Abstract
Background
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies and appears to arise mainly from transformation of pre-existing differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the carcinogenic mechanism of anaplastic transformation remains unclear. Previously, we investigated specific genes related to ATC based on gene expression profiling using cDNA microarray analysis. One of these genes, transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 4 (TCEAL4), encodes a member of the transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like gene family. The detailed function of TCEAL4 has not been described nor has any association between this gene and human cancers been reported previously.
Methods
To investigate the role of TCEAL4 in ATC carcinogenesis, we examined expression levels of TCEAL4 in ACLs as well as in other types of thyroid cancers and normal human tissue.
Results
Expression of TCEAL4 was down-regulated in all 11 ACLs as compared to either normal thyroid tissues or papillary and follicular thyroid cancerous tissues. TCEAL4 was expressed ubiquitously in all normal human tissues tested.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first report of altered TCEAL4 expression in human cancers. We suggest that loss of TCEAL4 expression might be associated with development of ATC from DTC. Further functional studies are required.
Background
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal tumors of all human malignancies [1-3]. ATC is well known to often arise from transformation of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) of the papillary or follicular type [1-5]. However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms of the transformation of DTC to ATC. We have been attempting to identify new diagnostic markers and drug-target molecules in ATC by cDNA microarray technology, and lately have reported specific changes in expression of several genes in ATCs and cell lines derived from anaplastic thyroid cancers (ACL)s [6].
In this paper, we describe a novel member of the group of down-regulated genes that was identified by expression profiling: transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 4 (TCEAL4). NCBI accession number NM_024863, which is located a Xq22.1. The coding sequence is 1077 basepairs and the mRNA consists of 1516 basespairs according to the NCBI "Gene" database (Gene ID 79921). TCEAL4 encodes a member of the transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like (TCEAL) gene family. Members of this family contain TFA domains and may work as nuclear phosphoproteins that modulate transcription in a promoter context-dependent manner [7-9]. To date, genetic alterations of TCEAL4 in human cancers have not been described. In this study, we examined expression levels of TCEAL4 in anaplastic thyroid cancers as well as other types of thyroid cancers and normal thyroid tissue. Expression of TCEAL4 was down-regulated in anaplastic thyroid cancers as compared to either normal thyroid tissue or differentiated thyroid cancer tissue. Therefore, we attempted to clarify the mechanism of down-regulation of TCEAL4 in ATC, leading to predictions about the function of this gene.
Methods
Primary thyroid tissue samples
Primary thyroid cancer tissues were obtained from patients undergoing surgery. Normal thyroid- gland tissues were collected from patients who received surgery for papillary thyroid cancer at Ito Hospital, Tokyo. All patients had given informed consent according to guidelines approved by the Institutional Research Board. Dissected samples were frozen immediately after surgery and stored at – 80°C until needed.
