Abstract
There is a need to identify specific biological indicator(s) of cadmium exposure so that the renal damage can be prevented. Towards this end, we have examined the usefulness of urinary metallothionein as an indicator of cadmium body burden. It is found that, in both animals and humans, urinary metallothionein level is related to the hepatic and renal cadmium burdens. Significant correlations are also found between the urinary metallothionein and urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin. Furthermore, it is noted that cadmium-exposed individuals with renal dysfunction excrete significantly more metallothionein than those with normal renal function. Thus it appears that there is merit to include metallothionein among the clinical parameters monitored in cadmium-exposed individuals. More tests are needed to define a critical concentration of metallothionein in urine which is related to the onset of renal dysfunction.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Cherian M. G., Goyer R. A., Delaquerriere-Richardson L. Cadmium-metallothionein-induced nephropathy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1976 Nov;38(2):399–408. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(76)90146-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellis K. J., Morgan W. D., Zanzi I., Yasumura S., Vartsky D., Cohn S. H. Critical concentrations of cadmium in human renal cortex: dose-effect studies in cadmium smelter workers. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1981 May;7(5):691–703. doi: 10.1080/15287398109530012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Garvey J. S., Chang C. C. Detection of circulating metallothionein in rats injected with zinc or cadmium. Science. 1981 Nov 13;214(4522):805–807. doi: 10.1126/science.7292012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nordberg G. F., Goyer R., Nordberg M. Comparative toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium chloride on mouse kidney. Arch Pathol. 1975 Apr;99(4):192–197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nordberg G. F., Piscator M., Nordberg M. On the distribution of cadmium in blood. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1971;30(3):289–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1971.tb00660.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roels H. A., Lauwerys R. R., Buchet J. P., Bernard A., Chettle D. R., Harvey T. C., Al-Haddad I. K. In vivo measurement of liver and kidney cadmium in workers exposed to this metal: its significance with respect to cadmium in blood and urine. Environ Res. 1981 Oct;26(1):217–240. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(81)90199-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shaikh Z. A., Hirayama K. Metallothionein in the extracellular fluids as an index of cadmium toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Feb;28:267–271. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7928267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Squibb K. S., Ridlington J. W., Carmichael N. G., Fowler B. A. Early cellular effects of circulating cadmium-thionein on kidney proximal tubules. Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Feb;28:287–296. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7928287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tohyama C., Shaikh Z. A., Ellis K. J., Cohn S. H. Metallothionein excretion in urine upon cadmium exposure: its relationship with liver and kidney cadmium. Toxicology. 1981;22(3):181–191. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(81)90080-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tohyama C., Shaikh Z. A., Nogawa K., Kobayashi E., Honda R. Elevated urinary excretion of metallothionein due to environmental cadmium exposure. Toxicology. 1981;20(4):289–297. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(81)90036-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tohyama C., Shaikh Z. A., Nogawa K., Kobayashi E., Honda R. Urinary metallothionein as a new index of renal dysfunction in "Itai-Itai" disease patients and other Japanese women environmentally exposed to cadmium. Arch Toxicol. 1982 Jul;50(2):159–166. doi: 10.1007/BF00373398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]