Skip to main content
Clinical and Experimental Immunology logoLink to Clinical and Experimental Immunology
. 1973 Jan;13(1):65–77.

Universal occurrence of antibodies to tubercle bacilli in sera from non-tuberculous and tuberculous individuals

E J Bardana, J K McClatchy, R S Farr, P Minden
PMCID: PMC1553751  PMID: 4202948

Abstract

Studies were carried out to detect and quantitate humoral antibodies to components derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using both quantitative and qualitative primary tests, binding was observed by all sera obtained from normal as well as from tuberculous subjects. There was a significant difference, however, in the amount of binding by sera from controls. There was a high incidence of both IgG and IgM antibodies in all sera.

The universal occurrence of humoral antibodies demonstrated in this study suggests that most, if not all, persons have been sensitized to the tubercle bacillus to one degree or another. Evidence is presented that the immunogens involved may be derived from saprophytic and/or avirulent mycobacteria.

Full text

PDF
65

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Altemeier W. A., 3rd, Robbins J. B., Smith R. T. Quantitative studies of the immunoglobulin sequence in the response of the rabbit to a somatic antigen. J Exp Med. 1966 Sep 1;124(3):443–460. doi: 10.1084/jem.124.3.443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BOYDEN S. V. The immunological response to antigens of the tubercle bacillus; some experimental aspects. Prog Allergy. 1958;5:149–214. doi: 10.1159/000277644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Comstock G. W., Edwards L. B., Nabangxang H. Tuberculin sensitivity eight to fifteen years after BCG vaccination. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1971 Apr;103(4):572–575. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1971.103.4.572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. DANIEL T. M. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO MYCOBACTERIAL ANTIGENS. J Immunol. 1965 Jul;95:100–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. DUBOS R. J., PIERCE C. H., SCHAEFER W. B. Antituberculous immunity induced in mice by vaccination with living cultures of attenuated tubercle bacilli. J Exp Med. 1953 Feb 1;97(2):207–220. doi: 10.1084/jem.97.2.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Daniel T. M., Baum G. L. The immunoglobulin response to tuberculosis. I. Molecular characterization of hemagglutinating antibody to tuberculopolysaccharide in sera from patients with tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1968 Oct;98(4):677–680. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1968.98.4.677. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dietz T. M., Maxwell K. W., Robbins J. L., Marcus S. Use of latex particles in serology of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1967 Apr;95(4):638–642. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1967.95.4.638. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Duboczy B. O., White F. C. Further studies with the direct latex agglutination test in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 Sep;100(3):364–371. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1969.100.3.364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Duboczy B. O., White F. C. Latex agglutination test for tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1966 Dec;94(6):914–922. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1966.94.6.914. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Eilertsen E. Atypical mycobacteria and reservoir in water. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl. 1969;69:85–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. FARR R. S., BLOCH H. The binding capacity of tuberculous and nontuberculous human serum for I-131-labeled extracts from tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1960 Nov;82:687–694. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1960.82.5.687. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. FERRARI A. Nitrogen determination by a continuous digestion and analysis system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1960 Jul 22;87:792–800. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb23236.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. FLEISCHMAN J. B., PAIN R. H., PORTER R. R. Reduction of gamma-globulins. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1962 Sep;Suppl 1:174–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. FROMAN S., EDGINGTON T. S., WILL D. W., SCAMMON L., FABER D. R., ECKMANN B. H. GEL DOUBLE DIFFUSION TESTING FOR TUBERCULOSIS. Am J Clin Pathol. 1964 Oct;42:340–345. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/42.4.340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Farr R. S., Minden P. Biology of the mycobacterioses. The measurement of antibodies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1968 Sep 5;154(1):107–114. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb16700.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Favez G., Jéquier S., Vulliémoz P. Demonstration and discrimination of distinct circulating antibodies during active tuberculosis in man. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1966 Dec;94(6):905–913. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1966.94.6.905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Forsgren A., Sjöquist J. "Protein A" from S. aureus. I. Pseudo-immune reaction with human gamma-globulin. J Immunol. 1966 Dec;97(6):822–827. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Freedman S. O., Turcotte D. R., Sault F. Circulating IgG (7S) hemagglutinins in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1966 Dec;94(6):896–904. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1966.94.6.896. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. GLENCHUR H., KETTEL L. J. A STUDY OF THE AGAR DOUBLE-DIFFUSION TEST IN HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1965 Jan;91:86–96. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1965.91.1.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Goren M. B. Improved surface culturing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol. 1967 Oct;94(4):1258–1259. doi: 10.1128/jb.94.4.1258-1259.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. HEIN H., SROKA W. Experiences on hemagglutination reaction in tuberculosis. Ann Tuberc. 1952 Dec;3(3):107–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kent D. C. Immunologic studies in tuberculosis; utilizing agar gel double-diffusion precipitin sysem. Am J Med Sci. 1966 Aug;252(2):212–216. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kronvall G., Frommel D. Definition of staphylococcal protein A reactivity for human immunoglobulin G fragments. Immunochemistry. 1970 Jan;7(1):124–127. doi: 10.1016/0019-2791(70)90036-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. MOLLOHAN C. S., ROMER M. S. Public health significance of swimming pool granuloma. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1961 Jun;51:883–891. doi: 10.2105/ajph.51.6.883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Matsumura T., Kuroume T., Tsukagoshi H. The specificity of the immediate reaction in tuberculin skin testing with PPD in humans. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1968;34(3):209–223. doi: 10.1159/000230113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. McConahey P. J., Dixon F. J. A method of trace iodination of proteins for immunologic studies. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1966;29(2):185–189. doi: 10.1159/000229699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Minden P., Anthony B. F., Farr R. S. A comparison of seven procedures to detect the primary binding of antigen by antibody. J Immunol. 1969 Apr;102(4):832–841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Minden P., Farr R. S. Binding between components of the tubercle bacillus and humoral antibodies. J Exp Med. 1969 Nov 1;130(5):931–954. doi: 10.1084/jem.130.5.931. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Minden P., Grey H. M., Farr R. S. False positive radio-immunoautograph lines associated with immunoglobulins from normal sera. J Immunol. 1967 Aug;99(2):304–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Minden P., McClatchy J. K., Bardana E. J., Farr R. S. Antigenic Differences Between Mycobacterium bovis Strain BCG and an Isoniazid-Resistant Mutant. Infect Immun. 1971 Apr;3(4):524–529. doi: 10.1128/iai.3.4.524-529.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Minden P., McClatchy J. K., Cooper R., Bardana E. J., Jr, Farr R. S. Shared antigens between Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and other bacterial species. Science. 1972 Apr 7;176(4030):57–58. doi: 10.1126/science.176.4030.57. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. NISONOFF A. ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF RABBIT GAMMA GLOBULIN AND ANTIBODY AND CHROMATOGRAPHY OF DIGESTION PRODUCTS. Methods Med Res. 1964;10:134–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Nassau E., Merrick A. J. The fluorescent antibody test in human tuberculosis: a pilot study. Tubercle. 1970 Dec;51(4):430–436. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(70)90009-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. O'Connor J. E., Snyder I. S. Kinetics and immunoglobulin nature of the antibody response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol. 1967 Oct;94(4):815–820. doi: 10.1128/jb.94.4.815-820.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. PARLETT R. C., YOUMANS G. P. An evaluation of the specificty and sensitivity of a gel double-diffusion test for tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1959 Aug;80:153–166. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1959.80.2.153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. PARLETT R. C., YOUMANS G. P., REHR C., LESTER W. The detection of antibodies in the serum of tuberculous patients by an agar double-diffusion precipitation technique. Am Rev Tuberc. 1958 Mar;77(3):462–472. doi: 10.1164/artpd.1958.77.3.462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Palmer C. E., Edwards L. B. Tuberculin test in retrospect and prospect. Arch Environ Health. 1967 Dec;15(6):792–808. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1967.10664998. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Pattyn S. R., Vandepitte J., Portaels F., De Muynck A. Cases of Mycobacterium borstelense and M. abscessus infection observed in Belgium. J Med Microbiol. 1971 Feb;4(1):145–149. doi: 10.1099/00222615-4-1-145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. RABE E. F., SPICER W. S., Jr An evaluation of the Middlebrook-Dubos hemagglutination test. J Lab Clin Med. 1953 Jan;41(1):98–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. SCHAEFER W. B., BLATMAN S., BRAVO L. Tuberculin sensitivity in children infected with mycobacterium balnei. Pediatrics. 1962 Mar;29:404–408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. SKOM J. H., TALMAGE D. W. The role of nonprecipitating insulin antibodies in diabetes. J Clin Invest. 1958 Jun;37(6):787–793. doi: 10.1172/JCI103665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. SMITH D. T., SCOTT N. B. Clinical interpretation of the Middlebrook-Dubos hemagglutination test. Am Rev Tuberc. 1950 Aug;62(2):121–127. doi: 10.1164/art.1950.62.2.121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Smith D. T. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of the quantitative tuberculin tests. The influence of subclinical infections with atypical mycobacteria. Ann Intern Med. 1967 Nov;67(5):919–946. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-67-5-919. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. TAKAHASHI Y., FUJITA S., SASAKI A. The specificity of the passive hemagglutination methods used in serology of tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 1961 Jun 1;113:1141–1154. doi: 10.1084/jem.113.6.1141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. TAKAHASHI Y. Specific serum agglutination of kaolin particles sensitized with tubercle phosphatide and its clinical evaluation as a serodiagnostic test for tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1962 May;85:708–719. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1962.85.5.708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. TURCOTTE R., FREEDMAN S. O., SEHON A. H. A NEW HEMAGGLUTINATION PROCEDURE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1963 Nov;88:725–728. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1963.88.5.725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Toussaint A. J., Fife E. H., Parlett R. C., Affronti L. F., Wright G. L., Reich M., Morse W. C. A soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Clin Pathol. 1969 Dec;52(6):708–713. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/52.6.708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Zykov M. P., Godovannyi B. A., Donets Y. I., Roulet H., Patel R. I., Waddington F. G., Blocher C. The kaolin agglutination test with three antigens used for detecting circulating antibodies against tuberculosis in humans, cattle and guinea-pigs. Tubercle. 1967 Sep;48(3):227–236. doi: 10.1016/s0041-3879(67)80027-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical and Experimental Immunology are provided here courtesy of British Society for Immunology

RESOURCES