Table 2.

Summary results of included studies with interventions aimed at smoking cessation

		Stage based versus non-stage based			Stage based versus no intervention
Reference	Methodological quality*	Mainly significant†	Mixed outcomes‡	No significant difference	Mainly significant†	Mixed outcomes‡	No significant difference
All interventions		1	2	8	7	2	6
Berman et al 1995w1	4/13	—	—	Yes	—	—	—
Butler et al 1999w2	9/13	—	Yes	—	—	—	—
Cornuz et al 2002w3	12/13	—	—	—	Yes	—	—
DiClemente et al 1991w4	5/13	Yes	—	—	—	—	—
Dijkstra et al 1999w5	6/11	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes
Emmons et al 2001w6	9/13	—	—	Yes	—	—	—
Etter and Perneger 2001w7	9/13	—	—	—	Yes	—	—
Gritz et al 1993w8	3/13	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Lennox et al 1998w9	8/13	—	—	Yes	—	—	—
Lennox et al 2001w10	7/13	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes
Morgan et al 1996w11	5/13	—	—	—	Yes	—	—
Pallonen et al 1994w12	2/12	—	—	—	Yes	—	—
Pallonen et al 1998w13	6/12	—	—	Yes	—	—	—
Pieterse et al 2001w14	8/13	—	—	—	Yes	—	—
Pletsch 2002w15	6/13	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Prochaska et al 2001w16	5/13	—	—	—	Yes	—	—
Prochaska et al 2001w17	5/13	—	—	—	—	Yes	—
Reeve et al 2000w18	3/13	—	—	Yes	—	—	—
Resnicow et al 1997w19	7/13	—	—	Yes	—	—	—
Sinclair et al 1999w20	3/13	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Stotts et al 2002w21	6/13	—	—	—	—	Yes	—
Tappin et al 2000w22 w24	8/13	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Wang 1994w23	6/13	—	Yes	—	Yes	—	—

^*Maximum score for the 13 items is 11 or 12 if blinding of care providers, participants, or both, not applicable.

^†Mainly significant outcomes in favour of stage based intervention.

^‡Either one stage based intervention showed significant effects and another stage based intervention did not; some behavioural outcomes showed significant effects in favour of stage based intervention and others did not; or analyses were not conclusive.