Abstract
The cellulose synthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and the DCB analogs 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzonitrile, 3-amino-2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, and 5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl-(3-cyano-2, 4-dichloro)aniline (DCBF) inhibited extracellular adhesive production in the marine diatom Achnanthes longipes, resulting in a loss of motility and a lack of permanent adhesion. The effect was fully reversible upon removal of the inhibitor, and cell growth was not affected at concentrations of inhibitors adequate to effectively interrupt the adhesion sequence. Video microscopy revealed that the adhesion sequence was mediated by the export and assembly of polymers, and consisted of initial attachment followed by cell motility and eventual production of permanent adhesive structures in the form of stalks that elevated the diatom above the substratum. A. longipes adhesive polymers are primarily composed of noncellulosic polysaccharides (B.A. Wustman, M.R. Gretz, and K.D. Hoagland [1997] Plant Physiol 113: 1059-1069). These results, together with the discovery of DCB inhibition of extracellular matrix assembly in noncellulosic red algal unicells (S.M. Arad, O. Dubinsky, and B. Simon [1994] Phycologia 33: 158-162), indicate that DCB inhibits synthesis of noncellulosic extracellular polysaccharides. A fluorescent probe, DCBF, was synthesized and shown to inhibit adhesive polymer production in the same manner as DCB. DCBF specifically labeled an 18-kD polypeptide isolated from a membrane fraction. Inhibition of adhesion by DCB and its analogs provides evidence of a direct relationship between polysaccharide synthesis and motility and permanent adhesion.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.8 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Delmer D. P., Read S. M., Cooper G. Identification of a receptor protein in cotton fibers for the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. Plant Physiol. 1987 Jun;84(2):415–420. doi: 10.1104/pp.84.2.415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Edelmann H. G., Fry S. C. Effect of cellulose synthesis inhibition on growth and the integration of xyloglucan into pea internode cell walls. Plant Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(2):993–997. doi: 10.1104/pp.100.2.993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fletcher M., Marshall K. C. Bubble contact angle method for evaluating substratum interfacial characteristics and its relevance to bacterial attachment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Jul;44(1):184–192. doi: 10.1128/aem.44.1.184-192.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gordon R., Drum R. W. A capillarity mechanism for diatom gliding locomotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Sep;67(1):338–344. doi: 10.1073/pnas.67.1.338. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson D. R., Feldman S., Lubin H. Critical interaction therapy: couples therapy in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Fam Process. 1995 Dec;34(4):401–412. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1995.00401.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shedletzky E., Shmuel M., Trainin T., Kalman S., Delmer D. Cell Wall Structure in Cells Adapted to Growth on the Cellulose-Synthesis Inhibitor 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile : A Comparison between Two Dicotyledonous Plants and a Graminaceous Monocot. Plant Physiol. 1992 Sep;100(1):120–130. doi: 10.1104/pp.100.1.120. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wustman B. A., Gretz M. R., Hoagland K. D. Extracellular Matrix Assembly in Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) (I. A Model of Adhesives Based on Chemical Characterization and Localization of Polysaccharides from the Marine Diatom Achnanthes longipes and Other Diatoms). Plant Physiol. 1997 Apr;113(4):1059–1069. doi: 10.1104/pp.113.4.1059. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]