Abstract
The observation that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutations conferring resistance to one reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor may suppress resistance to other RT inhibitors provides a rationale for treating HIV-1 with certain RT inhibitor combinations. We examined phenotypic and genotypic changes during culture of a multinucleoside (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitibine, and stavudine)-resistant HIV-1 strain with and without additional RT inhibitors (nevirapine and lamivudine). The development of nevirapine or lamivudine resistance by the multinucleoside-resistant strain was not accompanied by a reduction in zidovudine or didanosine resistance.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (193.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Boucher C. A., Cammack N., Schipper P., Schuurman R., Rouse P., Wainberg M. A., Cameron J. M. High-level resistance to (-) enantiomeric 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine in vitro is due to one amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Oct;37(10):2231–2234. doi: 10.1128/aac.37.10.2231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boyer P. L., Tantillo C., Jacobo-Molina A., Nanni R. G., Ding J., Arnold E., Hughes S. H. Sensitivity of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase to dideoxynucleotides depends on template length; the sensitivity of drug-resistant mutants does not. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 May 24;91(11):4882–4886. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coffin J. M. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science. 1995 Jan 27;267(5197):483–489. doi: 10.1126/science.7824947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eron J. J., Benoit S. L., Jemsek J., MacArthur R. D., Santana J., Quinn J. B., Kuritzkes D. R., Fallon M. A., Rubin M. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter. North American HIV Working Party. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec 21;333(25):1662–1669. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199512213332502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gu Z., Gao Q., Li X., Parniak M. A., Wainberg M. A. Novel mutation in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase gene that encodes cross-resistance to 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):7128–7135. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7128-7135.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Iversen A. K., Shafer R. W., Wehrly K., Winters M. A., Mullins J. I., Chesebro B., Merigan T. C. Multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resulting from combination antiretroviral therapy. J Virol. 1996 Feb;70(2):1086–1090. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.2.1086-1090.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacobo-Molina A., Ding J., Nanni R. G., Clark A. D., Jr, Lu X., Tantillo C., Williams R. L., Kamer G., Ferris A. L., Clark P. Crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase complexed with double-stranded DNA at 3.0 A resolution shows bent DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):6320–6324. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.6320. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kavlick M. F., Shirasaka T., Kojima E., Pluda J. M., Hui F., Jr, Yarchoan R., Mitsuya H. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 isolated from patients receiving (--)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine. Antiviral Res. 1995 Oct;28(2):133–146. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00044-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kimpton J., Emerman M. Detection of replication-competent and pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus with a sensitive cell line on the basis of activation of an integrated beta-galactosidase gene. J Virol. 1992 Apr;66(4):2232–2239. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2232-2239.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Larder B. A. 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine resistance suppressed by a mutation conferring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Dec;36(12):2664–2669. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.12.2664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Larder B. A. Interactions between drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. J Gen Virol. 1994 May;75(Pt 5):951–957. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-5-951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Larder B. A., Kemp S. D., Harrigan P. R. Potential mechanism for sustained antiretroviral efficacy of AZT-3TC combination therapy. Science. 1995 Aug 4;269(5224):696–699. doi: 10.1126/science.7542804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Larder B. A., Kohli A., Bloor S., Kemp S. D., Harrigan P. R., Schooley R. T., Lange J. M., Pennington K. N., St Clair M. H. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug susceptibility during zidovudine (AZT) monotherapy compared with AZT plus 2',3'-dideoxyinosine or AZT plus 2',3'-dideoxycytidine combination therapy. The protocol 34,225-02 Collaborative Group. J Virol. 1996 Sep;70(9):5922–5929. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.9.5922-5929.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nijhuis M., Boucher C. A., Schuurman R. Sensitive procedure for the amplification of HIV-1 RNA using a combined reverse-transcription and amplification reaction. Biotechniques. 1995 Aug;19(2):178-80, 182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richman D. D., Havlir D., Corbeil J., Looney D., Ignacio C., Spector S. A., Sullivan J., Cheeseman S., Barringer K., Pauletti D. Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy. J Virol. 1994 Mar;68(3):1660–1666. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.3.1660-1666.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richman D., Shih C. K., Lowy I., Rose J., Prodanovich P., Goff S., Griffin J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants resistant to nonnucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase arise in tissue culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11241–11245. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmit J. C., Cogniaux J., Hermans P., Van Vaeck C., Sprecher S., Van Remoortel B., Witvrouw M., Balzarini J., Desmyter J., De Clercq E. Multiple drug resistance to nucleoside analogues and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in an efficiently replicating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patient strain. J Infect Dis. 1996 Nov;174(5):962–968. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.5.962. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schuurman R., Nijhuis M., van Leeuwen R., Schipper P., de Jong D., Collis P., Danner S. A., Mulder J., Loveday C., Christopherson C. Rapid changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load and appearance of drug-resistant virus populations in persons treated with lamivudine (3TC). J Infect Dis. 1995 Jun;171(6):1411–1419. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.6.1411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shafer R. W., Iversen A. K., Winters M. A., Aguiniga E., Katzenstein D. A., Merigan T. C. Drug resistance and heterogeneous long-term virologic responses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects to zidovudine and didanosine combination therapy. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group 143 Virology Team. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;172(1):70–78. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.1.70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shafer R. W., Kozal M. J., Katzenstein D. A., Lipil W. H., Johnstone I. F., Merigan T. C. Zidovudine susceptibility testing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) clinical isolates. J Virol Methods. 1993 Mar;41(3):297–310. doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90019-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shafer R. W., Kozal M. J., Winters M. A., Iversen A. K., Katzenstein D. A., Ragni M. V., Meyer W. A., 3rd, Gupta P., Rasheed S., Coombs R. Combination therapy with zidovudine and didanosine selects for drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains with unique patterns of pol gene mutations. J Infect Dis. 1994 Apr;169(4):722–729. doi: 10.1093/infdis/169.4.722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shirasaka T., Kavlick M. F., Ueno T., Gao W. Y., Kojima E., Alcaide M. L., Chokekijchai S., Roy B. M., Arnold E., Yarchoan R. Emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with resistance to multiple dideoxynucleosides in patients receiving therapy with dideoxynucleosides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Mar 14;92(6):2398–2402. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.6.2398. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- St Clair M. H., Martin J. L., Tudor-Williams G., Bach M. C., Vavro C. L., King D. M., Kellam P., Kemp S. D., Larder B. A. Resistance to ddI and sensitivity to AZT induced by a mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1557–1559. doi: 10.1126/science.1716788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tantillo C., Ding J., Jacobo-Molina A., Nanni R. G., Boyer P. L., Hughes S. H., Pauwels R., Andries K., Janssen P. A., Arnold E. Locations of anti-AIDS drug binding sites and resistance mutations in the three-dimensional structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Implications for mechanisms of drug inhibition and resistance. J Mol Biol. 1994 Oct 28;243(3):369–387. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tisdale M., Kemp S. D., Parry N. R., Larder B. A. Rapid in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3'-thiacytidine inhibitors due to a mutation in the YMDD region of reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5653–5656. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ueno T., Shirasaka T., Mitsuya H. Enzymatic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase resistant to multiple 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates. J Biol Chem. 1995 Oct 6;270(40):23605–23611. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.40.23605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]