Cell lines
Eleven cell lines derived from human anaplastic thyroid cancers were used for this study: 8305c, 8505c, ARO, FRO, TTA1, TTA2, TTA3, KTA1, KTA2, KTA3, and KTA4. The cell lines 8305c and 8505c were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and ARO and FRO were maintained in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM). The other seven cell lines were grown in RPMI 1640. Papillary thyroid cancer cells (NPA) and follicular thyroid cancer cells (WRO) were cultured in RPMI 1640. All media contained 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) without antibiotics. The cells were cultured in a 37°C incubator under 5 % CO2. In addition, to investigate TCEAL4 expression in other cancer cell lines, we examined 91 cancer cell lines, including hepatic cell carcinoma (SK-HEP-1, Hep G2, C-HC-4, Hep-KANO CL2, Hep-TABATA, HuH7, HT17, Li-7, PLC/PRF/5, Hep38, WRL68, Chang Liver, C3A) gastric cancers (HuGC-OOHIRA, AZ521, H-111-TC, SH-10-TC, MKN-7, NUGC-4), colon cancers (DLD-1, SW480, HCT-15, WiDr), pancreatic cancers (MIA Paca2, PK8), breast cancers (MDA-MB-453, CRL1500, YMB-1-E, MCF7, and HBL100), ovarian cancers (CAOV-3, SK-OV-3, OVCAR-3, OV-1063, OVK18), cervical cancers (SIHA, HT-3, D98-AH2, Hela TG, Hela, Ca Ski, Me-180, Hela.P3), lung cancers (RERF-LC AI, PC-14, A549, EBC-1, LU65, LU99, LK-2), urinary bladder cancers (5637, T24, EJ-1), renal cell carcinomas (OS-RC-2, RCC10RGB, VMRC-RCW, Caki-1), bile duct cancers (HuH-28, TFK-1), osteosarcomas (MG-63, Saos02, HuO-3N1, U-2OS), neuroblastoma (IMR-32, NH-12, SCCH-26, NB-1), glioblastomas, brain cancers (TE671, U-138MG, U-373MG, U-118MG, KG-1-C, GI-1, U251, SW1088, Daoy, DBTRG-05MG, D283 Med, A172, T98G, u87MG, u251MG, SNB19, uw18, uw228).
RNA extraction and cDNA preparation
RNA was extracted as described previously [6]. Briefly, thyroid tissues and cell lines that were collected by trypsinization were homogenized with TRIZOL (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. One microgram of extracted RNA was separated by electrophoresis in 3.0 % formaldehyde denaturing gels to assess RNA quality (RNA degradation). Samples with the ratio of 28S/18S over 1.7 were selected for densitometry. In brief, the intensity of each band was evaluated with Alphaimager (AlphaInonotech, San Leandro, CA, USA). RNA was purified using an RNeasy kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) to eliminate DNA contamination. cDNA was reverse-transcribed from 1 μg of total RNA utilizing standard methodology.
Semi-quantitative-PCR (SQ-PCR)
To adjust the amount of transcribed cDNA, GAPDH was selected as an internal control and SQ-PCR was performed as previously described [6]. All primer sequences are shown in Table 1. All primers were designed with Primer 3 after sequence information was obtained from NCBI GenBank. Each SQ-PCR experiment was performed with 1 μl of cDNA as template, 5U of Takara EX Taq (Takara, Otsu, Japan), 1 × PCR buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM KCl, and 1.5 mM MgCl2), 10 nM dNTPs, and 10 pmol each of the forward and reverse primers in a 30 μl total reaction mixture. The PCR conditions 94°C for 2 minutes, followed by, 94°C for 30 seconds, 60°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 30 seconds for, 30 cycles in a Thermal Cycler PT-200 (MJ Research Inc., Waltham, MA).
Table 1.
Primers for semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR
| Gene | Forward primer (5'-3') | Reverse primer (5'-3') |
| GAPDH | ggaaggtgaaggtcggagt | tgggtggaatcatattggaa |
| TCEAL4 (semi-quantitative-PCR) | ctggctcattacctcaaggagta | agtggacacagctttcagaattg |
| TCEAL4 (quantitative-PCR) | gaaaaggaggggaaatctcg | ggctttctctcgtcttgtgg |
For the evaluation of gene expression between thyroid cancers and normal thyroid -gland tissues, a 2.0% agarose gel was used to separate 10 μl of SQ-PCR product, which was visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The band intensity for each sample was measured by AlphaImager 3300 (AlphaInonotech) after background subtraction. A 16-bit imaging score was acquired from each sample. All SQ-PCR experiments were done in duplicate.
