Skip to main content
NCBI home page
British Journal of Pharmacology logoLink to British Journal of Pharmacology
. 1975 Dec;55(4):459–473. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07421.x

Central effects of clonidine 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride in fowls.

E Marley
PMCID: PMC1666745  PMID: 1212558

Abstract

1 The effects of clonidine infused into the IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously were studied on behaviour, electrocortical activity, body, comb and leg temperatures, respiration and carbon dioxide elimination in adult and young fowls (Gallus domesticus). 2 Behavioural and electrocortical slow wave sleep were induced by clonidine infused into IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously. Suprisingly, sleep elicited by intravenous clonidine was much longer-lasting than that induced by an identical dose given intraventricularly. 3 Body temperature was lowered by clonidine given intraventricularly or infused into the hypothalamus. Depending on initial comb temperature and ambient temperature, comb temperature was elevated, unaffected or lowered as body temperature fell; temperature of the unfeathered legs also rose as body temperature declined after clonidine. 4 Following clonidine, but before any considerable decline of body temperature, tachypnoea and wing abduction developed; during recovery of body temperature, the wings were lowered and applied closely to the trunk and the feathers partly erected. 5 CO2 elimination fell more swiftly than body temperature following intrahypothalamic clonidine in young chicks; initial recovery developed sooner than that of body temperature, but eventual recovery was delayed compared to that for body temperature. The effects of clonidine were much more marked in young chicks studied at an ambient temperature below thermoneutrality as compared to thermoneutrality. 6 The soporific effects of clonidine were attenuated by intraventricular phentolamine; its hypothermic effects were prevented by phenoxybenzamine and prevented or attenuated by phentolamine. Intraventricular atropine, haloperidol, methysergide and propranolol were ineffective. 7 Larger doses of intraventricular phentolamine elicited shivering, tachypnoea and wing abduction; body temperature was elevated, to the extent even of lethal hyperthermia. Intraventricular atropine also elevated body temperature. 8 Clonidine infused intravenously, intraventricularly or into the hypothalamus, replaced the behavioural and electrocortical arousal evoked with dexamphetamine, by sleep associated with slow wave electrocortical activity.

Full text

PDF
459

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allen D. J., Garg K. N., Marley E. Mode of action of alpha-methylnoradrenaline on temperature and oxygen consumption in young chickens. Br J Pharmacol. 1970 Apr;38(4):667–687. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb09876.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Delbarre B., Schmitt H. A further attempt to characterize sedative receptors activated by clonidine in chickens and mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 1973 Jun;22(3):355–359. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(73)90038-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Delbarre B., Schmitt H. Sedative effects of alpha-sympathomimetic drugs and their antagonism by adrenergic and cholinergic blocking drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 1971;13(3):356–363. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(71)90226-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dewhurst W. G., Marley E. The effects of alpha-methyl derivatives of noradrenaline, phenylethylamine and tryptamine on the central nervous system of the chicken. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1965 Dec;25(3):682–704. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1965.tb01793.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. FELDBERG W., SHERWOOD S. L. Injections of drugs into the lateral ventricle of the cat. J Physiol. 1954 Jan;123(1):148–167. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005040. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Feldberg W., Saxena P. N. Effects of adrenoceptor blocking agents on body temperature. Br J Pharmacol. 1971 Nov;43(3):543–554. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07184.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. GADDUM J. H., VOGT M. Some central actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine and various antagonists. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1956 Jun;11(2):175–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1956.tb01049.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Grahame-Smith D. G. Studies in vivo on the relationship between brain tryptophan, brain 5-HT synthesis and hyperactivity in rats treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and L-tryptophan. J Neurochem. 1971 Jun;18(6):1053–1066. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb12034.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Grunden L. R., Marley E. Effects of sympathomimetic amines injected into the third cerebral ventricle in adult chickens. Neuropharmacology. 1970 Mar;9(2):119–128. doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(70)90055-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hissa R., Rautenberg W. The influence of centrally applied noradrenaline on shivering and body temperature in the pigeon. J Physiol. 1974 Apr;238(2):427–435. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010534. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Holman R. B., Shillito E. E., Vogt M. Sleep produced by clonidine (2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride). Br J Pharmacol. 1971 Dec;43(4):685–695. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07203.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. KEY B. J., MARLEY D. E. The effect of the sympathomimetic amines on behaviour and electrocortical activity of the chicken. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1962 Feb;14:90–105. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(62)90011-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Key B. J. Electrocortical changes induced by perfusion of catecholamines into the brainstem reticular formation. Neuropharmacology. 1975 Jan;14(1):41–51. doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(75)90064-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. MYERS R. D. EMOTIONAL AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES FOLLOWING HYPOTHALAMIC CHEMICAL STIMULATION. Can J Psychol. 1964 Mar;18:6–14. doi: 10.1037/h0083291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Marley E. Central effects of sympathomimetic amines. Acta Physiol Pol. 1973 Jan-Feb;24(1):21–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Marley E., Nistico G. Effects of catecholamines and adenosine derivatives given into the brain of fowls. Br J Pharmacol. 1972 Dec;46(4):619–636. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb06888.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Marley E., Nistico G. Proceedings: Sleep and hypothermic effects of clonidine in fowls. Br J Pharmacol. 1974 Nov;52(3):434P–435P. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Marley E., Nistiò G. Tryptamines and some other substances affecting waking and sleep in fowls. Br J Pharmacol. 1975 Feb;53(2):193–205. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07349.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Marley E., Seller T. J. Effects of cholinomimetic agents given into the brain of fowls. Br J Pharmacol. 1974 Jul;51(3):347–351. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb10668.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Marley E., Seller T. J. Effects of muscarine given into the brain of fowls. Br J Pharmacol. 1972 Mar;44(3):413–434. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb07280.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Marley E., Seller T. J. Effects of nicotine given into the brain of fowls. Br J Pharmacol. 1974 Jul;51(3):335–346. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb10667.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Marley E., Stephenson J. D. Effects of catecholamines infused into the brain of young chickens. Br J Pharmacol. 1970 Dec;40(4):639–658. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb10644.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Marley E., Stephenson J. D. Effects of noradrenaline infused into the chick hypothalamus on thermoregulation below thermoneutrality. J Physiol. 1975 Feb;245(2):289–303. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010846. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Marley E., Whelan J. E. Proceedings: Some unexpected pharmacological effects of p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA) methyl ester). Br J Pharmacol. 1974 Sep;52(1):133P–134P. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Marley E., Whelan J. E. Some central effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in young chickens at and below thermoneutrality. Br J Pharmacol. 1975 Jan;53(1):37–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07327.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Maskrey M., Vogt M., Bligh J. Central effects of clonidine (2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride, St 155) upon thermoregulation in the sheep and goat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1970;12(3):297–302. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(70)90081-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Nayler W. G., Price J. M., Swann J. B., McInnes I., Race D., Lowe T. E. Effect of the hypotensive drug ST 155 (Catapres) on the heart and peripheral circulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1968 Nov;164(1):45–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. SCHAIN R. J. Some effects of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor upon changes produced by centrally administered amines. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1961 Oct;17:261–266. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1961.tb01286.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. SCHMIDT J., FAEHSE C. DIE WIRKUNG VON HEMMSTOFFEN DER MONOAMINOXYDASE AUF DIE KOERPERTEMPERATUR VON RATTEN. Acta Biol Med Ger. 1964;13:607–614. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Journal of Pharmacology are provided here courtesy of The British Pharmacological Society

RESOURCES