Nov;144(5):1005–1007. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Roemer W., Hoek G., Brunekreef B. Effect of ambient winter air pollution on respiratory health of children with chronic respiratory symptoms. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jan;147(1):118–124. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.1.118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Román M., Calhoun W. J., Hinton K. L., Avendaño L. F., Simon V., Escobar A. M., Gaggero A., Díaz P. V. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants is associated with predominant Th-2-like response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):190–195. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9611050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Rosenberg H. C., Rabinovitch M. Endothelial injury and vascular reactivity in monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol. 1988 Dec;255(6 Pt 2):H1484–H1491. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.6.H1484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Roth R. A., Ganey P. E. Platelets and the puzzles of pulmonary pyrrolizidine poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1988 May;93(3):463–471. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(88)90050-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Rubattu S., Struk B., Kreutz R., Volpe M., Lindpaintner K. Animal models of genetic hypertension: what can we learn for human hypertension? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995 Dec;22(12):S386–S393. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Russell J. C., Koeslag D. G., Amy R. M., Dolphin P. J. Myocardial disease and catecholamine metabolism in JCR:LA-corpulent rat. Exp Mol Pathol. 1991 Feb;54(1):31–40. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(91)90041-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. SELYE H., BAJUSZ E., GRASSO S., MENDELL P. Simple techniques for the surgical occlusion of coronary vessels in the rat. Angiology. 1960 Oct;11:398–407. doi: 10.1177/000331976001100505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Sassard J., Benzoni D. Prostaglandins and sodium handling in Lyon hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995 Dec;22(12):S423–S425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Savoie C., Plant M., Zwikker M., van Staden C. J., Boulet L., Chan C. C., Rodger I. W., Pon D. J. Effect of dexamethasone on antigen-induced high molecular weight glycoconjugate secretion in allergic guinea pigs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Aug;13(2):133–143. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.13.2.7626283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Schultze A. E., Roth R. A. Fibrinolytic activity in blood and lungs of rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1993 Jul;121(1):129–137. doi: 10.1006/taap.1993.1137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Schultze A. E., Wagner J. G., Roth R. A. An evaluation of procoagulant activity in the peripheral blood of rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 Jul;109(3):421–431. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(91)90005-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Schultze A. E., Wagner J. G., White S. M., Roth R. A. Early indications of monocrotaline pyrrole-induced lung injury in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 Jun 1;109(1):41–50. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(91)90189-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta analysis. Environ Res. 1994 Jan;64(1):36–52. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1994.1005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Schwartz J., Morris R. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Detroit, Michigan. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Jul 1;142(1):23–35. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Schwartz J. What are people dying of on high air pollution days? Environ Res. 1994 Jan;64(1):26–35. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1994.1004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Seaton A., Godden D. J., Brown K. Increase in asthma: a more toxic environment or a more susceptible population? Thorax. 1994 Feb;49(2):171–174. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.2.171. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Selgrade M. K., Illing J. W., Starnes D. M., Stead A. G., Ménache M. G., Stevens M. A. Evaluation of effects of ozone exposure on influenza infection in mice using several indicators of susceptibility. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1988 Jul;11(1):169–180. doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(88)90280-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Seltzer J., Scanlon P. D., Drazen J. M., Ingram R. H., Jr, Reid L. Morphologic correlation of physiologic changes caused by SO2-induced bronchitis in dogs. The role of inflammation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 May;129(5):790–797. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.5.790. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Shaw R. J., Benedict S. H., Clark R. A., King T. E., Jr Pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease. Alveolar macrophage PDGF(B) gene activation and up-regulation by interferon gamma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Jan;143(1):167–173. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.1.167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Sherwood R. L., Lippert W. E., Tarkington B., Goldstein E. Effect of ferrous sulfate aerosols and nitrogen dioxide on murine pulmonary defense. Arch Environ Health. 1981 May-Jun;36(3):130–135. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1981.10667616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Shiotsuka R. N., Drew R. T., Wehner R. W. Carbon monoxide enhances development of hypertension in Dahl rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1984 Nov;76(2):225–233. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(84)90003-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Shore S. A., Kariya S. T., Anderson K., Skornik W., Feldman H. A., Pennington J., Godleski J., Drazen J. M. Sulfur-dioxide-induced bronchitis in dogs. Effects on airway responsiveness to inhaled and intravenously administered methacholine. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):840–847. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.840. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Shore S., Kobzik L., Long N. C., Skornik W., Van Staden C. J., Boulet L., Rodger I. W., Pon D. J. Increased airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in a rat model of chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;151(6):1931–1938. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Shreeniwas R., Koga S., Karakurum M., Pinsky D., Kaiser E., Brett J., Wolitzky B. A., Norton C., Plocinski J., Benjamin W. Hypoxia-mediated induction of endothelial cell interleukin-1 alpha. An autocrine mechanism promoting expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on the vessel surface. J Clin Invest. 1992 Dec;90(6):2333–2339. doi: 10.1172/JCI116122. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Sly P. D., Hibbert M. E. Childhood asthma following hospitalization with acute viral bronchiolitis in infancy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1989;7(3):153–158. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950070307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Smaldone G. C., Foster W. M., O'Riordan T. G., Messina M. S., Perry R. J., Langenback E. G. Regional impairment of mucociliary clearance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1993 May;103(5):1390–1396. doi: 10.1378/chest.103.5.1390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Smith L. G., Busch R. H., Buschbom R. L., Cannon W. C., Loscutoff S. M., Morris J. E. Effects of sulfur dioxide or ammonium sulfate exposure, alone or combined, for 4 or 8 months on normal and elastase-impaired rats. Environ Res. 1989 Jun;49(1):60–78. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(89)80022-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Snider G. L. Emphysema: the first two centuries--and beyond. A historical overview, with suggestions for future research: Part 2. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Dec;146(6):1615–1622. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.6.1615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Snider G. L., Hayes J. A., Korthy A. L., Lewis G. P. Centrilobular emphysema experimentally induced by cadmium chloride aerosol. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 Jul;108(1):40–48. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1973.108.1.40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Snider G. L., Lucey E. C., Faris B., Jung-Legg Y., Stone P. J., Franzblau C. Cadmium-chloride-induced air-space enlargement with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is not associated with destruction of lung elastin. Implications for the pathogenesis of human emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Apr;137(4):918–923. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.4.918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Snider G. L., Lucey E. C., Stone P. J. Animal models of emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Jan;133(1):149–169. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.1.149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Snider G. L. Parker B. Francis Lecture. Animal models of chronic airways injury. Chest. 1992 Mar;101(3 Suppl):74S–79S. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.3_supplement.74s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Sorkness R., Lemanske R. F., Jr, Castleman W. L. Persistent airway hyperresponsiveness after neonatal viral bronchiolitis in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1991 Jan;70(1):375–383. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Stripp B. R., Whitsett J. A., Lattier D. L. Strategies for analysis of gene expression: pulmonary surfactant proteins. Am J Physiol. 1990 Oct;259(4 Pt 1):L185–L197. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1990.259.4.L185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Sweeney T. D., Brain J. D., Leavitt S. A., Godleski J. J. Emphysema alters the deposition pattern of inhaled particles in hamsters. Am J Pathol. 1987 Jul;128(1):19–28. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Sweeney T. D., Brain J. D., Tryka A. F., Godleski J. J. Retention of inhaled particles in hamsters with pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Jul;128(1):138–143. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.1.138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Sweeney T. D., Skornik W. A., Brain J. D., Hatch V., Godleski J. J. Chronic bronchitis alters the pattern of aerosol deposition in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Feb;151(2 Pt 1):482–488. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Szapiel S. V., Fulmer J. D., Hunninghake G. W., Elson N. A., Kawanami O., Ferrans V. J., Crystal R. G. Hereditary emphysema in the tight-skin (Tsk/+) mouse. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Jun;123(6):680–685. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.123.6.680. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Takano H., Yoshikawa T., Ichinose T., Miyabara Y., Imaoka K., Sagai M. Diesel exhaust particles enhance antigen-induced airway inflammation and local cytokine expression in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):36–42. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9610054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Tarayre J. P., Aliaga M., Barbara M., Tisseyre N., Vieu S., Tisne-Versailles J. Model of bronchial allergic inflammation in the brown Norway rat. Pharmacological modulation. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1992 Jul;14(5):847–855. doi: 10.1016/0192-0561(92)90083-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Taylor G., Stott E. J., Hughes M., Collins A. P. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Infect Immun. 1984 Feb;43(2):649–655. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.2.649-655.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Torres A., Dorca J., Zalacaín R., Bello S., El-Ebiary M., Molinos L., Arévalo M., Blanquer J., Celis R., Iriberri M. Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Nov;154(5):1456–1461. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912764. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Tryka A. F., Sweeney T. D., Brain J. D., Godleski J. J. Short-term regional clearance of an inhaled submicrometric aerosol in pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 Sep;132(3):606–611. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.132.3.606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Tuder R. M., Flook B. E., Voelkel N. F. Increased gene expression for VEGF and the VEGF receptors KDR/Flk and Flt in lungs exposed to acute or to chronic hypoxia. Modulation of gene expression by nitric oxide. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1798–1807. doi: 10.1172/JCI117858. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Underwood S., Foster M., Raeburn D., Bottoms S., Karlsson J. A. Time-course of antigen-induced airway inflammation in the guinea-pig and its relationship to airway hyperresponsiveness. Eur Respir J. 1995 Dec;8(12):2104–2113. doi: 10.1183/109031936.95.08122104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Valentine R., Rucker R. B., Chrisp C. E., Fisher G. L. Morphological and biochemical features of elastase-induced emphysema in strain A/J mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983 May;68(3):451–461. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(83)90290-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Vaziri N. D., Wang Z. Q. Sustained systemic arterial hypertension induced by extended hypobaric hypoxia. Kidney Int. 1996 May;49(5):1457–1463. doi: 10.1038/ki.1996.205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Venkatesan N., Ramesh C. V., Jayakumar R., Chandrakasan G. Angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in adriamycin induced nephrosis in rats. Toxicology. 1993 Dec 31;85(2-3):137–148. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(93)90038-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Villarreal F. J., MacKenna D. A., Omens J. H., Dillmann W. H. Myocardial remodeling in hypertensive Ren-2 transgenic rats. Hypertension. 1995 Jan;25(1):98–104. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.25.1.98. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Vyas-Somani A. C., Aziz S. M., Arcot S. A., Gillespie M. N., Olson J. W., Lipke D. W. Temporal alterations in basement membrane components in the pulmonary vasculature of the chronically hypoxic rat: impact of hypoxia and recovery. Am J Med Sci. 1996 Aug;312(2):54–67. doi: 10.1097/00000441-199608000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Wade J. F., 3rd, Newman L. S. Diesel asthma. Reactive airways disease following overexposure to locomotive exhaust. J Occup Med. 1993 Feb;35(2):149–154. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Wagner J., Thiele F., Ganten D. The renin-angiotensin system in transgenic rats. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996 Feb;10(1):108–112. doi: 10.1007/BF00863461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Wakasugi S., Fischman A. J., Babich J. W., Callahan R. J., Elmaleh D. R., Wilkinson R., Strauss H. W. Myocardial substrate utilization and left ventricular function in adriamycin cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med. 1993 Sep;34(9):1529–1535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Walzer P. D., Powell R. D., Jr, Yoneda K. Experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in different strains of cortisonized mice. Infect Immun. 1979 Jun;24(3):939–947. doi: 10.1128/iai.24.3.939-947.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Wardlaw A. J., Dunnette S., Gleich G. J., Collins J. V., Kay A. B. Eosinophils and mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage in subjects with mild asthma. Relationship to bronchial hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Jan;137(1):62–69. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.62. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Waxman A. B., Goldie S. J., Brett-Smith H., Matthay R. A. Cytomegalovirus as a primary pulmonary pathogen in AIDS. Chest. 1997 Jan;111(1):128–134. doi: 10.1378/chest.111.1.128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Wegner C. D., Torcellini C. A., Clarke C. C., Letts L. G., Gundel R. H. Effects of single and multiple inhalations of antigen on airway responsiveness in monkeys. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991 Apr;87(4):835–841. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90130-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Wilmott R. W., Tyson S. L., Matthew D. J. Cystic fibrosis survival rates. The influences of allergy and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Dis Child. 1985 Jul;139(7):669–671. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140090031019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Wilson D. W., Segall H. J., Pan L. C., Lamé M. W., Estep J. E., Morin D. Mechanisms and pathology of monocrotaline pulmonary toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1992;22(5-6):307–325. doi: 10.3109/10408449209146311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Wåhlander H., Haraldsson B., Friberg P. Myocardial capillary diffusion capacity in rat hearts with cardiac hypertrophy due to pressure and volume overload. Am J Physiol. 1993 Jul;265(1 Pt 2):H61–H68. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.1.H61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Xue C., Rengasamy A., Le Cras T. D., Koberna P. A., Dailey G. C., Johns R. A. Distribution of NOS in normoxic vs. hypoxic rat lung: upregulation of NOS by chronic hypoxia. Am J Physiol. 1994 Dec;267(6 Pt 1):L667–L678. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.267.6.L667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Yagil C., Ben-Ishay D., Yagil Y. Disparate expression of the AVP gene in Sabra hypertension-prone and hypertension-resistant rats. Am J Physiol. 1996 Oct;271(4 Pt 2):F806–F813. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.4.F806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Yamaguchi K., Kanai Y., Asano K., Takasugi T., Tanaka T., Yasuoka M., Hosoda Y. Temporal alterations of endothelial-vasodilator functions in lung injury induced by monocrotaline. Respir Physiol. 1997 Jan;107(1):47–58. doi: 10.1016/s0034-5687(96)02501-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Yamazaki K., Katoh H., Yamamoto N., Kurihara K., Iobe H., Sonoda J., Kuwabara M., Kodama M., Kawaguchi A., Funami Y. Characterization of new inbred strains of Dahl-Iwai salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Lab Anim Sci. 1994 Oct;44(5):462–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Yamori Y., Murakami S., Nara Y., Ikeda K. Stroke-prone SHR and arteriolipidosis-prone SHR as models for atherosclerosis: their mechanisms and application for nutritional and pharmacological studies. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1995 Dec;22(1):S244–S245. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02901.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Yamori Y. Selection of arteriolipidosis-prone rats (ALR) [proceedings]. Jpn Heart J. 1977 Jul;18(4):602–603. doi: 10.1536/ihj.18.602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Yan S. F., Tritto I., Pinsky D., Liao H., Huang J., Fuller G., Brett J., May L., Stern D. Induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by hypoxia in vascular cells. Central role of the binding site for nuclear factor-IL-6. J Biol Chem. 1995 May 12;270(19):11463–11471. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.19.11463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Yokota N., Yamamoto Y., Iemura F., Kita T., Kangawa K., Minamino N., Matsuo H., Eto T. Increased plasma levels and effects of brain natriuretic peptide in experimental nephrosis. Nephron. 1993;65(3):454–459. doi: 10.1159/000187529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Yokoyama E., Nambu Z., Ichikawa I., Uchiyama I., Arakawa H. Pulmonary response to exposure to ozone of emphysematous rats. Environ Res. 1987 Feb;42(1):114–120. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80012-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Zhao L., Winter R. J., Krausz T., Hughes J. M. Effects of continuous infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide on the pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia in rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 1991 Sep;81(3):379–385. doi: 10.1042/cs0810379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Zhu L., Wigle D., Hinek A., Kobayashi J., Ye C., Zuker M., Dodo H., Keeley F. W., Rabinovitch M. The endogenous vascular elastase that governs development and progression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats is a novel enzyme related to the serine proteinase adipsin. J Clin Invest. 1994 Sep;94(3):1163–1171. doi: 10.1172/JCI117432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. de Santi M. M., Martorana P. A., Cavarra E., Lungarella G. Pallid mice with genetic emphysema. Neutrophil elastase burden and elastin loss occur without alteration in the bronchoalveolar lavage cell population. Lab Invest. 1995 Jul;73(1):40–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Environmental Health Perspectives are provided here courtesy of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

RESOURCES