Abstract
Codakia orbicularis is a large tropical member of the bivalve mollusk family Lucinidae which inhabits shallow-water sea-grass beds (Thalassia testudinum environment) and harbors sulfur-oxidixing endosymbiotic bacteria within bacteriocytes of its gill filaments. When a C. orbicularis-specific 16S rDNA (DNA encoding rRNA) primer is used with a bacterium-specific 16S rDNA reverse primer in amplifications by PCR, the primer set was unsuccessful in amplifying symbiont DNA targets from ovaries, eggs, veligers, and metamorphosed juveniles (600 microns to 1 mm in shell length) cultivated in sterile sand, whereas successful amplifications were obtained from gill tissue of adult specimens and from metamorphosed juveniles (600 microns to 1 mm in shell length) cultivated in unsterilized sea-grass bed sand. To ascertain the presence of the symbiont target in juveniles, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, Southern blotting, and transmission electron microscopy were used. Specific hybridizations and observation of endosymbiotic bacteria in the gills of numerous juveniles cultivated in unsterilized sea-grass bed sand showed that the sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts of C. orbicularis are environmentally transmitted to the new generation after larval metamorphosis.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.1 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Brosius J., Dull T. J., Sleeter D. D., Noller H. F. Gene organization and primary structure of a ribosomal RNA operon from Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol. 1981 May 15;148(2):107–127. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90508-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cary S. C., Giovannoni S. J. Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5695–5699. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cary S. C. Vertical transmission of a chemoautotrophic symbiont in the protobranch bivalve, Solemya reidi. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1994 Jun;3(3):121–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cary S. C., Warren W., Anderson E., Giovannoni S. J. Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1993 Feb;2(1):51–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Distel D. L., Lane D. J., Olsen G. J., Giovannoni S. J., Pace B., Pace N. R., Stahl D. A., Felbeck H. Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbionts: analysis of phylogeny and specificity by 16S rRNA sequences. J Bacteriol. 1988 Jun;170(6):2506–2510. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.6.2506-2510.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacobsen C. S., Rasmussen O. F. Development and application of a new method to extract bacterial DNA from soil based on separation of bacteria from soil with cation-exchange resin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Aug;58(8):2458–2462. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2458-2462.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rumpho M. E., Mujer C. V., Andrews D. L., Manhart J. R., Pierce S. K. Extraction of DNA from mucilaginous tissues of a sea slug (Elysia chlorotica). Biotechniques. 1994 Dec;17(6):1097–1101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsai Y. L., Olson B. H. Rapid method for direct extraction of DNA from soil and sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Apr;57(4):1070–1074. doi: 10.1128/aem.57.4.1070-1074.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]