Quantitative RT-PCR (Q-PCR)
Q-PCR experiments were performed with an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) according to the comparative threshold cycle (Ct) method following manufacturer's protocol (SYBR Premix Ex Taq™, TAKARA BIO INC., Otsu, Japan). Q-PCR was performed in a 20 ul total reaction mixture in 96-well plates containing; 2 ul of cDNA as template, 10 ul of SYBER Green (Takara, Otsu, Japan), 0.4 ul of ROX dye (Takara, Otsu, Japan), and 0.8 ul of 10 pmol each of the forward and reverse primers. Thermal cycler conditions were 95°C for 30 seconds, followed by, 95°C for 10 seconds and 60°C for 30 seconds, repeated for 40 cycles. All quantitative RT-PCR products were visualized on 2% agarose gels to ensure single products. The A difference in expression between normal thyroid- gland tissue and sample X of an ACL is defined as follows:
ΔCtX = Ct-TCEAL4X - Ct-GAPDHX
(Ct-TCEAL4, GAPDH are threshold cycles for amplification of TCEAL4 and GAPDH, respectively)
ΔCtN-ave = Sum of ΔCtN1 to ΔCtN5/5
(average of ΔCt of five normal thyroid tissues)
ΔΔCtX = ΔCtX - ΔCtN_ave
Expression ratio of TCEAL4 to normal thyroid tissue (sample X/average of five normal thyroid tissues) = 2(-ΔΔCt X)
Expression of TCEAL4 in normal human tissues
To confirm the expression status of TCEAL4 in human organs containing thyroid tissue, we performed SQ-PCR with Human MTC panel 1 & 2 (BD Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA, USA), using SQ-PCR conditions described above.
Results
Expression of TCEAL4 in primary thyroid tissues
We examined the expression of TCEAL4 in 5 normal thyroid tissues, 5 PTCs, and 5 ATCs by SQ-PCR and Q-PCR. Expression of TCEAL4 was significantly down-regulated in ATCs as compared to normal thyroid tissues and PTCs (Figure 1A and 1B). Clinical profiles of patients that had samples subjected to SQ-PCR are shown in Table 2.
Figure 1.
(A) Decreased expression of TCEAL4 in ATCs as compared to normal thyroid tissues and PTCs as shown by SQ-PCR. The lane designations are as follows: M, size markers; 1–5, normal thyroid samples, 6–10, primary papillary thyroid cancer samples, 11–15, primary anaplastic thyroid cancer samples. (B) Results of quantitative RT-PCR. The average expression level of TCEAL4 among five normal thyroid tissues was set at 1.00, then relative expression ratios were calculated between normal and cancerous tissues.
Table 2.
Clinical profile of patients selected for RT-PCR
| No. | Histotype | age | sex |
| 1 | normal thyroid tissue | 25 | F |
| 2 | normal thyroid tissue | 44 | F |
| 3 | normal thyroid tissue | 38 | F |
| 4 | normal thyroid tissue | 23 | F |
| 5 | normal thyroid tissue | 36 | F |
| 6 | papillary thyroid cancer | 27 | F |
| 7 | papillary thyroid cancer | 23 | F |
| 8 | papillary thyroid cancer | 33 | F |
| 9 | papillary thyroid cancer | 53 | F |
| 10 | papillary thyroid cancer | 62 | F |
| 11 | anaplastic thyroid cancer | 64 | M |
| 12 | anaplastic thyroid cancer | 56 | M |
| 13 | anaplastic thyroid cancer | 53 | M |
| 14 | anaplastic thyroid cancer | 71 | F |
| 15 | anaplastic thyroid cancer | 68 | M |
Down-regulation of TCEAL4 in ACLs
We also investigated the expression of TCEAL4 in cell lines derived from 11 anaplastic thyroid cancers (ACLs) and five normal thyroid tissues by SQ-PCR and Q-PCR. Expression of TCEAL4 was markedly reduced in all ACLs as compared to normal thyroid tissue (Figure 2A and 2B). The expression ratio of GAPDH and TCEAL4 revealed that TCEAL4 was significantly under-expressed in ACLs.
Figure 2.
