Abstract
Sperm competition theory predicts that males are adapted for success in sperm competition by the production of large numbers of sperm. This is supported by both inter- and intraspecific studies showing that males mating under high sperm competition risk increase investment in sperm production. Such an increase in sperm production is an advantage if sperm mix randomly or if sperm displacement occurs. When two males mate with the same female, the measurement of the proportion of eggs fertilized by the second male to mate (termed P2) has been used to help elucidate sperm competition mechanisms. P2 is usually quoted as a mean value, with little attention being paid to its variance, although P2 estimates are notoriously variable. By predicting an expected variance for P2, additional information on sperm competition mechanisms may be obtained. Here we present a technique for analysing the variance in P2 when a given mechanism of P2 is assumed. We apply this technique to P2 data collected from Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), assuming a 'fair raffle' mechanism of sperm competition. We compare observed distributions of P2 with theoretical distributions generated assuming random mixing of two ejaculates drawn randomly from a population of known mean and variance in sperm numbers. Ejaculates of known size were obtained by counting the number of sperm ejaculated by males mating for the first (large ejaculate) or second (small ejaculate) time. Females either received two small or one small and one large ejaculate, and the distribution of P2 (estimated using the sterile male technique) was compared with our theoretical predictions. The observed variance in P2 was greater than our model prediction, thus we conclude that sperm from P. interpunctella do not mix randomly before fertilization. <br>
Keywords: Sperm Competition Lepidoptera Pyralidae Plodia Interpunctella
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (363.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Baker A. M., Trimm J. R., Sikora F. J. Availability of phosphorus in bone meal. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1989 Sep-Oct;72(5):867–869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LaMunyon C. W., Eisner T. Postcopulatory sexual selection in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 15;90(10):4689–4692. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4689. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LaMunyon C. W., Eisner T. Spermatophore size as determinant of paternity in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 19;91(15):7081–7084. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7081. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martin P. A., Reimers T. J., Lodge J. R., Dziuk P. J. The effect of ratios and numbers of spermatozoa mixed from two males on proportions of offspring. J Reprod Fertil. 1974 Aug;39(2):251–258. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0390251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Parker G. A., Simmons L. W. A model of constant random sperm displacement during mating: evidence from Scatophaga. Proc Biol Sci. 1991 Nov 22;246(1316):107–115. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1991.0131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Parker G. A. Sperm competition games: sperm size and sperm number under adult control. Proc Biol Sci. 1993 Sep 22;253(1338):245–254. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1993.0110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Parker G. A. Why are there so many tiny sperm? Sperm competition and the maintenance of two sexes. J Theor Biol. 1982 May 21;96(2):281–294. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(82)90225-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waage J. K. Dual function of the damselfly penis: sperm removal and transfer. Science. 1979 Mar 2;203(4383):916–918. doi: 10.1126/science.203.4383.916. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]