Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Plant Cell logoLink to The Plant Cell
. 1991 May;3(5):435–443. doi: 10.1105/tpc.3.5.435

A parsley 4CL-1 promoter fragment specifies complex expression patterns in transgenic tobacco.

K D Hauffe 1, U Paszkowski 1, P Schulze-Lefert 1, K Hahlbrock 1, J L Dangl 1, C J Douglas 1
PMCID: PMC160012  PMID: 1840921

Abstract

The 4CL-1 gene is one of two highly homologous parsley genes encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key enzyme of general phenylpropanoid metabolism. Expression of these genes is essential for the biosynthesis of both defense-related and developmentally required phenylpropanoid derivatives. We examined the developmental regulation of the 4CL-1 promoter by analyzing the expression of 4CL-1-beta-glucuronidase fusions in transgenic tobacco plants. A 597-base pair 4CL-1 promoter fragment specified histochemically detectable expression in a complex array of vegetative and floral tissues and cell types. The activity of a series of 5' deleted promoter fragments was analyzed in parsley protoplasts and transgenic tobacco plants. Deletions past -210 base pairs led to a drastic decline in beta-glucuronidase activity in protoplasts and loss of tissue-specific expression in transgenic tobacco. These results were put into the context of potential protein-DNA interactions by in vivo footprint analysis of the 4CL-1 promoter in parsley cells. Loss of promoter activity in parsley protoplasts and transgenic tobacco was correlated with the deletion or disruption of the distal portion of a large (100-base pair) footprinted region within the first 200 base pairs of the 4CL-1 promoter.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.5 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants. Science. 1985 Mar 8;227(4691):1229–1231. doi: 10.1126/science.227.4691.1229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bevan M. Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Nov 26;12(22):8711–8721. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.22.8711. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bolwell G. P., Bell J. N., Cramer C. L., Schuch W., Lamb C. J., Dixon R. A. L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Characterisation and differential induction of multiple forms from elicitor-treated cell suspension cultures. Eur J Biochem. 1985 Jun 3;149(2):411–419. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08941.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Church G. M., Gilbert W. Genomic sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1991–1995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cramer C. L., Bell J. N., Ryder T. B., Bailey J. A., Schuch W., Bolwell G. P., Robbins M. P., Dixon R. A., Lamb C. J. Co-ordinated synthesis of phytoalexin biosynthetic enzymes in biologically-stressed cells of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). EMBO J. 1985 Feb;4(2):285–289. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03627.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ditta G., Stanfield S., Corbin D., Helinski D. R. Broad host range DNA cloning system for gram-negative bacteria: construction of a gene bank of Rhizobium meliloti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7347–7351. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dixon R. A., Harrison M. J. Activation, structure, and organization of genes involved in microbial defense in plants. Adv Genet. 1990;28:165–234. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60527-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ebert P. R., Ha S. B., An G. Identification of an essential upstream element in the nopaline synthase promoter by stable and transient assays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5745–5749. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Jefferson R. A., Kavanagh T. A., Bevan M. W. GUS fusions: beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):3901–3907. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02730.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kozak M. Possible role of flanking nucleotides in recognition of the AUG initiator codon by eukaryotic ribosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Oct 24;9(20):5233–5252. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.20.5233. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Lamb C. J., Lawton M. A., Dron M., Dixon R. A. Signals and transduction mechanisms for activation of plant defenses against microbial attack. Cell. 1989 Jan 27;56(2):215–224. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90894-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Lawton M. A., Lamb C. J. Transcriptional activation of plant defense genes by fungal elicitor, wounding, and infection. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):335–341. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.335. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Liang X. W., Dron M., Cramer C. L., Dixon R. A., Lamb C. J. Differential regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes during plant development and by environmental cues. J Biol Chem. 1989 Aug 25;264(24):14486–14492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lipphardt S., Brettschneider R., Kreuzaler F., Schell J., Dangl J. L. UV-inducible transient expression in parsley protoplasts identifies regulatory cis-elements of a chimeric Antirrhinum majus chalcone synthase gene. EMBO J. 1988 Dec 20;7(13):4027–4033. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03296.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Lois R., Dietrich A., Hahlbrock K., Schulz W. A phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from parsley: structure, regulation and identification of elicitor and light responsive cis-acting elements. EMBO J. 1989 Jun;8(6):1641–1648. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03554.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lozoya E., Hoffmann H., Douglas C., Schulz W., Scheel D., Hahlbrock K. Primary structures and catalytic properties of isoenzymes encoded by the two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in parsley. Eur J Biochem. 1988 Oct 1;176(3):661–667. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14328.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ohl S., Hedrick S. A., Chory J., Lamb C. J. Functional properties of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase promoter from Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 1990 Sep;2(9):837–848. doi: 10.1105/tpc.2.9.837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Rubery P. H., Northcote D. H. Site of phenylalanine ammonia--lyase activity and synthesis of lignin during xylem differentiation. Nature. 1968 Sep 21;219(5160):1230–1234. doi: 10.1038/2191230a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Schmelzer E., Jahnen W., Hahlbrock K. In situ localization of light-induced chalcone synthase mRNA, chalcone synthase, and flavonoid end products in epidermal cells of parsley leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(9):2989–2993. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.9.2989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Schmid J., Doerner P. W., Clouse S. D., Dixon R. A., Lamb C. J. Developmental and environmental regulation of a bean chalcone synthase promoter in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell. 1990 Jul;2(7):619–631. doi: 10.1105/tpc.2.7.619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Schulze-Lefert P., Dangl J. L., Becker-André M., Hahlbrock K., Schulz W. Inducible in vivo DNA footprints define sequences necessary for UV light activation of the parsley chalcone synthase gene. EMBO J. 1989 Mar;8(3):651–656. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03422.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. van Tunen A. J., Koes R. E., Spelt C. E., van der Krol A. R., Stuitje A. R., Mol J. N. Cloning of the two chalcone flavanone isomerase genes from Petunia hybrida: coordinate, light-regulated and differential expression of flavonoid genes. EMBO J. 1988 May;7(5):1257–1263. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02939.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. van der Meer I. M., Spelt C. E., Mol J. N., Stuitje A. R. Promoter analysis of the chalcone synthase (chsA) gene of Petunia hybrida: a 67 bp promoter region directs flower-specific expression. Plant Mol Biol. 1990 Jul;15(1):95–109. doi: 10.1007/BF00017727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Plant Cell are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES