Skip to main content
PMC home page
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy logoLink to Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
. 1995 Aug;39(8):1647–1654. doi: 10.1128/aac.39.8.1647

Beige mouse model for Mycobacterium avium complex disease.

P R Gangadharam 1
PMCID: PMC162801  PMID: 7486894

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (260.4 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barza M. A critique of animal models in antibiotic research. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1978;(14):109–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bermudez L. E., Inderlied C. B., Kolonoski P., Petrofsky M., Young L. S. Clarithromycin, dapsone, and a combination of both used to treat or prevent disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Dec;38(12):2717–2721. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.12.2717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bermudez L. E., Kolonoski P., Young L. S., Inderlied C. B. Activity of KRM 1648 alone or in combination with ethambutol or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium in beige mouse model of disseminated infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Aug;38(8):1844–1848. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.8.1844. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bermudez L. E., Petrofsky M., Kolonoski P., Young L. S. An animal model of Mycobacterium avium complex disseminated infection after colonization of the intestinal tract. J Infect Dis. 1992 Jan;165(1):75–79. doi: 10.1093/infdis/165.1.75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bermudez L. E., Stevens P., Kolonoski P., Wu M., Young L. S. Treatment of experimental disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice with recombinant IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol. 1989 Nov 1;143(9):2996–3000. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bermudez L. E., Yau-Young A. O., Lin J. P., Cogger J., Young L. S. Treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection of beige mice with liposome-encapsulated aminoglycosides. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jun;161(6):1262–1268. doi: 10.1093/infdis/161.6.1262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bermudez L. E., Young L. S. Activities of amikacin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin alone or in combination with tumor necrosis factor against Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Aug;32(8):1149–1153. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.8.1149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bermudez L. E., Young L. S. Ethanol augments intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium complex and impairs macrophage responses to cytokines. J Infect Dis. 1991 Jun;163(6):1286–1292. doi: 10.1093/infdis/163.6.1286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bertram M. A., Inderlied C. B., Yadegar S., Kolanoski P., Yamada J. K., Young L. S. Confirmation of the beige mouse model for study of disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium complex. J Infect Dis. 1986 Jul;154(1):194–195. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.1.194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Burjanová B., Urbancik R. Experimental chemotherapy of mycobacterioses provoked by atypical mycobacteria. Bibl Tuberc. 1970;26:154–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chaisson R. E., Hopewell P. C. Mycobacteria and AIDS mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jan;139(1):1–3. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Collins F. M., Watson S. R. Immune responses to atypical mycobacterial lung infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Sep-Oct;3(5):981–989. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.5.981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Crawford J. T., Bates J. H. Analysis of plasmids in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare isolates from persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Oct;134(4):659–661. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.134.4.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cynamon M. H., Klemens S. P. Activity of azithromycin against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Aug;36(8):1611–1613. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.8.1611. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cynamon M. H., Klemens S. P., Swenson C. E. TLC G-65 in combination with other agents in the therapy of Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Jun;29(6):693–699. doi: 10.1093/jac/29.6.693. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cynamon M. H., Swenson C. E., Palmer G. S., Ginsberg R. S. Liposome-encapsulated-amikacin therapy of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Aug;33(8):1179–1183. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.8.1179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dunbar F. P., Pejovic I., Cacciatore R., Peric-Golia L., Runyon E. H. Mycobacterium intracellulare. Maintenance of pathogenicity in relationship to lyophilization and colony form. Scand J Respir Dis. 1968;49(2):153–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Düzgüneş N., Ashtekar D. R., Flasher D. L., Ghori N., Debs R. J., Friend D. S., Gangadharam P. R. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection in beige mice with free and liposome-encapsulated streptomycin: role of liposome type and duration of treatment. J Infect Dis. 1991 Jul;164(1):143–151. doi: 10.1093/infdis/164.1.143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Düzgüneş N., Perumal V. K., Kesavalu L., Goldstein J. A., Debs R. J., Gangadharam P. R. Enhanced effect of liposome-encapsulated amikacin on Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Sep;32(9):1404–1411. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.9.1404. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. ENGBAEK H. C. Pathogenicity and virulence of atypical mycobacteria for experimental animals, with particular reference to pathological processes in the joints and tendon sheaths of rabbits. Acta Tuberc Scand. 1961;40:35–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Enriquez F. J., Sterling C. R. Cryptosporidium infections in inbred strains of mice. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):100S–102S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fernandes P. B., Hardy D. J., McDaniel D., Hanson C. W., Swanson R. N. In vitro and in vivo activities of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Sep;33(9):1531–1534. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.9.1531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gallin J. I., Bujak J. S., Patten E., Wolff S. M. Granulocyte function in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome of mice. Blood. 1974 Feb;43(2):201–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gangadharam P. R., Ashtekar D. A., Ghori N., Goldstein J. A., Debs R. J., Düzgünes N. Chemotherapeutic potential of free and liposome encapsulated streptomycin against experimental Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991 Sep;28(3):425–435. doi: 10.1093/jac/28.3.425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gangadharam P. R., Ashtekar D. R., Flasher D. L., Düzgüneş N. Therapy of Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice with streptomycin encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Mar;39(3):725–730. doi: 10.1128/AAC.39.3.725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gangadharam P. R., Ashtekar D., O'Sullivan J. F. In vitro, in vivo, and intracellular chemotherapeutic activity of B746, a clofazimine analogue against Mycobacterium avium complex. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992 Aug;73(4):192–199. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(92)90085-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gangadharam P. R., Edwards C. K., 3rd, Murthy P. S., Pratt P. F. An acute infection model for Mycobacterium intracellulare disease using beige mice: preliminary results. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 May;127(5):648–649. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.5.648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gangadharam P. R. Murine models for mycobacterioses. Semin Respir Infect. 1986 Dec;1(4):250–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gangadharam P. R., Parikh K. In-vivo activity of streptomycin and clofazimine against established infections of Mycobacterium avium complex in beige mice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Dec;30(6):833–838. doi: 10.1093/jac/30.6.833. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gangadharam P. R., Perumal V. K., Crawford J. T., Bates J. H. Association of plasmids and virulence of Mycobacterium avium complex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Jan;137(1):212–214. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gangadharam P. R., Perumal V. K., Farhi D. C., LaBrecque J. The beige mouse model for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease: optimal conditions for the host and parasite. Tubercle. 1989 Dec;70(4):257–271. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(89)90020-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gangadharam P. R., Perumal V. K., Jairam B. T., Podapati N. R., Taylor R. B., LaBrecque J. F. Virulence of Mycobacterium avium complex strains from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients: relationship with characteristics of the parasite and host. Microb Pathog. 1989 Oct;7(4):263–278. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(89)90045-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Gangadharam P. R., Perumal V. K., Parikh K., Podapati N. R., Taylor R., Farhi D. C., Iseman M. D. Susceptibility of beige mice to Mycobacterium avium complex infections by different routes of challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 May;139(5):1098–1104. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.5.1098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Gangadharam P. R., Perumal V. K., Podapati N. R., Kesavalu L., Iseman M. D. In vivo activity of amikacin alone or in combination with clofazimine or rifabutin or both against acute experimental Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Sep;32(9):1400–1403. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.9.1400. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Gangadharam P. R., Pratt P. F., Davidson P. T. Experimental infections with Mycobacterium intracellulare. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Sep-Oct;3(5):973–978. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.5.973. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Gangadharam P. R., Reddy M. V. Contributions of animal and macrophage models to the understanding of host parasite interaction of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease. Res Microbiol. 1994 Mar-Apr;145(3):214–224. doi: 10.1016/0923-2508(94)90021-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Harshan K. V., Gangadharam P. R. In vivo depletion of natural killer cell activity leads to enhanced multiplication of Mycobacterium avium complex in mice. Infect Immun. 1991 Aug;59(8):2818–2821. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.8.2818-2821.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hawkins C. C., Gold J. W., Whimbey E., Kiehn T. E., Brannon P., Cammarata R., Brown A. E., Armstrong D. Mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Aug;105(2):184–188. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-2-184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Heifets L. B., Lindholm-Levy P. J., Flory M. A. Bactericidal activity in vitro of various rifamycins against Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Mar;141(3):626–630. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.3.626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Heifets L. B., Lindholm-Levy P. J., Flory M. Thiacetazone: in vitro activity against Mycobacterium avium and M. tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1990 Dec;71(4):287–291. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(90)90043-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Inderlied C. B., Kolonoski P. T., Wu M., Young L. S. Amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem treatment for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection of beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Feb;33(2):176–180. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.2.176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Inderlied C. B., Kolonoski P. T., Wu M., Young L. S. In vitro and in vivo activity of azithromycin (CP 62,993) against the Mycobacterium avium complex. J Infect Dis. 1989 May;159(5):994–997. doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.5.994. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ji B., Lounis N., Truffot-Pernot C., Grosset J. Effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium avium complex in the beige mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Nov;38(11):2521–2529. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.11.2521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ji B., Lounis N., Truffot-Pernot C., Grosset J. Selection of resistant mutants of Mycobacterium avium in beige mice by clarithromycin monotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Dec;36(12):2839–2840. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.12.2839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kailasam S., Wise D. L., Gangadharam P. R. Bioavailability and chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine against Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice following a single implant of a biodegradable polymer. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994 Feb;33(2):273–279. doi: 10.1093/jac/33.2.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kanyok T. P., Reddy M. V., Chinnaswamy J., Danziger L. H., Gangadharam P. R. In vivo activity of paromomycin against susceptible and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium complex strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Feb;38(2):170–173. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.2.170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kleeberg H. H., Nel E. E. Occurrence of environmental atypical mycobacteria in South Africa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1973;53(4):405–418. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Klemens S. P., Cynamon M. H. Activity of rifapentine against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 May;29(5):555–561. doi: 10.1093/jac/29.5.555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Klemens S. P., Cynamon M. H. In vivo activities of newer rifamycin analogs against Mycobacterium avium infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Oct;35(10):2026–2030. doi: 10.1128/aac.35.10.2026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Klemens S. P., Cynamon M. H. Intermittent azithromycin for treatment of Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Aug;38(8):1721–1725. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.8.1721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Klemens S. P., Cynamon M. H., Swenson C. E., Ginsberg R. S. Liposome-encapsulated-gentamicin therapy of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Jun;34(6):967–970. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.6.967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Klemens S. P., DeStefano M. S., Cynamon M. H. Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Nov;36(11):2413–2417. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.11.2413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Krause M. W., Schaffner A. Comparison of immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine A in a murine model of systemic candidiasis and of localized thrushlike lesions. Infect Immun. 1989 Nov;57(11):3472–3478. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.11.3472-3478.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kuze F. Experimental chemotherapy in chronic Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of mice. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Mar;129(3):453–459. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.3.453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kuze F., Yamamoto T., Amitani R., Suzuki K. [In vivo activities of new rifamycin derivatives against mycobacteria]. Kekkaku. 1991 Jan;66(1):7–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Lane P. W., Murphy E. D. Susceptibility to spontaneous pneumonitis in an inbred strain of beige and satin mice. Genetics. 1972 Nov;72(3):451–460. doi: 10.1093/genetics/72.3.451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Laughon B. E., Allaudeen H. S., Becker J. M., Current W. L., Feinberg J., Frenkel J. K., Hafner R., Hughes W. T., Laughlin C. A., Meyers J. D. From the National Institutes of Health. Summary of the workshop on future directions in discovery and development of therapeutic agents for opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1991 Aug;164(2):244–251. doi: 10.1093/infdis/164.2.244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Lazard T., Perronne C., Grosset J., Vilde J. L., Pocidalo J. J. Clarithromycin, minocycline, and rifabutin treatments before and after infection of C57BL/6 mice with Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Aug;37(8):1690–1692. doi: 10.1128/aac.37.8.1690. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Le Conte P., Le Gallou F., Potel G., Struillou L., Baron D., Drugeon H. B. Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy of liposomal capreomycin in disseminated Mycobacterium avium beige mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Dec;38(12):2695–2701. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.12.2695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Meissner P. S., Falkinham J. O., 3rd Plasmid DNA profiles as epidemiological markers for clinical and environmental isolates of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. J Infect Dis. 1986 Feb;153(2):325–331. doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.2.325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Pflumio F., Fonteneau P., Gavériaux C., Cammisuli S., Loor F. The C57BL/6 nude, beige mouse: a model of combined T cell and NK effector cell immunodeficiency. Cell Immunol. 1989 Apr 15;120(1):218–229. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90189-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. RILEY R. L. Aerial dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc. 1957 Dec;76(6):931–941. doi: 10.1164/artpd.1957.76.6.931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Reddy M. V., Gangadharam P. R. Differences in infectivity of isogenic variants of Mycobacterium avium by oral route. Tuber Lung Dis. 1994 Apr;75(2):158–160. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(94)90050-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Reddy M. V., Srinivasan S., Gangadharam P. R. In vitro and in vivo synergistic effect of isoniazid with streptomycin and clofazimine against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Tuber Lung Dis. 1994 Jun;75(3):208–212. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(94)90010-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Reddy V. M., Parikh K., Luna-Herrera J., Falkinham J. O., 3rd, Brown S., Gangadharam P. R. Comparison of virulence of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) strains isolated from AIDS and non-AIDS patients. Microb Pathog. 1994 Feb;16(2):121–130. doi: 10.1006/mpat.1994.1013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Saito H., Sato K. Activity of rifabutin alone and in combination with clofazimine, kanamycin and ethambutol against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in mice. Tubercle. 1989 Sep;70(3):201–205. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(89)90051-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Shronts J. S., Rynearson T. K., Wolinsky E. Rifampin alone and combined with other drugs in Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium intracellulare infections of mice. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1971 Nov;104(5):728–741. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1971.104.5.728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Tomioka H., Sato K., Saito H., Hidaka T. [Therapeutic efficacy of a benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, combined with a immunopotentiator, LC9018, in Mycobacterium intracellulare infection induced in beige mice]. Kekkaku. 1993 Dec;68(12):751–754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Ueda K., Yamazaki S., Someya S. Experimental mycobacterial infection in congenitally athymic "nude" mice. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1976 Feb;19(2):77–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Yajko D. M., Sanders C. A., Nassos P. S., Hadley W. K. In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium complex to the new fluoroquinolone sparfloxacin (CI-978; AT-4140) and comparison with ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Dec;34(12):2442–2444. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.12.2442. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Youmans G. P., Youmans A. S. Response of vaccinated and nonvaccinated syngeneic C57B1-6 mice to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1972 Nov;6(5):748–754. doi: 10.1128/iai.6.5.748-754.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Young L. S., Inderlied C. B., Berlin O. G., Gottlieb M. S. Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients, with an emphasis on the Mycobacterium avium complex. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Nov-Dec;8(6):1024–1033. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.6.1024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Zak O., O'Reilly T. Animal models as predictors of the safety and efficacy of antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990 Jul;9(7):472–478. doi: 10.1007/BF01964286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Zak O., O'Reilly T. Animal models in the evaluation of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Aug;35(8):1527–1531. doi: 10.1128/aac.35.8.1527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES