Skip to main content
PMC home page
Applied and Environmental Microbiology logoLink to Applied and Environmental Microbiology
. 1997 Oct;63(10):3741–3751. doi: 10.1128/aem.63.10.3741-3751.1997

Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification.

I G Wilson 1
PMCID: PMC168683  PMID: 9327537

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (196.8 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abrol S., Chaudhary V. K. Excess of PCR primers inhibit DNA cleavage by some restriction endonucleases. Biotechniques. 1993 Oct;15(4):630–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ahokas H., Erkkilä M. J. Interference of PCR amplification by the polyamines, spermine and spermidine. PCR Methods Appl. 1993 Aug;3(1):65–68. doi: 10.1101/gr.3.1.65. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Akane A., Matsubara K., Nakamura H., Takahashi S., Kimura K. Identification of the heme compound copurified with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bloodstains, a major inhibitor of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. J Forensic Sci. 1994 Mar;39(2):362–372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alonso R., Nicholson P. S., Pitt T. L. Rapid extraction of high purity chromosomal DNA from Serratia marcescens. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1993 Feb;16(2):77–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1993.tb00348.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alvarez A. J., Buttner M. P., Stetzenbach L. D. PCR for bioaerosol monitoring: sensitivity and environmental interference. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Oct;61(10):3639–3644. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.10.3639-3644.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Alvarez A. J., Buttner M. P., Toranzos G. A., Dvorsky E. A., Toro A., Heikes T. B., Mertikas-Pifer L. E., Stetzenbach L. D. Use of solid-phase PCR for enhanced detection of airborne microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Jan;60(1):374–376. doi: 10.1128/aem.60.1.374-376.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Amicosante M., Richeldi L., Trenti G., Paone G., Campa M., Bisetti A., Saltini C. Inactivation of polymerase inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA amplification in sputum by using capture resin. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Mar;33(3):629–630. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.3.629-630.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Andersen M. R., Omiecinski C. J. Direct extraction of bacterial plasmids from food for polymerase chain reaction amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Dec;58(12):4080–4082. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.12.4080-4082.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Arbuthnot P., Fitschen W. Inhibition of primer extension by single mismatches during asymmetric re-amplification. Biochem J. 1992 Dec 15;288(Pt 3):1073–1074. doi: 10.1042/bj2881073. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Atmar R. L., Metcalf T. G., Neill F. H., Estes M. K. Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Feb;59(2):631–635. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.2.631-635.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bej A. K., Mahbubani M. H., Dicesare J. L., Atlas R. M. Polymerase chain reaction-gene probe detection of microorganisms by using filter-concentrated samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Dec;57(12):3529–3534. doi: 10.1128/aem.57.12.3529-3534.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bickley J., Short J. K., McDowell D. G., Parkes H. C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Listeria monocytogenes in diluted milk and reversal of PCR inhibition caused by calcium ions. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1996 Feb;22(2):153–158. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb01131.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Birkenmeyer L., Armstrong A. S. Preliminary evaluation of the ligase chain reaction for specific detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec;30(12):3089–3094. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3089-3094.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Boom R., Sol C. J., Heijtink R., Wertheim-van Dillen P. M., van der Noordaa J. Rapid purification of hepatitis B virus DNA from serum. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Sep;29(9):1804–1811. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.1804-1811.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Buffone G. J., Demmler G. J., Schimbor C. M., Greer J. Improved amplification of cytomegalovirus DNA from urine after purification of DNA with glass beads. Clin Chem. 1991 Nov;37(11):1945–1949. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Busch M. P., Henrard D. R., Hewlett I. K., Mehaffey W. F., Epstein J. S., Allain J. P., Lee T. H., Mosley J. W. Poor sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of detection of HIV-1 DNA in serum by polymerase chain reaction. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5(9):872–877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bush C. E., Donovan R. M., Peterson W. R., Jennings M. B., Bolton V., Sherman D. G., Vanden Brink K. M., Beninsig L. A., Godsey J. H. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma samples from high-risk pediatric patients by using the self-sustained sequence replication reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Feb;30(2):281–286. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.2.281-286.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cahill P., Foster K., Mahan D. E. Polymerase chain reaction and Q beta replicase amplification. Clin Chem. 1991 Sep;37(9):1482–1485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chaudhry G. R., Toranzos G. A., Bhatti A. R. Novel method for monitoring genetically engineered microorganisms in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989 May;55(5):1301–1304. doi: 10.1128/aem.55.5.1301-1304.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chen Z., Swisshelm K., Sager R. A cautionary note on reaction tubes for differential display and cDNA amplification in thermal cycling. Biotechniques. 1994 Jun;16(6):1002-4, 1006. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chou S. W. Optimizing polymerase chain reaction technology for clinical diagnosis. Clin Chem. 1991 Nov;37(11):1893–1894. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Comey C. T., Jung J. M., Budowle B. Use of formamide to improve amplification of HLA DQ alpha sequences. Biotechniques. 1991 Jan;10(1):60–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Compton J. Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Nature. 1991 Mar 7;350(6313):91–92. doi: 10.1038/350091a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cone R. W., Hobson A. C., Huang M. L. Coamplified positive control detects inhibition of polymerase chain reactions. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec;30(12):3185–3189. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3185-3189.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. De Leon R., Matsui S. M., Baric R. S., Herrmann J. E., Blacklow N. R., Greenberg H. B., Sobsey M. D. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool specimens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive oligoprobes. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec;30(12):3151–3157. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3151-3157.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. DeFilippes F. M. Decontaminating the polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques. 1991 Jan;10(1):26–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Demeke T., Adams R. P. The effects of plant polysaccharides and buffer additives on PCR. Biotechniques. 1992 Mar;12(3):332–334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Deneer H. G., Knight I. Inhibition of the polymerase chain reaction by mucolytic agents. Clin Chem. 1994 Jan;40(1):171–172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Dickinson J. H., Kroll R. G., Grant K. A. The direct application of the polymerase chain reaction to DNA extracted from foods. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1995 Apr;20(4):212–216. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb00430.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Dohner D. E., Dehner M. S., Gelb L. D. Inhibition of PCR by mineral oil exposed to UV irradiation for prolonged periods. Biotechniques. 1995 Jun;18(6):964–967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dorward D. W., Garon C. F. DNA Is Packaged within Membrane-Derived Vesicles of Gram-Negative but Not Gram-Positive Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Jun;56(6):1960–1962. doi: 10.1128/aem.56.6.1960-1962.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Ehrlich-Kautzky E., Shinomiya N., Marsh D. G. Simplified method for isolation of white cells from whole blood suitable for direct polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques. 1991 Jan;10(1):39–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Erlich H. A., Gelfand D., Sninsky J. J. Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction. Science. 1991 Jun 21;252(5013):1643–1651. doi: 10.1126/science.2047872. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Espy M. J., Smith T. F., Persing D. H. Dependence of polymerase chain reaction product inactivation protocols on amplicon length and sequence composition. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Sep;31(9):2361–2365. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.9.2361-2365.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Fehlmann C., Krapf R., Solioz M. Reverse transcriptase can block polymerase chain reaction. Clin Chem. 1993 Feb;39(2):368–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Fiallo P., Williams D. L., Chan G. P., Gillis T. P. Effects of fixation on polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium leprae. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec;30(12):3095–3098. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3095-3098.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fluit A. C., Widjojoatmodjo M. N., Verhoef J. Detection of Salmonella species in fecal samples by immunomagnetic separation and PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Apr;33(4):1046–1047. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.4.1046-1047.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Furrer B., Candrian U., Wieland P., Lüthy J. Improving PCR efficiency. Nature. 1990 Jul 26;346(6282):324–324. doi: 10.1038/346324b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Gannon V. P., King R. K., Kim J. Y., Thomas E. J. Rapid and sensitive method for detection of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef using the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Dec;58(12):3809–3815. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.12.3809-3815.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gibson J. R., Sutherland K., Owen R. J. Inhibition of DNAse activity in PFGE analysis of DNA from Campylobacter jejuni. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1994 Nov;19(5):357–358. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00474.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Glenn T. C., Waller D. R., Braun M. J. Increasing proportions of uracil in DNA substrates increases inhibition of restriction enzyme digests. Biotechniques. 1994 Dec;17(6):1086–1090. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Goodyear P. D., MacLaughlin-Black S., Mason I. J. A reliable method for the removal of co-purifying PCR inhibitors from ancient DNA. Biotechniques. 1994 Feb;16(2):232–235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Grant K. A., Dickinson J. H., Payne M. J., Campbell S., Collins M. D., Kroll R. G. Use of the polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA sequences for the rapid detection of Brochothrix spp. in foods. J Appl Bacteriol. 1993 Mar;74(3):260–267. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03024.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Grimprel E., Sanchez P. J., Wendel G. D., Burstain J. M., McCracken G. H., Jr, Radolf J. D., Norgard M. V. Use of polymerase chain reaction and rabbit infectivity testing to detect Treponema pallidum in amniotic fluid, fetal and neonatal sera, and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Aug;29(8):1711–1718. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.8.1711-1718.