Abstract
Two different modes are utilised by vertebrate species to generate the appendicular muscle present within fins and limbs. Primitive Chondricthyan or cartilaginous fishes use a primitive mode of muscle formation to generate the muscle of the fins. Direct epithelial myotomal extensions invade the fin and generate the fin muscles while remaining in contact with the myotome. Embryos of amniotes such as chick and mouse use a similar mechanism to that deployed in the bony teleost species, zebrafish. Migratory mesenchymal myoblasts delaminate from fin/limb level somites, migrate to the fin/limb field and differentiate entirely within the context of the fin/limb bud. Migratory fin and limb myoblasts express identical genes suggesting that they possess both morphogenetic and molecular identity. We conclude that the mechanisms controlling tetrapod limb muscle formation arose prior to the Sarcopterygian or tetrapod radiation.
Keywords: Fin, limb, muscle evolution, migration
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (221.3 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bober E., Franz T., Arnold H. H., Gruss P., Tremblay P. Pax-3 is required for the development of limb muscles: a possible role for the migration of dermomyotomal muscle progenitor cells. Development. 1994 Mar;120(3):603–612. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.3.603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brohmann H., Jagla K., Birchmeier C. The role of Lbx1 in migration of muscle precursor cells. Development. 2000 Jan;127(2):437–445. doi: 10.1242/dev.127.2.437. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Christ B., Jacob H. J., Jacob M. Experimental analysis of the origin of the wing musculature in avian embryos. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1977 Mar 30;150(2):171–186. doi: 10.1007/BF00316649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Christ B., Jacob M., Jacob H. J. On the origin and development of the ventrolateral abdominal muscles in the avian embryo. An experimental and ultrastructural study. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1983;166(1):87–101. doi: 10.1007/BF00317946. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Christ B., Ordahl C. P. Early stages of chick somite development. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1995 May;191(5):381–396. doi: 10.1007/BF00304424. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cinnamon Y., Kahane N., Kalcheim C. Characterization of the early development of specific hypaxial muscles from the ventrolateral myotome. Development. 1999 Oct;126(19):4305–4315. doi: 10.1242/dev.126.19.4305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Denetclaw W. F., Ordahl C. P. The growth of the dermomyotome and formation of early myotome lineages in thoracolumbar somites of chicken embryos. Development. 2000 Feb;127(4):893–905. doi: 10.1242/dev.127.4.893. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dietrich S., Abou-Rebyeh F., Brohmann H., Bladt F., Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E., Yamaai T., Lumsden A., Brand-Saberi B., Birchmeier C. The role of SF/HGF and c-Met in the development of skeletal muscle. Development. 1999 Apr;126(8):1621–1629. doi: 10.1242/dev.126.8.1621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dietrich S., Schubert F. R., Healy C., Sharpe P. T., Lumsden A. Specification of the hypaxial musculature. Development. 1998 Jun;125(12):2235–2249. doi: 10.1242/dev.125.12.2235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goulding M., Lumsden A., Paquette A. J. Regulation of Pax-3 expression in the dermomyotome and its role in muscle development. Development. 1994 Apr;120(4):957–971. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.4.957. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grim M. Origin of the muscle blastemas in the developing pectoral fin of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Folia Morphol (Praha) 1973;21(2):197–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gross M. K., Moran-Rivard L., Velasquez T., Nakatsu M. N., Jagla K., Goulding M. Lbx1 is required for muscle precursor migration along a lateral pathway into the limb. Development. 2000 Jan;127(2):413–424. doi: 10.1242/dev.127.2.413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Houzelstein D., Auda-Boucher G., Chéraud Y., Rouaud T., Blanc I., Tajbakhsh S., Buckingham M. E., Fontaine-Pérus J., Robert B. The homeobox gene Msx1 is expressed in a subset of somites, and in muscle progenitor cells migrating into the forelimb. Development. 1999 Jun;126(12):2689–2701. doi: 10.1242/dev.126.12.2689. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mankoo B. S., Collins N. S., Ashby P., Grigorieva E., Pevny L. H., Candia A., Wright C. V., Rigby P. W., Pachnis V. Mox2 is a component of the genetic hierarchy controlling limb muscle development. Nature. 1999 Jul 1;400(6739):69–73. doi: 10.1038/21892. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mennerich D., Schäfer K., Braun T. Pax-3 is necessary but not sufficient for lbx1 expression in myogenic precursor cells of the limb. Mech Dev. 1998 May;73(2):147–158. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4773(98)00046-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neyt C., Jagla K., Thisse C., Thisse B., Haines L., Currie P. D. Evolutionary origins of vertebrate appendicular muscle. Nature. 2000 Nov 2;408(6808):82–86. doi: 10.1038/35040549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ordahl C. P., Le Douarin N. M. Two myogenic lineages within the developing somite. Development. 1992 Feb;114(2):339–353. doi: 10.1242/dev.114.2.339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rahmani T. M. Morphogenesis of the rudimentary hind-limb of the glass snake (Ophisaurus apodus Pallas). J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1974 Oct;32(2):431–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schäfer K., Braun T. Early specification of limb muscle precursor cells by the homeobox gene Lbx1h. Nat Genet. 1999 Oct;23(2):213–216. doi: 10.1038/13843. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams B. A., Ordahl C. P. Pax-3 expression in segmental mesoderm marks early stages in myogenic cell specification. Development. 1994 Apr;120(4):785–796. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.4.785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]