Abstract
We report that the eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is also an opportunistic pathogen for humans. Results from a detailed comparative study using reference strains of both biotypes revealed that the clinical strain ATCC 33817, originally isolated from a human leg wound and classified as V. vulnificus (no reference on its biotype is noted), belongs to biotype 2 of the species. As a biotype 2 strain, it is negative for indole and pathogenic for eels and mice, harbors two plasmids of high MrS, and belongs to serogroup E, recently proposed as characteristic of biotype 2 strains. In consequence, appropriate measures must be taken by consumers, particularly by those running a health risk, and by fish farmers, above all when manipulating eels during epizootic outbreaks.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (198.8 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Amaro C., Biosca E. G., Fouz B., Alcaide E., Esteve C. Evidence that water transmits Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 infections to eels. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Mar;61(3):1133–1137. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.3.1133-1137.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Amaro C., Biosca E. G., Fouz B., Garay E. Electrophoretic analysis of heterogeneous lipopolysaccharides from various strains of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2 by silver staining and immunoblotting. Curr Microbiol. 1992 Aug;25(2):99–104. doi: 10.1007/BF01570967. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Amaro C., Biosca E. G., Fouz B., Toranzo A. E., Garay E. Role of iron, capsule, and toxins in the pathogenicity of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 for mice. Infect Immun. 1994 Feb;62(2):759–763. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.2.759-763.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biosca E. G., Fouz B., Alcaide E., Amaro C. Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition mechanisms in Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Mar;62(3):928–935. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.3.928-935.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biosca E. G., Garay E., Toranzo A. E., Amaro C. Comparison of outer membrane protein profiles of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1993 Mar 1;107(2-3):217–222. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06033.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biosca E. G., Llorens H., Garay E., Amaro C. Presence of a capsule in Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 and its relationship to virulence for eels. Infect Immun. 1993 May;61(5):1611–1618. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.5.1611-1618.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biosca E. G., Oliver J. D., Amaro C. Phenotypic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, a lipopolysaccharide-based homogeneous O serogroup within Vibrio vulnificus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Mar;62(3):918–927. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.3.918-927.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Davidson L. S., Oliver J. D. Plasmid carriage in Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 Jul;52(1):211–213. doi: 10.1128/aem.52.1.211-213.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Helms S. D., Oliver J. D., Travis J. C. Role of heme compounds and haptoglobin in Vibrio vulnificus pathogenicity. Infect Immun. 1984 Aug;45(2):345–349. doi: 10.1128/iai.45.2.345-349.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaysner C. A., Abeyta C., Jr, Wekell M. M., DePaola A., Jr, Stott R. F., Leitch J. M. Virulent strains of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from estuaries of the United States West Coast. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Jun;53(6):1349–1351. doi: 10.1128/aem.53.6.1349-1351.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kreger A., Lockwood D. Detection of extracellular toxin(s) produced by Vibrio vulnificus. Infect Immun. 1981 Aug;33(2):583–590. doi: 10.1128/iai.33.2.583-590.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martin S. J., Siebeling R. J. Identification of Vibrio vulnificus O serovars with antilipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Aug;29(8):1684–1688. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.8.1684-1688.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oliver J. D., Warner R. A., Cleland D. R. Distribution and ecology of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios in coastal waters of the southeastern United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Dec;44(6):1404–1414. doi: 10.1128/aem.44.6.1404-1414.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oliver J. D., Warner R. A., Cleland D. R. Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting vibrios in the marine environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Mar;45(3):985–998. doi: 10.1128/aem.45.3.985-998.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oliver J. D., Wear J. E., Thomas M. B., Warner M., Linder K. Production of extracellular enzymes and cytotoxicity by Vibrio vulnificus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1986 Jul;5(2):99–111. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(86)90112-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simpson L. M., Oliver J. D. Siderophore production by Vibrio vulnificus. Infect Immun. 1983 Aug;41(2):644–649. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.2.644-649.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simpson L. M., White V. K., Zane S. F., Oliver J. D. Correlation between virulence and colony morphology in Vibrio vulnificus. Infect Immun. 1987 Jan;55(1):269–272. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.1.269-272.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tison D. L., Nishibuchi M., Greenwood J. D., Seidler R. J. Vibrio vulnificus biogroup 2: new biogroup pathogenic for eels. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Sep;44(3):640–646. doi: 10.1128/aem.44.3.640-646.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Veenstra J., Rietra P. J., Stoutenbeek C. P., Coster J. M., de Gier H. H., Dirks-Go S. Infection by an indole-negative variant of Vibrio vulnificus transmitted by eels. J Infect Dis. 1992 Jul;166(1):209–210. doi: 10.1093/infdis/166.1.209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoshida S., Ogawa M., Mizuguchi Y. Relation of capsular materials and colony opacity to virulence of Vibrio vulnificus. Infect Immun. 1985 Feb;47(2):446–451. doi: 10.1128/iai.47.2.446-451.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]