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Guatelli J. C., Whitfield K. M., Kwoh D. Y., Barringer K. J., Richman D. D., Gingeras T. R. Isothermal, in vitro amplification of nucleic acids by a multienzyme reaction modeled after retroviral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(5):1874–1878. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.5.1874. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hall L. M., Slee E., Jones D. S. Overcoming polymerase chain reaction inhibition in old animal tissue samples using ethidium bromide. Anal Biochem. 1995 Feb 10;225(1):169–172. doi: 10.1006/abio.1995.1129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hay P. E., Clarke J. R., Strugnell R. A., Taylor-Robinson D., Goldmeier D. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect DNA sequences specific to pathogenic treponemes in cerebrospinal fluid. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990 Mar 15;56(3):233–238. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13943.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Herman L. M., De Block J. H., Waes G. M. A direct PCR detection method for Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores in up to 100 milliliters of raw milk. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Dec;61(12):4141–4146. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.12.4141-4146.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Herrick J. B., Madsen E. L., Batt C. A., Ghiorse W. C. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of naphthalene-catabolic and 16S rRNA gene sequences from indigenous sediment bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Mar;59(3):687–694. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.3.687-694.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Higuchi R., von Beroldingen C. H., Sensabaugh G. F., Erlich H. A. DNA typing from single hairs. Nature. 1988 Apr 7;332(6164):543–546. doi: 10.1038/332543a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hochmeister M. N., Budowle B., Borer U. V., Dirnhofer R. Effects of nonoxinol-9 on the ability to obtain DNA profiles from postcoital vaginal swabs. J Forensic Sci. 1993 Mar;38(2):442–447. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hughes M. S., Beck L. A., Skuce R. A. Identification and elimination of DNA sequences in Taq DNA polymerase. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Aug;32(8):2007–2008. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.8.2007-2008.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Jackson C. J., Fox A. J., Jones D. M. A novel polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and speciation of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. J Appl Bacteriol. 1996 Nov;81(5):467–473. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03534.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Jacobsen C. S., Rasmussen O. F. Development and application of a new method to extract bacterial DNA from soil based on separation of bacteria from soil with cation-exchange resin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Aug;58(8):2458–2462. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2458-2462.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Jaykus L. A., De Leon R., Sobsey M. D. A virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Jun;62(6):2074–2080. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2074-2080.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Johnson D. W., Pieniazek N. J., Griffin D. W., Misener L., Rose J. B. Development of a PCR protocol for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Nov;61(11):3849–3855. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.11.3849-3855.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Kanungo J., Pandey K. N. Kinasing PCR products for efficient blunt-end cloning and linker addition. Biotechniques. 1993 Jun;14(6):912–913. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Katzman M. Use of oil overlays in "oil-free" PCR technology. Biotechniques. 1993 Jan;14(1):36–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kolk A. H., Noordhoek G. T., de Leeuw O., Kuijper S., van Embden J. D. Mycobacterium smegmatis strain for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by PCR used as internal control for inhibition of amplification and for quantification of bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 May;32(5):1354–1356. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.5.1354-1356.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kolk A. H., Schuitema A. R., Kuijper S., van Leeuwen J., Hermans P. W., van Embden J. D., Hartskeerl R. A. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples by using polymerase chain reaction and a nonradioactive detection system. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Oct;30(10):2567–2575. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.10.2567-2575.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kreader C. A. Relief of amplification inhibition in PCR with bovine serum albumin or T4 gene 32 protein. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Mar;62(3):1102–1106. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.3.1102-1106.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lantz P. G., Tjerneld F., Borch E., Hahn-Hägerdal B., Rådström P. Enhanced sensitivity in PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes in soft cheese through use of an aqueous two-phase system as a sample preparation method. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Sep;60(9):3416–3418. doi: 10.1128/aem.60.9.3416-3418.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Lau J. Y., Qian K. P., Wu P. C., Davis G. L. Ribonucleotide vanadyl complexes inhibit polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Jun 11;21(11):2777–2777. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.11.2777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Lees D. N., Henshilwood K., Green J., Gallimore C. I., Brown D. W. Detection of small round structured viruses in shellfish by reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Dec;61(12):4418–4424. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.12.4418-4424.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Leng X., Mosier D. A., Oberst R. D. Simplified method for recovery and PCR detection of Cryptosporidium DNA from bovine feces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Feb;62(2):643–647. