Abstract
Serum IgD levels in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) were studied as a means of monitoring the character and timing of B cell activation in individuals with this infection. Significantly increased levels of IgD were characteristic of homosexual men who were HIV seropositive but asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. The hyper IgD globulinaemia became progressively more pronounced in patients with increasingly severe infection and reached its most marked level in patients with AIDS-related complex (ARC). In ARC patients, IgD levels were increased 8.8-fold above normal which was disproportionately greater than the 2.4-fold increase in IgG, the 1.8-fold increase in IgA and the 1.6-fold increase in IgM. IgD levels declined in AIDS patients (although remained elevated compared to controls). The data suggest that an unusual type of B cell activation is responsible for the unique pattern of hypergammaglobulinaemia seen in this disease and that the B cell activation occurs early in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, often before development of symptoms, and continues throughout the course of infection.
Full text
PDF









Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aucouturier P., Couderc L. J., Gouet D., Danon F., Gombert J., Matheron S., Saimot A. G., Clauvel J. P., Preud'homme J. L. Serum immunoglobulin G subclass dysbalances in the lymphadenopathy syndrome and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 1986 Jan;63(1):234–240. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benfari M. J., Cooperband S. R., Moolten F. L. Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. I. An equilibrium method for measuring antigen binding in murine cells. J Immunol. 1977 Oct;119(4):1427–1431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benveniste E., Schroff R., Stevens R. H., Gottlieb M. S. Immunoregulatory T cells in men with a new acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Immunol. 1983 Oct;3(4):359–367. doi: 10.1007/BF00915797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Birx D. L., Redfield R. R., Tosato G. Defective regulation of Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related disorders. N Engl J Med. 1986 Apr 3;314(14):874–879. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198604033141403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brzosko W. J., Mikulska B., Cianciara J., Babiuch J. Immunoglobulin classes of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. J Infect Dis. 1975 Jul;132(1):1–5. doi: 10.1093/infdis/132.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckley C. E., Trayer H. R. Serum IgD concentrations in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1972 Feb;10(2):257–265. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckley R. H., Fiscus S. A. Serum IgD and IgE concentrations in immunodeficiency diseases. J Clin Invest. 1975 Jan;55(1):157–165. doi: 10.1172/JCI107906. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Casareale D., Sinangil F., Hedeskog M., Ward W., Volsky D. J., Sonnabend J. Establishment of retrovirus-, Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individuals at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS Res. 1983 1984;1(4):253–270. doi: 10.1089/aid.1.1983.1.253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chess Q., Daniels J., North E., Macris N. T. Serum immunoglobulin elevations in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgD. Diagn Immunol. 1984;2(3):148–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coffin J., Haase A., Levy J. A., Montagnier L., Oroszlan S., Teich N., Temin H., Toyoshima K., Varmus H., Vogt P. Human immunodeficiency viruses. Science. 1986 May 9;232(4751):697–697. doi: 10.1126/science.3008335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coico R. F., Xue B., Wallace D., Pernis B., Siskind G. W., Thorbecke G. J. T cells with receptors for IgD. Nature. 1985 Aug 22;316(6030):744–746. doi: 10.1038/316744a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corte G., Ferrarini M., Tonda P., Bargellesi A. Increased serum IgD concentrations in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977 May;28(2):359–362. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corte G., Ferraris A. M., Rees J. K., Bargellesi A., Hayhoe F. G. Correlation of serum IgD level with clinical and histologic parameters in Hodgkin disease. Blood. 1978 Nov;52(5):905–910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crawford D. H., Weller I., Iliescu V., Wara D. W. Epstein-Barr (EB) virus infection in homosexual men in London. Br J Vener Dis. 1984 Aug;60(4):258–264. doi: 10.1136/sti.60.4.258. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cushman P. Persistent increased immunoglobulin M in treated narcotic addition. Association with liver disease and continuing heroin use. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1973 Aug;52(2):122–128. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(73)90084-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dorsett B., Cronin W., Chuma V., Ioachim H. L. Anti-lymphocyte antibodies in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1985 Apr;78(4):621–626. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90405-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- El-Sadr W., Stahl R., Sidhu G., Zolla-Pazner S. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: laboratory findings, clinical features, and leading hypotheses. Diagn Immunol. 1984;2(2):73–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Groopman J. E., Gottlieb M. S. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS: the widening gyre. Nature. 1983 Jun 16;303(5918):575–576. doi: 10.1038/303575a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Handzel Z. T., Galili-Weisstub E., Burstein R., Berner Y., Pecht M., Netzer L., Trainin N., Barzilai N., Levin S., Bentwich Z. Immune derangements in asymptomatic male homosexuals in Israel: a pre-AIDS condition? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;437:549–553. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb37183.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lane H. C., Depper J. M., Greene W. C., Whalen G., Waldmann T. A., Fauci A. S. Qualitative analysis of immune function in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evidence for a selective defect in soluble antigen recognition. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 11;313(2):79–84. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198507113130204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lane H. C., Masur H., Edgar L. C., Whalen G., Rook A. H., Fauci A. S. Abnormalities of B-cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1983 Aug 25;309(8):453–458. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198308253090803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Litwin S. D., Tse-Eng D., Butler V. P., Jr, Pernis B. Studies on human low serum IgD phenotype and Gm markers. Clin Genet. 1985 Feb;27(2):134–139. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1985.tb00200.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marmor M., Friedman-Kien A. E., Zolla-Pazner S., Stahl R. E., Rubinstein P., Laubenstein L., William D. C., Klein R. J., Spigland I. Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men. A seroepidemiologic case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Jun;100(6):809–815. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-809. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Modlin R. L., Hofman F. M., Meyer P. R., Vaccaro S. A., Ammann A. J., Conant M. A., Rea T. H., Taylor C. R. Altered distribution of B and T lymphocytes in lymph-nodes from homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 1983 Oct 1;2(8353):768–771. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92300-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Montagnier L., Gruest J., Chamaret S., Dauguet C., Axler C., Guétard D., Nugeyre M. T., Barré-Sinoussi F., Chermann J. C., Brunet J. B. Adaptation of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) to replication in EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Science. 1984 Jul 6;225(4657):63–66. doi: 10.1126/science.6328661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nordbring F., Högman C., Johansson S. G. Serum immunoglobulin levels in the course of acute pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis. 1969;1(2):99–106. doi: 10.3109/inf.1969.1.issue-2.05. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pahwa S. G., Quilop M. T., Lange M., Pahwa R. N., Grieco M. H. Defective B-lymphocyte function in homosexual men in relation to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Dec;101(6):757–763. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-6-757. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pahwa S., Pahwa R., Saxinger C., Gallo R. C., Good R. A. Influence of the human T-lymphotropic virus/lymphadenopathy-associated virus on functions of human lymphocytes: evidence for immunosuppressive effects and polyclonal B-cell activation by banded viral preparations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(23):8198–8202. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.23.8198. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Papadopoulos N. M., Frieri M. The presence of immunoglobulin D in endocrine disorders and diseases of immunoregulation, including the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1984 Aug;32(2):248–252. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(84)90125-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Popovic M., Sarngadharan M. G., Read E., Gallo R. C. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):497–500. doi: 10.1126/science.6200935. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rubinstein A., Sicklick M., Gupta A., Bernstein L., Klein N., Rubinstein E., Spigland I., Fruchter L., Litman N., Lee H. Acquired immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous and drug-addicted mothers. JAMA. 1983 May 6;249(17):2350–2356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sapira J. D. The narcotic addict as a medical patient. Am J Med. 1968 Oct;45(4):555–588. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90172-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schüpbach J., Popovic M., Gilden R. V., Gonda M. A., Sarngadharan M. G., Gallo R. C. Serological analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS. Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):503–505. doi: 10.1126/science.6200937. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simberkoff M. S., El Sadr W., Schiffman G., Rahal J. J., Jr Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and bacteremia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, with report of a pneumococcal vaccine failure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Dec;130(6):1174–1176. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.6.1174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stahl R. E., Friedman-Kien A., Dubin R., Marmor M., Zolla-Pazner S. Immunologic abnormalities in homosexual men. Relationship to Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Med. 1982 Aug;73(2):171–178. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90174-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tersmette M., Miedema F., Huisman H. G., Goudsmit J., Melief C. J. Productive HTLV-III infection of human B cell lines. Lancet. 1985 Apr 6;1(8432):815–816. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91469-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tung K. S., Koster F., Bernstein D. C., Kriebel P. W., Payne S. M., Shearer G. M. Elevated allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in peripheral blood leukocytes of homosexual men. J Immunol. 1985 Nov;135(5):3163–3171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiss S. H., Goedert J. J., Sarngadharan M. G., Bodner A. J., Gallo R. C., Blattner W. A. Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies. Specificity, sensitivity, and applications. JAMA. 1985 Jan 11;253(2):221–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams R. C., Jr, Masur H., Spira T. J. Lymphocyte-reactive antibodies in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Immunol. 1984 Mar;4(2):118–123. doi: 10.1007/BF00915045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Xue B., Coico R., Wallace D., Siskind G. W., Pernis B., Thorbecke G. J. Physiology of IgD. IV. Enhancement of antibody production in mice bearing IgD-secreting plasmacytomas. J Exp Med. 1984 Jan 1;159(1):103–113. doi: 10.1084/jem.159.1.103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zagury D., Bernard J., Leonard R., Cheynier R., Feldman M., Sarin P. S., Gallo R. C. Long-term cultures of HTLV-III--infected T cells: a model of cytopathology of T-cell depletion in AIDS. Science. 1986 Feb 21;231(4740):850–853. doi: 10.1126/science.2418502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zolla-Pazner S., William D., El-Sadr W., Marmor M., Stahl R. Quantitation of beta 2-microglobulin and other immune characteristics in a prospective study of men at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA. 1984 Jun 8;251(22):2951–2955. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]