Abstract
Presence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) was investigated in 504 sera from 116 patients with SLE and was found in 41% of them.
HAA was present in at least one serum in 75% of the patients but there were variations in presence and titres in the same patient at different times.
Except for a tendency of HAA to appear or rise in titre with lupusi nactivation following corticosteroid or immunosuppresive therapy, there was no correlation between its presence and disease activity, specific organ involvement, antinuclear antibodies or immunoglobulin levels.
All but one of twelve lupus patients with recurrent bacterial infections had HAA at high titres. HAA appeared in the serum of a patient upon development of IgA deficiency.
HAA antigenaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus seems a consequence rather than a cause of the immunological derangement in this disease.
Full text
PDF










Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- ALARCON SEGOVIA D., BARTHOLOMEW L. G., CAIN J. C., BAGGENSTOSS A. H. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS CELL PHENOMENON IN OLDER WOMEN WITH CHRONIC HEPATIC DISEASE. Mayo Clin Proc. 1965 Mar;40:193–205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alarcón-Segovia D., Fishbein E., Alcalá H., Olguín-Palacios E., Estrada-Parra S. The range and specificity of antinuclear antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol. 1970 Apr;6(4):557–571. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alarcón-Segovia D., Fishbein E. Demography of serum immunoglobulins: differences in IgG and IgM levels in two normal Mexican adult populations. Clin Sci. 1970 Oct;39(4):467–473. doi: 10.1042/cs0390467. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BARTHOLOMEW L. G., HAGEDORN A. B., CAIN J. C., BAGGENSTOSS A. H. Hepatitis and cirrhosis in women with positive clot tests for lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1958 Nov 13;259(20):947–956. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195811132592001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BLUMBERG B. S., ALTER H. J., VISNICH S. A "NEW" ANTIGEN IN LEUKEMIA SERA. JAMA. 1965 Feb 15;191:541–546. doi: 10.1001/jama.1965.03080070025007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blumberg B. S., Melartin L., Lechat M., Guinto R. S. Association between lepromatous leprosy and Australia antigen. Lancet. 1967 Jul 22;2(7508):173–176. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(67)90003-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blumberg B. S., Sutnick A. I., London W. T. Australia antigen as a hepatitis virus. Variation in host response. Am J Med. 1970 Jan;48(1):1–8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(70)90093-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bullock W. E., Jr, Fasal P. Studies of immune mechanisms in leprosy. 3. The role of cellular and humoral factors in impairment of the in vitro immune response. J Immunol. 1971 Apr;106(4):888–899. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- COWLING D. C., MACKAY I. R., TAFT L. I. Lupoid hepatitis. Lancet. 1956 Dec 29;271(6957):1323–1326. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(56)91483-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Del Prete S., Costantino D., Doglia M. Different Australia-antigen determinants in acute viral hepatitis. Lancet. 1970 Aug 8;2(7667):292–294. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)91333-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engler R., Keairnes P. Effect of the purification of virus antigens on the production of specific complement-fixing antibodies. Appl Microbiol. 1971 Apr;21(4):653–656. doi: 10.1128/am.21.4.653-656.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans A. S., Rothfield N. F., Niederman J. C. Raised antibody titres to E.B. virus in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1971 Jan 23;1(7691):167–168. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91937-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FAHEY J. L., MCKELVEY E. M. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN ANTIBODY-AGAR PLATES. J Immunol. 1965 Jan;94:84–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Field A. M., Cossart Y. E. Specificity of Au antibodies. Lancet. 1971 Jul 10;2(7715):91–91. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92061-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gocke D. J., Howe C. Rapid detection of Australia antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. J Immunol. 1970 Apr;104(4):1031–1034. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gocke D. J., Hsu K., Morgan C., Bombardieri S., Lockshin M., Christian C. L. Association between polyarteritis and Australia antigen. Lancet. 1970 Dec 5;2(7684):1149–1153. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90339-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gocke D. J., Kavey N. B. Hepatitis antigen. Correlation with disease and infectivity of blood-donors. Lancet. 1969 May 31;1(7605):1055–1059. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91701-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grausz H., Earley L. E., Stephens B. G., Lee J. C., Hopper J., Jr Diagnostic import of virus-like particles in the glomerular endothelium of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1970 Sep 3;283(10):506–511. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197009032831003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Györkey F., Min K. W., Sincovics J. G., Györkey P. Systemic lupus erythematosus and myxovirus. N Engl J Med. 1969 Feb 6;280(6):333–333. doi: 10.1056/nejm196902062800620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirschman S. Z. Reflections on latent viruses--a new definition of an infectious agent. Mt Sinai J Med. 1971 Mar-Apr;38(2):257–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hollinger F. B., Sharp J. T., Lidsky M. D., Rawls W. E. Antibodies to viral antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1971 Jan-Feb;14(1):1–11. doi: 10.1002/art.1780140102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hurd E. R., Eigenbrodt E., Worthen H., Strunk S. S., Ziff M. Glomerular cytoplasmic tubular structures in renal biopsies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 1971 Jul-Aug;14(4):539–550. doi: 10.1002/art.1780140414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KALISS N. Immunological enhancement of tumor homografts in mice: a review. Cancer Res. 1958 Oct;18(9):992–1003. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katz S. I., DeBetz B. H., Zaias N. Production of macrophage inhibitory factor by patients with leprosy. Arch Dermatol. 1971 Apr;103(4):358–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kawano K., Miller L., Kimmelstiel P. Virus-like structures in lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1969 Nov 27;281(22):1228–1229. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196911272812207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krugman S., Giles J. P. Viral hepatitis. New light on an old disease. JAMA. 1970 May 11;212(6):1019–1029. doi: 10.1001/jama.212.6.1019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- London W. T., Di Figlia M., Sutnick A., Blumberg B. S. An epidemic of hepatitis in a chronic-hemodialysis unit. Australia antigen and differences in host response. N Engl J Med. 1969 Sep 11;281(11):571–578. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196909112811101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mathews J. D., Mackay I. R. Australia antigen in chronic hepatitis in Australia. Br Med J. 1970 Jan 31;1(5691):259–261. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5691.259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mellors R. C., Huang C. Y. Immunopathology of NZB/BL mice. V. Viruslike (filtrable) agent separable from lymphoma cells and identifiable by electron microscopy. J Exp Med. 1966 Dec 1;124(6):1031–1038. doi: 10.1084/jem.124.6.1031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mellors R. C., Shirai T., Aoki T., Huebner R. J., Krawczynski K. Wild-type Gross leukemia virus and the pathogenesis of the glomerulonephritis of New Zealand mice. J Exp Med. 1971 Jan 1;133(1):113–132. doi: 10.1084/jem.133.1.113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson J. M., Barker L. F., Danovitch S. H. Intranuclear aggregates in the liver of a patient with serum hepatitis. Lancet. 1970 Oct 10;2(7676):773–774. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90247-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Norton W. L. Endothelial inclusions in active lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Lab Clin Med. 1969 Sep;74(3):369–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nowoslawski A., Brzosko W. J., Madaliński K., Krawczyński K. Cellular localisation of Australia antigen in the liver of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Lancet. 1970 Mar 7;1(7645):494–498. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)91580-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- PLOTZ C. M., SINGER J. M. The latex fixation test. I. Application to the serologic diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1956 Dec;21(6):888–892. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Phillips P. E., Christian C. L. Myxovirus antibody increases in human connective tissue disease. Science. 1970 May 22;168(3934):982–984. doi: 10.1126/science.168.3934.982. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pincus T., Blacklow N. R., Grimley P. M., Bellanti J. A. Glomerular microtubules of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1970 Nov 21;2(7682):1058–1061. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90287-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Prince A. M. An antigen detected in the blood during the incubation period of serum hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Jul;60(3):814–821. doi: 10.1073/pnas.60.3.814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reynolds T. B., Peters R. L., Yamada S. Chronic active and lupoid hepatitis caused by a laxative, oxyphenisatin. N Engl J Med. 1971 Oct 7;285(15):813–820. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197110072851501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rigoli M. H., Heer E., Welz G. Coincidental Australia antigen and antibody. N Engl J Med. 1971 Aug 26;285(9):525–525. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197108262850920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rowe D. S., Anderson S. G., Grab B. A research standard for human serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM. Bull World Health Organ. 1970;42(4):535–552. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salazar-Mallén M., Escobar A., Somolinos-Palencia J. Genes, hepatitis y antígeno Australia. Gac Med Mex. 1970 Oct;100(10):1053–1056. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sirtori C. Virus-like particles in infectious hepatitis. Lancet. 1970 Oct 17;2(7677):824–824. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(70)91490-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Soulier J. P., Courouce-Pauty A. M., Benamon-Djiane D. Study of the Australia antigen and of the corresponding antibody in blood donors in Paris. Vox Sang. 1970 Sep-Oct;19(3):345–351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Talal N., Steinberg A. D., Daley G. G. Inhibition of antigodies binding polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in human and mouse lupus sera by viral and synthetic ribonucleic acids. J Clin Invest. 1971 Jun;50(6):1248–1252. doi: 10.1172/JCI106602. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