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.2.643-647.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Lienert K., Fowler J. C. Analysis of mixed human/microbial DNA samples: a validation study of two PCR AMP-FLP typing methods. Biotechniques. 1992 Aug;13(2):276–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature. 1993 Apr 22;362(6422):709–715. doi: 10.1038/362709a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Lizardi P. M., Kramer F. R. Exponential amplification of nucleic acids: new diagnostics using DNA polymerases and RNA replicases. Trends Biotechnol. 1991 Feb;9(2):53–58. doi: 10.1016/0167-7799(91)90189-O. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Long G. W., Oprandy J. J., Narayanan R. B., Fortier A. H., Porter K. R., Nacy C. A. Detection of Francisella tularensis in blood by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Jan;31(1):152–154. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.1.152-154.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Makino S., Okada Y., Maruyama T. A new method for direct detection of Listeria monocytogenes from foods by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Oct;61(10):3745–3747. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.10.3745-3747.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Mayer C. L., Palmer C. J. Evaluation of PCR, nested PCR, and fluorescent antibodies for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species in wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Jun;62(6):2081–2085. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2081-2085.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. McGregor D. P., Forster S., Steven J., Adair J., Leary S. E., Leslie D. L., Harris W. J., Titball R. W. Simultaneous detection of microorganisms in soil suspension based on PCR amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA fragments. Biotechniques. 1996 Sep;21(3):463-6, 468, 470-1. doi: 10.2144/96213st04. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. McHale R. H., Stapleton P. M., Bergquist P. L. Rapid preparation of blood and tissue samples for polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques. 1991 Jan;10(1):20, 22-3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Meier A., Persing D. H., Finken M., Böttger E. C. Elimination of contaminating DNA within polymerase chain reaction reagents: implications for a general approach to detection of uncultured pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Mar;31(3):646–652. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.3.646-652.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Mercier B., Gaucher C., Feugeas O., Mazurier C. Direct PCR from whole blood, without DNA extraction. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Oct 11;18(19):5908–5908. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.19.5908. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Moran M. A., Torsvik V. L., Torsvik T., Hodson R. E. Direct extraction and purification of rRNA for ecological studies. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Mar;59(3):915–918. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.3.915-918.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Mullis K. B., Faloona F. A. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol. 1987;155:335–350. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)55023-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Nitschke L., Kopf M., Lamers M. C. Quick nested PCR screening of ES cell clones for gene targeting events. Biotechniques. 1993 Jun;14(6):914–916. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Noordhoek G. T., Wolters E. C., de Jonge M. E., van Embden J. D. Detection by polymerase chain reaction of Treponema pallidum DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from neurosyphilis patients before and after antibiotic treatment. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Sep;29(9):1976–1984. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.1976-1984.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Olive D. M. Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli after polymerase chain reaction amplification with a thermostable DNA polymerase. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Feb;27(2):261–265. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.2.261-265.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Parrish K. D., Greenberg E. P. A rapid method for extraction and purification of DNA from dental plaque. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Nov;61(11):4120–4123. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.11.4120-4123.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Partis L., Newton K., Murby J., Wells R. J. Inhibitory effects of enrichment media on the Accuprobe test for Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 May;60(5):1693–1694. doi: 10.1128/aem.60.5.1693-1694.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Patchett R. A., Kelly A. F., Kroll R. G. The adsorption of bacteria to immobilized lectins. J Appl Bacteriol. 1991 Sep;71(3):277–284. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04459.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Payne M. J., Campbell S., Patchett R. A., Kroll R. G. The use of immobilized lectins in the separation of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria and Salmonella spp. from pure cultures and foods. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992 Jul;73(1):41–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04967.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Persing D. H. Polymerase chain reaction: trenches to benches. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jul;29(7):1281–1285. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.7.1281-1285.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Pomp D., Medrano J. F. Organic solvents as facilitators of polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques. 1991 Jan;10(1):58–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Prince A. M., Andrus L. PCR: how to kill unwanted DNA. Biotechniques. 1992 Mar;12(3):358–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Raina K., Chandlee J. M. Recovery of genomic DNA from a fungus (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) with high polysaccharide content. Biotechniques. 1996 Dec;21(6):1030–1032. doi: 10.2144/96216bm14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Rijpens N. P., Jannes G., Van Asbroeck M., Rossau R., Herman L. M. Direct detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk by PCR and reverse hybridization with 16S-23S rRNA spacer probes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 May;62(5):1683–1688. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.5.1683-1688.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Rochelle P. A., Olson B. H. A simple technique for electroelution of DNA from environmental samples. Biotechniques. 1991 Dec;11(6):724, 726-8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Roman M., Brown P. R. Separation techniques for biotechnology in the 1990s. J Chromatogr. 1992 Feb 21;592(1-2):3–12. doi: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85066-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Rossen L., Nørskov P., Holmstrøm K., Rasmussen O. F. Inhibition of PCR by components of food samples, microbial diagnostic assays and DNA-extraction solutions. Int J Food Microbiol. 1992 Sep;17(1):37–45. doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90017-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Rys P. N., Persing D. H. Preventing false positives: quantitative evaluation of three protocols for inactivation of polymerase chain reaction amplification products. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Sep;31(9):2356–2360. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.9.2356-2360.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Saiki R. K., Gelfand D. H., Stoffel S., Scharf S. J., Higuchi R., Horn G. T., Mullis K. B., Erlich H. A. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science. 1988 Jan 29;239(4839):487–491. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Sarkar G., Sommer S. S. Shedding light on PCR contamination. Nature. 1990 Jan 4;343(6253):27–27. doi: 10.1038/343027a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Satsangi J., Jewell D. P., Welsh K., Bunce M., Bell J. I. Effect of heparin on polymerase chain reaction. Lancet. 1994 Jun 11;343(8911):1509–1510. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92622-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Saulnier P., Andremont A. Detection of genes in feces by booster polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Aug;30(8):2080–2083. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.8.2080-2083.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Schläpfer G., Senn H. P., Berger R., Just M. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Bordetella pertussis in patients with mild or atypical symptoms of infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993 Jun;12(6):459–463. doi: 10.1007/BF01967443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Schwab K. J., De Leon R., Sobsey M. D. Immunoaffinity concentration and purification of waterborne enteric viruses for detection by reverse transcriptase PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Jun;62(6):2086–2094. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2086-2094.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Shain D. H., Yoo J., Slaughter R. G., Hayes S. E., Ji T. H. Electrofractionation: a technique for detecting and recovering biomolecules. Anal Biochem. 1992 Jan;200(1):47–51. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90275-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Sidhu M. K., Liao M. J., Rashidbaigi A. Dimethyl sulfoxide improves RNA amplification. Biotechniques. 1996 Jul;21(1):44–47. doi: 10.2144/96211bm08. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Simon M. C., Gray D. I., Cook N. DNA Extraction and PCR Methods for the Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Cold-Smoked Salmon. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Mar;62(3):822–824. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.3.822-824.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. St Pierre B., Neustock P., Schramm U., Wilhelm D., Kirchner H., Bein G. Seasonal breakdown of polymerase chain reaction. Lancet. 1994 Mar 12;343(8898):673–673. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92667-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Starbuck M. A., Hill P. J., Stewart G. S. Ultra sensitive detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Lett Appl Microbiol. 1992 Dec;15(6):248–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1992.tb00775.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Starnbach M. N., Falkow S., Tompkins L. S. Species-specific detection of Legionella pneumophila in water by DNA amplification and hybridization. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jun;27(6):1257–1261. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.6.1257-1261.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Steffan R. J., Atlas R. M. DNA amplification to enhance detection of genetically engineered bacteria in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988 Sep;54(9):2185–2191. doi: 10.1128/aem.54.9.2185-2191.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Straub T. M., Pepper I. L., Abbaszadegan M., Gerba C. P. A method to detect enteroviruses in sewage sludge-amended soil using the PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Mar;60(3):1014–1017. doi: 10.1128/aem.60.3.1014-1017.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Tebbe C. C., Vahjen W. Interference of humic acids and DNA extracted directly from soil in detection and transformation of recombinant DNA from bacteria and a yeast. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Aug;59(8):2657–2665. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.8.2657-2665.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Todd D., Mawhinney K. A., McNulty M. S. Detection and differentiation of chicken anemia virus isolates by using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Jul;30(7):1661–1666. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.7.1661-1666.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Toranzos G. A., Alvarez A. J. Solid-phase polymerase chain reaction: applications for direct detection of enteric pathogens in waters. Can J Microbiol. 1992 May;38(5):365–369. doi: 10.1139/m92-062. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Tsai Y. L., Olson B. H. Detection of low numbers of bacterial cells in soils and sediments by polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Feb;58(2):754–757. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.2.754-757.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Tsai Y. L., Olson B. H. Rapid method for separation of bacterial DNA from humic substances in sediments for polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Jul;58(7):2292–2295. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.7.2292-2295.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Tyler K. D., Wang G., Tyler S. D., Johnson W. M. Factors affecting reliability and reproducibility of amplification-based DNA fingerprinting of representative bacterial pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Feb;35(2):339–346. doi: 10.1128/jcm.35.2.339-346.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Van Brunt J. Amplifying genes: PCR and its alternatives. Biotechnology (N Y) 1990 Apr;8(4):291–294. doi: 10.1038/nbt0490-291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Vaneechoutte M., Van Eldere J. The possibilities and limitations of nucleic acid amplification technology in diagnostic microbiology. J Med Microbiol. 1997 Mar;46(3):188–194. doi: 10.1099/00222615-46-3-188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Vermunt A. E., Franken A. A., Beumer R. R. Isolation of salmonellas by immunomagnetic separation. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992 Feb;72(2):112–118. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01811.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Walker G. T., Little M. C., Nadeau J. G., Shank D. D. Isothermal in vitro amplification of DNA by a restriction enzyme/DNA polymerase system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jan 1;89(1):392–396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.1.392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Walker G. T., Nadeau J. G., Linn C. P., Devlin R. F., Dandliker W. B. Strand displacement amplification (SDA) and transient-state fluorescence polarization detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA. Clin Chem. 1996 Jan;42(1):9–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Weiss R. Hot prospect for new gene amplifier. Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1292–1293. doi: 10.1126/science.1962188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Wernars K., Heuvelman C. J., Chakraborty T., Notermans S. H. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for direct detection of Listeria monocytogenes in soft cheese. J Appl Bacteriol. 1991 Feb;70(2):121–126. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04437.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Widjojoatmodjo M. N., Fluit A. C., Torensma R., Verdonk G. P., Verhoef J. The magnetic immuno polymerase chain reaction assay for direct detection of salmonellae in fecal samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec;30(12):3195–3199. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3195-3199.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Wilde J., Eiden J., Yolken R. Removal of inhibitory substances from human fecal specimens for detection of group A rotaviruses by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reactions. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jun;28(6):1300–1307. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1300-1307.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Wilson I. G., Cooper J. E., Gilmour A. Detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in dried skimmed milk: use of the polymerase chain reaction for amplification and detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes entB and entC1 and the thermonuclease gene nuc. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Jun;57(6):1793–1798. doi: 10.1128/aem.57.6.1793-1798.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Wilson I. G., Cooper J. E., Gilmour A. Some factors inhibiting amplification of the Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C1 gene (sec+) by PCR. Int J Food Microbiol. 1994 Apr;22(1):55–62. doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90007-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Witham P. K., Yamashiro C. T., Livak K. J., Batt C. A. A PCR-based assay for the detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes in ground beef. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Apr;62(4):1347–1353. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.4.1347-1353.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Wu P., Daniel-Issakani S., LaMarco K., Strulovici B. An automated high throughput filtration assay: application to polymerase inhibitor identification. Anal Biochem. 1997 Feb 15;245(2):226–230. doi: 10.1006/abio.1996.9963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Xia J. Q., Yason C. V., Kibenge F. S. Comparison of dot blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation for detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in artificially infected bovine semen. Can J Vet Res. 1995 Apr;59(2):102–109. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Yoon C. S., Glawe D. A. Pretreatment with RNase to improve PCR amplification of DNA using 10-mer primers. Biotechniques. 1993 Jun;14(6):908–910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Young C. C., Burghoff R. L., Keim L. G., Minak-Bernero V., Lute J. R., Hinton S. M. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-agarose gel electrophoresis purification of polymerase chain reaction-amplifiable DNA from soils. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Jun;59(6):1972–1974. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1972-1974.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. de Lomas J. G., Sunzeri F. J., Busch M. P. False-negative results by polymerase chain reaction due to contamination by glove powder. Transfusion. 1992 Jan;32(1):83–85. doi: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1992.32192116439.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Applied and Environmental Microbiology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES