Abstract
The Lhcb2*1 gene of Lemna gibba is regulated positively by phytochrome, and two separate, 10-bp regions of this promoter have been shown to be necessary for phytochrome regulation. We have now analyzed the effects of one and two base pair mutations to define exactly two cis elements within these regions that are necessary for phytochrome regulation. These elements, designated REalpha and REbeta, consist in part of sequences highly conserved among promoter of genes encoding light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b proteins of photosystem II (Lhcb genes). They are located -134 to -129 bp and -114 to -109 bp from the transcription start site, respectively. REalpha has the sequence AACCAA and was found to interact specifically in vitro with a DNA binding activity in whole-cell extracts of plants. This activity was high in etiolated plants but much lower in green plants. REbeta has the sequence CGGATA. A GATA sequence created at a position six nucleotides upstream could replace the function of REbeta. We conclude that the phytochrome regulation of Lhcb2*1 is mediated by at least two cis elements. These elements are likely to function by repression of the promoter activity in darkness, although the REbeta region also may be able to play a role in the activation of transcription.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.9 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anderson S. L., Kay S. A. Functional dissection of circadian clock- and phytochrome-regulated transcription of the Arabidopsis CAB2 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Feb 28;92(5):1500–1504. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anderson S. L., Teakle G. R., Martino-Catt S. J., Kay S. A. Circadian clock- and phytochrome-regulated transcription is conferred by a 78 bp cis-acting domain of the Arabidopsis CAB2 promoter. Plant J. 1994 Oct;6(4):457–470. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1994.6040457.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Borello U., Ceccarelli E., Giuliano G. Constitutive, light-responsive and circadian clock-responsive factors compete for the different l box elements in plant light-regulated promoters. Plant J. 1993 Oct;4(4):611–619. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.04040611.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bowler C., Chua N. H. Emerging themes of plant signal transduction. Plant Cell. 1994 Nov;6(11):1529–1541. doi: 10.1105/tpc.6.11.1529. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brignon P., Chaubet N. Constitutive and cell-division-inducible protein-DNA interactions in two maize histone gene promoters. Plant J. 1993 Sep;4(3):445–457. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.04030445.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bruce W. B., Deng X. W., Quail P. H. A negatively acting DNA sequence element mediates phytochrome-directed repression of phyA gene transcription. EMBO J. 1991 Oct;10(10):3015–3024. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07852.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buzby J. S., Yamada T., Tobin E. M. A light-regulated DNA-binding activity interacts with a conserved region of a Lemna gibba rbcS promoter. Plant Cell. 1990 Aug;2(8):805–814. doi: 10.1105/tpc.2.8.805. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Deng X. W. Fresh view of light signal transduction in plants. Cell. 1994 Feb 11;76(3):423–426. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90107-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gai X. X., Lipson K. E., Prystowsky M. B. Unusual DNA binding characteristics of an in vitro translation product of the CCAAT binding protein mYB-1. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Feb 11;20(3):601–606. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.3.601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gidoni D., Brosio P., Bond-Nutter D., Bedbrook J., Dunsmuir P. Novel cis-acting elements in Petunia Cab gene promoters. Mol Gen Genet. 1989 Jan;215(2):337–344. doi: 10.1007/BF00339739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilmartin P. M., Chua N. H. Localization of a phytochrome-responsive element within the upstream region of pea rbcS-3A. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Oct;10(10):5565–5568. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.10.5565. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilmartin P. M., Chua N. H. Spacing between GT-1 binding sites within a light-responsive element is critical for transcriptional activity. Plant Cell. 1990 May;2(5):447–455. doi: 10.1105/tpc.2.5.447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilmartin P. M., Memelink J., Hiratsuka K., Kay S. A., Chua N. H. Characterization of a gene encoding a DNA binding protein with specificity for a light-responsive element. Plant Cell. 1992 Jul;4(7):839–849. doi: 10.1105/tpc.4.7.839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giuliano G., Pichersky E., Malik V. S., Timko M. P., Scolnik P. A., Cashmore A. R. An evolutionarily conserved protein binding sequence upstream of a plant light-regulated gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7089–7093. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7089. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grasser K. D., Maier U. G., Haass M. M., Feix G. Maize high mobility group proteins bind to CCAAT and TATA boxes of a zein gene promoter. J Biol Chem. 1990 Mar 15;265(8):4185–4188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green P. J., Kay S. A., Chua N. H. Sequence-specific interactions of a pea nuclear factor with light-responsive elements upstream of the rbcS-3A gene. EMBO J. 1987 Sep;6(9):2543–2549. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02542.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green P. J., Yong M. H., Cuozzo M., Kano-Murakami Y., Silverstein P., Chua N. H. Binding site requirements for pea nuclear protein factor GT-1 correlate with sequences required for light-dependent transcriptional activation of the rbcS-3A gene. EMBO J. 1988 Dec 20;7(13):4035–4044. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03297.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hiratsuka K., Wu X., Fukuzawa H., Chua N. H. Molecular dissection of GT-1 from Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 1994 Dec;6(12):1805–1813. doi: 10.1105/tpc.6.12.1805. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kehoe D. M., Degenhardt J., Winicov I., Tobin E. M. Two 10-bp regions are critical for phytochrome regulation of a Lemna gibba Lhcb gene promoter. Plant Cell. 1994 Aug;6(8):1123–1134. doi: 10.1105/tpc.6.8.1123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kenigsbuch D., Tobin E. M. A region of the Arabidopis Lhcb1*3 promoter that binds to CA-1 activity is essential for high expression and phytochrome regulation. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jul;108(3):1023–1027. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.3.1023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kunkel T. A. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(2):488–492. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.2.488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kunkel T. A., Roberts J. D., Zakour R. A. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Methods Enzymol. 1987;154:367–382. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)54085-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lam E., Chua N. H. ASF-2: a factor that binds to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and a conserved GATA motif in Cab promoters. Plant Cell. 1989 Dec;1(12):1147–1156. doi: 10.1105/tpc.1.12.1147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lam E., Chua N. H. GT-1 binding site confers light responsive expression in transgenic tobacco. Science. 1990 Apr 27;248(4954):471–474. doi: 10.1126/science.2330508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Li X. Y., Mantovani R., Hooft van Huijsduijnen R., Andre I., Benoist C., Mathis D. Evolutionary variation of the CCAAT-binding transcription factor NF-Y. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Mar 11;20(5):1087–1091. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.5.1087. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mantovani R., Pessara U., Tronche F., Li X. Y., Knapp A. M., Pasquali J. L., Benoist C., Mathis D. Monoclonal antibodies to NF-Y define its function in MHC class II and albumin gene transcription. EMBO J. 1992 Sep;11(9):3315–3322. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05410.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Millar A. J., McGrath R. B., Chua N. H. Phytochrome phototransduction pathways. Annu Rev Genet. 1994;28:325–349. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.28.120194.001545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Milos P. M., Zaret K. S. A ubiquitous factor is required for C/EBP-related proteins to form stable transcription complexes on an albumin promoter segment in vitro. Genes Dev. 1992 Jun;6(6):991–1004. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.6.991. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perisic O., Lam E. A tobacco DNA binding protein that interacts with a light-responsive box II element. Plant Cell. 1992 Jul;4(7):831–838. doi: 10.1105/tpc.4.7.831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Piechulla B., Kellmann J. W., Pichersky E., Schwartz E., Förster H. H. Determination of steady-state mRNA levels of individual chlorophyll a/b binding protein genes of the tomato cab gene family. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Dec;230(3):413–422. doi: 10.1007/BF00280298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Quail P. H., Boylan M. T., Parks B. M., Short T. W., Xu Y., Wagner D. Phytochromes: photosensory perception and signal transduction. Science. 1995 May 5;268(5211):675–680. doi: 10.1126/science.7732376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tobin E. M., Kehoe D. M. Phytochrome regulated gene expression. Semin Cell Biol. 1994 Oct;5(5):335–346. doi: 10.1006/scel.1994.1040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tobin E. M. White Light Effects on the mRNA for the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b-Protein in Lemna gibba L. G-3. Plant Physiol. 1981 Jun;67(6):1078–1083. doi: 10.1104/pp.67.6.1078. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White M. J., Kaufman L. S., Horwitz B. A., Briggs W. R., Thompson W. F. Individual Members of the Cab Gene Family Differ Widely in Fluence Response. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jan;107(1):161–165. doi: 10.1104/pp.107.1.161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wright K. L., Vilen B. J., Itoh-Lindstrom Y., Moore T. L., Li G., Criscitiello M., Cogswell P., Clarke J. B., Ting J. P. CCAAT box binding protein NF-Y facilitates in vivo recruitment of upstream DNA binding transcription factors. EMBO J. 1994 Sep 1;13(17):4042–4053. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06721.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]