Skip to main content
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences logoLink to Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
. 1997 Apr 22;264(1381):513–519. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1997.0073

Effects of increasing the number of players and memory size in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: a numerical approach

Ch Hauert, H G Schuster
PMCID: PMC1688397

Abstract

The Prisoner's Dilemma has become a paradigm for the evolution of altruistic behaviour. Here we present results of numerical simulations of the infinitely iterated stochastic simultaneous Prisoner's Dilemma considering players with longer memory, encounters of more than two players as well as different pay-off values. This provides us with a better foundation to compare theoretical results to experimental data. We show that the success of the strategy Pavlov, regardless of its simplicity, is far more general by having an outstanding role in the iterated N-player N-memory Prisoner's Dilemma. Besides, we study influences of increased memory sizes in the iterated two-player Prisoner's Dilemma, and present comparisons to results of experiments with first-year students.

Keywords: Prisoner'S Dilemma

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (429.9 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Axelrod R., Dion D. The further evolution of cooperation. Science. 1988 Dec 9;242(4884):1385–1390. doi: 10.1126/science.242.4884.1385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boyd R., Richerson P. J. The evolution of reciprocity in sizable groups. J Theor Biol. 1988 Jun 7;132(3):337–356. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5193(88)80219-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Milinski M. TIT FOR TAT in sticklebacks and the evolution of cooperation. 1987 Jan 29-Feb 4Nature. 325(6103):433–435. doi: 10.1038/325433a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Nowak M., Sigmund K. A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Nature. 1993 Jul 1;364(6432):56–58. doi: 10.1038/364056a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Wedekind C., Milinski M. Human cooperation in the simultaneous and the alternating Prisoner's Dilemma: Pavlov versus Generous Tit-for-Tat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 2;93(7):2686–2689. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.7.2686. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences are provided here courtesy of The Royal Society

RESOURCES