(A) Down-regulation of TCEAL4 in ACLs as compared to normal thyroid tissues as shown by SQ-PCR. The following are the lane designations: M, size marker; 1–5, normal thyroid; 6, 8305c; 7, 8505c; 8, ARO; 9, FRO; 10, TTA1; 11, TTA2; 12, TTA3; 13, KTA1; 14, KTA2; 15, KTA3; 16, KTA4. (B) Results of quantitative RT-PCR. TCEAL4 expression of normal thyroid is the average of five normal thyroid glands. When the expression of normal thyroid was settled as 1.00, the ratio represented relative expression of TCEAL4 in the sample.
Expression of TCEAL4 in human cancer cell lines
To assess whether the loss of expression of TCEAL4 was specific to ACLs, we examined TCEAL4 expression by SQ-PCR in 91 of cancer cell lines including differentiated thyroid cancers derived from papillary and follicular cancers. TCEAL4 expression was absent or under-expressed in 46 of 91 (51%) cell lines examined, namely hepatic cell carcinomas, gastric cancers, colon cancers, ACLs, ovarian cancers, cervical cancers, lung cancers, urinary bladder cancers, renal cell carcinomas and neuroblastomas. Interestingly, expression of TCEAL4 was markedly reduced in ACLs as compared to DTCs (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
SQ-PCR analysis of the expression of TCEAL4 in 91 of cancer cell lines. The lanes are designated as: M, size marker; 1, SK-HEP-1; 2, Hep G2; 3, C-HC-4; 4, Hep-KANO CL2; 5, Hep-TABATA; 6, HuH7; 7, HT17; 8, Li-7; 9, PLC/PRF/5; 10, Hep38; 11, WRL68; 12, Chang Liver; 13, C3A; 14, HuGC-OOHIRA; 15, AZ521; 16, H-111-TC; 17, SH-10-TC; 18, MKN-7; 19, NUGC-4; 20, DLD-1; 21, SW480; 22, HCT-15; 23, WiDr; 24, MIA Paca2; 25, PK8; 26, MDA-MB-453; 27, CDL1500; 28, YMB-1-E; 29, MCF7; 30, HBL100; 31, WRO; 32, NPA; 33, ARO; 34, FRO; 35, 8505c; 36, 8305c; 37, CAOV-3; 38, SK-OV-3; 39, OVCAR-3; 40, OV-1063; 41, OVK18; 42, SIHA; 43, HT-3; 44, D98-AH2; 45, Hela TG; 46, Hela; 47, Ca Ski; 48, Me-180; 49, Hela.P3; 50, RERF-LC AI; 51, PC-14; 52, A549; 53, EBC-1; 54, LU65; 55, LU99; 56, LK-2; 57, 5637; 58, T24; 59, EJ-1; 60, OS-RC-2; 61, RCC10RGB; 62, VMRC-RCW; 63, Caki-1; 64, HuH-28; 65, TFK-1; 66, MG-63; 67, Saos02; 68, HuO-3N1; 69, U-2OS; 70, IMR-32; 71, NH-12; 72, SCCH-26; 73, NB-1; 74, TE671; 75, U-138MG; 76, U-373MG; 77, U-118MG; 78, KG-1-C; 79, GI-1; 80, U251; 81, SW1088; 82, Daoy; 83, DBTRG-05MG; 84, D283 Med; 85, A172; 86, T98G; 87, u87MG; 88, u251MG; 89, SNB19; 90, uw18; 91, uw228.
Expression of TCEAL4 in human normal tissues
We also examined expression of TCEAL4 by SQ-PCR in normal human tissues including normal thyroid gland. TCEAL4 was expressed ubiquitously in all normal human tissues tested: heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, spleen, pancreas, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon, leukocytes, and thyroid (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Expression of TCEAL4 in normal human tissues. The following are the lane designations: M, size marker; 1, heart; 2, brain; 3, placenta; 4, lung; 5, liver; 6, skeletal muscle; 7, kidney; 8, spleen; 9, pancreas; 10, thymus; 11, prostate; 12, testis; 13, ovary; 14, small intestine; 15, colon; 16, leukocytes; 17, thyroid.
Discussions and conclusion
ATC has poor prognosis with a one year survival rate whereas PTC has a favorable prognosis [1-3]. It is well known that most ATCs arise from transformation of DTC [1-5], especially PTCs with repeated recurrences in regional lymph nodes [11]. Recently, molecular studies have been developed to analyze ATC. Mutations of TP53 [14,15], beta-catenin [16], and BRAF [17] were detected at a high frequency in ATC. In addition, bcl-2 [18], cyclin D1 [19], Y-box binding protein (YB-1) [20], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) [21], maspin [22], and haemoglobin beta (HBB) [10] have been reported to play an important role in anaplastic transformation of thyroid cancer. In a previous study, we found frequent allelic losses at 1q, 9p, 11p, 11q, 17p, 19p and 22q in a panel of 21 ATCs suggesting that the region around these chromosome loci might harbor a tumor suppressor gene for ATC [23].
cDNA microarray technology has been developed to analyze a large number of genes in a biological sample at the same time. For the current study, we discovered genetic alterlation related to ATC carcinogenesis [6], and focused on TCEAL4 on the basis of cDNA microarray results. The protein encoded by this gene contains one transcription elongation factor A (TCEAL4), SII-related family motif. Yeh and Shatkin identified a gene from a Hela cell library encoding p21 that belongs to the SII family [7]. This gene may function as a nuclear phosphoprotein that modulates transcription in a promoter context-dependent manner. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (RSV LTR) promoter was decreased by p21 indicating that both the zinc finger-like motif and the arginine/serine-rich region of p21 are essential for inhibition of RSV LTR function [8]. It was reported that p21, or TCEAL1 was expressed in all normal human tissues tested by northern blot analysis and this gene is located at Xq22.1 [9]. Multiple family members of TCEAL4 are located on chromosome X.
This study showed that mRNA expression of TCEAL4 was under-expressed in ATCs and ACLs as compared to normal thyroid tissues and DTCs. Interestingly, TCEAL4 was expressed ubiquitously in normal human tissues. Based on these results, we suggest that loss of TCEAL4 expression might be associated with development of ATC from DTC or normal thyroid glands. Unfortunately, we could not examine protein expression of TCEAL4 in thyroid tissues because an antibody of TCEAL4 was not available.
Gene silencing is caused by several reasons, including methylation of promoter region and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Methylation of DNA promoter region is one of the mechanisms for silencing transcription and inactivating tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we were unable to examine LOH because normal paired DNA samples were unavailable. Instead, we investigated the methylation status of the promoter region of TCEAL4 for 11 ACLs as described previously [10] and found that it was mainly hemi-methylated (the data was not shown). We suggest that methylation may be one of the mechanisms for the down-regulation of TCEAL4 in ATC and ACL.
In conclusion, this is the first study that describes of altered TCEAL4 expression in human cancer. The results suggest that loss of expression of TCEAL4 might play a role in anaplastic thyroid cancers. To confirm whether the activity of TCEAL4 would suppress cell survival in ATC, further functional analyses are required.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
JA carried out the molecular genetic studies and drafted the manuscript. MO participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. JO helped to participate in the design of the study. SY helped to participate in the molecular genetic studies. MH and KI provided thyroid materials. AY donated anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines. KS participated in coordination of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by special grants for Strategic Advanced Research on "Cancer" from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan; and by a Research for the Future Program Grant of The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Contributor Information
Junko Akaishi, Email: s4067@nms.ac.jp.
Masamitsu Onda, Email: monda@nms.ac.jp.
Junichi Okamoto, Email: s3028@nms.ac.jp.
Shizuyo Miyamoto, Email: shizuyo@totoro.cc.
Mitsuji Nagahama, Email: m-nagahama@ito-hospital.jp.
Kouichi Ito, Email: k-ito@itohospital.jp.
Akira Yoshida, Email: ayoshida@kcch.jp.
Kazuo Shimizu, Email: kshimizu@nms.ac.jp.
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