Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) mediated growth control is a fundamental response of plants to adverse environmental cues. The linkage between ABA perception and growth control is currently being unravelled by using different experimental approaches such as mutant analysis and microinjection experiments. So far, two protein phosphatases, ABI1 and ABI2, cADPR, pH, and Ca2+ have been identified as main components of the ABA signalling pathway. Here, the ABA signal transduction pathway is compared to signalling cascades from yeast and mammalian cells. A model for a bifurcated ABA signal transduction pathway exerting a positive and negative control mechanism is proposed.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (151.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Ach R. A., Durfee T., Miller A. B., Taranto P., Hanley-Bowdoin L., Zambryski P. C., Gruissem W. RRB1 and RRB2 encode maize retinoblastoma-related proteins that interact with a plant D-type cyclin and geminivirus replication protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Sep;17(9):5077–5086. doi: 10.1128/mcb.17.9.5077. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ach R. A., Taranto P., Gruissem W. A conserved family of WD-40 proteins binds to the retinoblastoma protein in both plants and animals. Plant Cell. 1997 Sep;9(9):1595–1606. doi: 10.1105/tpc.9.9.1595. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Allen G. J., Muir S. R., Sanders D. Release of Ca2+ from individual plant vacuoles by both InsP3 and cyclic ADP-ribose. Science. 1995 May 5;268(5211):735–737. doi: 10.1126/science.7732384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong F., Leung J., Grabov A., Brearley J., Giraudat J., Blatt M. R. Sensitivity to abscisic acid of guard-cell K+ channels is suppressed by abi1-1, a mutant Arabidopsis gene encoding a putative protein phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Oct 10;92(21):9520–9524. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9520. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baker S. J., Markowitz S., Fearon E. R., Willson J. K., Vogelstein B. Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science. 1990 Aug 24;249(4971):912–915. doi: 10.1126/science.2144057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ball K. L., Lane D. P. Human and plant proliferating-cell nuclear antigen have a highly conserved binding site for the p53-inducible gene product p21WAF1. Eur J Biochem. 1996 May 1;237(3):854–861. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0854p.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bartek J., Bartkova J., Lukas J. The retinoblastoma protein pathway and the restriction point. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1996 Dec;8(6):805–814. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(96)80081-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bertauche N., Leung J., Giraudat J. Protein phosphatase activity of abscisic acid insensitive 1 (ABI1) protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Oct 1;241(1):193–200. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0193t.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blenis J. Signal transduction via the MAP kinases: proceed at your own RSK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):5889–5892. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.5889. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coats S., Flanagan W. M., Nourse J., Roberts J. M. Requirement of p27Kip1 for restriction point control of the fibroblast cell cycle. Science. 1996 May 10;272(5263):877–880. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5263.877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cutler S., Ghassemian M., Bonetta D., Cooney S., McCourt P. A protein farnesyl transferase involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Science. 1996 Aug 30;273(5279):1239–1241. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5279.1239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dahl M., Meskiene I., Bögre L., Ha D. T., Swoboda I., Hubmann R., Hirt H., Heberle-Bors E. The D-type alfalfa cyclin gene cycMs4 complements G1 cyclin-deficient yeast and is induced in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Plant Cell. 1995 Nov;7(11):1847–1857. doi: 10.1105/tpc.7.11.1847. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Veylder L., Segers G., Glab N., Casteels P., Van Montagu M., Inzé D. The Arabidopsis Cks1At protein binds the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdc2aAt and Cdc2bAt. FEBS Lett. 1997 Aug 4;412(3):446–452. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00822-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Doonan J., Fobert P. Conserved and novel regulators of the plant cell cycle. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Dec;9(6):824–830. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(97)80083-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ferreira P. C., Hemerly A. S., Villarroel R., Van Montagu M., Inzé D. The Arabidopsis functional homolog of the p34cdc2 protein kinase. Plant Cell. 1991 May;3(5):531–540. doi: 10.1105/tpc.3.5.531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Finkelstein R. R., Somerville C. R. Three Classes of Abscisic Acid (ABA)-Insensitive Mutations of Arabidopsis Define Genes that Control Overlapping Subsets of ABA Responses. Plant Physiol. 1990 Nov;94(3):1172–1179. doi: 10.1104/pp.94.3.1172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fuerst R. A., Soni R., Murray J. A., Lindsey K. Modulation of cyclin transcript levels in cultured cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1996 Nov;112(3):1023–1033. doi: 10.1104/pp.112.3.1023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gehring C. A., Irving H. R., Parish R. W. Effects of auxin and abscisic acid on cytosolic calcium and pH in plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec 15;87(24):9645–9649. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9645. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hemerly A. S., Ferreira P., de Almeida Engler J., Van Montagu M., Engler G., Inzé D. cdc2a expression in Arabidopsis is linked with competence for cell division. Plant Cell. 1993 Dec;5(12):1711–1723. doi: 10.1105/tpc.5.12.1711. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hemerly A., Bergounioux C., Van Montagu M., Inzé D., Ferreira P. Genes regulating the plant cell cycle: isolation of a mitotic-like cyclin from Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3295–3299. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.8.3295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirayama T., Imajuku Y., Anai T., Matsui M., Oka A. Identification of two cell-cycle-controlling cdc2 gene homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene. 1991 Sep 15;105(2):159–165. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90146-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirt H., Páy A., Györgyey J., Bakó L., Németh K., Bögre L., Schweyen R. J., Heberle-Bors E., Dudits D. Complementation of a yeast cell cycle mutant by an alfalfa cDNA encoding a protein kinase homologous to p34cdc2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 1;88(5):1636–1640. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.5.1636. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Irving H. R., Gehring C. A., Parish R. W. Changes in cytosolic pH and calcium of guard cells precede stomatal movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 1;89(5):1790–1794. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.5.1790. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Knetsch MLW., Wang M., Snaar-Jagalska B. E., Heimovaara-Dijkstra S. Abscisic Acid Induces Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Barley Aleurone Protoplasts. Plant Cell. 1996 Jun;8(6):1061–1067. doi: 10.1105/tpc.8.6.1061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leube M. P., Grill E., Amrhein N. ABI1 of Arabidopsis is a protein serine/threonine phosphatase highly regulated by the proton and magnesium ion concentration. FEBS Lett. 1998 Mar 6;424(1-2):100–104. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00149-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leung J., Bouvier-Durand M., Morris P. C., Guerrier D., Chefdor F., Giraudat J. Arabidopsis ABA response gene ABI1: features of a calcium-modulated protein phosphatase. Science. 1994 Jun 3;264(5164):1448–1452. doi: 10.1126/science.7910981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leung J., Merlot S., Giraudat J. The Arabidopsis ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE2 (ABI2) and ABI1 genes encode homologous protein phosphatases 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Plant Cell. 1997 May;9(5):759–771. doi: 10.1105/tpc.9.5.759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levin D. E., Errede B. The proliferation of MAP kinase signaling pathways in yeast. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1995 Apr;7(2):197–202. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(95)80028-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ligterink W., Kroj T., zur Nieden U., Hirt H., Scheel D. Receptor-mediated activation of a MAP kinase in pathogen defense of plants. Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2054–2057. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5321.2054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maeda T., Wurgler-Murphy S. M., Saito H. A two-component system that regulates an osmosensing MAP kinase cascade in yeast. Nature. 1994 May 19;369(6477):242–245. doi: 10.1038/369242a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martinez M. C., Jørgensen J. E., Lawton M. A., Lamb C. J., Doerner P. W. Spatial pattern of cdc2 expression in relation to meristem activity and cell proliferation during plant development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7360–7364. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7360. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McCarty D. R., Hattori T., Carson C. B., Vasil V., Lazar M., Vasil I. K. The Viviparous-1 developmental gene of maize encodes a novel transcriptional activator. Cell. 1991 Sep 6;66(5):895–905. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90436-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meskiene I., Bögre L., Glaser W., Balog J., Brandstötter M., Zwerger K., Ammerer G., Hirt H. MP2C, a plant protein phosphatase 2C, functions as a negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in yeast and plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 17;95(4):1938–1943. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1938. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meyer K., Leube M. P., Grill E. A protein phosphatase 2C involved in ABA signal transduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science. 1994 Jun 3;264(5164):1452–1455. doi: 10.1126/science.8197457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mizoguchi T., Ichimura K., Shinozaki K. Environmental stress response in plants: the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Trends Biotechnol. 1997 Jan;15(1):15–19. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7799(96)10074-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mizoguchi T., Irie K., Hirayama T., Hayashida N., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K., Matsumoto K., Shinozaki K. A gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase is induced simultaneously with genes for a mitogen-activated protein kinase and an S6 ribosomal protein kinase by touch, cold, and water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jan 23;93(2):765–769. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.2.765. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moore R., Smith J. D. Growth, graviresponsiveness and abscisic-acid content of Zea mays seedlings treated with fluridone. Planta. 1984;162:342–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morgan D. O. Principles of CDK regulation. Nature. 1995 Mar 9;374(6518):131–134. doi: 10.1038/374131a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pei Z. M., Kuchitsu K., Ward J. M., Schwarz M., Schroeder J. I. Differential abscisic acid regulation of guard cell slow anion channels in Arabidopsis wild-type and abi1 and abi2 mutants. Plant Cell. 1997 Mar;9(3):409–423. doi: 10.1105/tpc.9.3.409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pilet P. E., Saugy M. Effect on Root Growth of Endogenous and Applied IAA and ABA: A Critical Reexamination. Plant Physiol. 1987 Jan;83(1):33–38. doi: 10.1104/pp.83.1.33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Renaudin J. P., Doonan J. H., Freeman D., Hashimoto J., Hirt H., Inzé D., Jacobs T., Kouchi H., Rouzé P., Sauter M. Plant cyclins: a unified nomenclature for plant A-, B- and D-type cyclins based on sequence organization. Plant Mol Biol. 1996 Dec;32(6):1003–1018. doi: 10.1007/BF00041384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ritchie S., Gilroy S. Abscisic acid signal transduction in the barley aleurone is mediated by phospholipase D activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 3;95(5):2697–2702. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robinson M. J., Cobb M. H. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Apr;9(2):180–186. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(97)80061-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rodriguez P. L., Benning G., Grill E. ABI2, a second protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jan 16;421(3):185–190. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01558-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ron D. Inducible growth arrest: new mechanistic insights. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 15;91(6):1985–1986. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.6.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saugy M., Mayor G., Pilet P. E. Endogenous ABA in Growing Maize Roots: Light Effects. Plant Physiol. 1989 Feb;89(2):622–627. doi: 10.1104/pp.89.2.622. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schnall J. A., Quatrano R. S. Abscisic Acid Elicits the Water-Stress Response in Root Hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1992 Sep;100(1):216–218. doi: 10.1104/pp.100.1.216. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sheen J. Mutational analysis of protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):975–980. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sherr C. J., Roberts J. M. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 1995 May 15;9(10):1149–1163. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.10.1149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Soni R., Carmichael J. P., Shah Z. H., Murray J. A. A family of cyclin D homologs from plants differentially controlled by growth regulators and containing the conserved retinoblastoma protein interaction motif. Plant Cell. 1995 Jan;7(1):85–103. doi: 10.1105/tpc.7.1.85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Overbeek J., Loeffler J. E., Mason M. I. Dormin (Abscisin II), inhibitor of plant DNA synthesis? Science. 1967 Jun 16;156(3781):1497–1499. doi: 10.1126/science.156.3781.1497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wang H., Fowke L. C., Crosby W. L. A plant cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene. Nature. 1997 Apr 3;386(6624):451–452. doi: 10.1038/386451a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waskiewicz A. J., Cooper J. A. Mitogen and stress response pathways: MAP kinase cascades and phosphatase regulation in mammals and yeast. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;7(6):798–805. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(95)80063-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weinberg R. A. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell. 1995 May 5;81(3):323–330. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90385-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wu Y., Kuzma J., Maréchal E., Graeff R., Lee H. C., Foster R., Chua N. H. Abscisic acid signaling through cyclic ADP-ribose in plants. Science. 1997 Dec 19;278(5346):2126–2130. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5346.2126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Xie Q., Sanz-Burgos A. P., Hannon G. J., Gutiérrez C. Plant cells contain a novel member of the retinoblastoma family of growth regulatory proteins. EMBO J. 1996 Sep 16;15(18):4900–4908. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yamaguchi K., Shirakabe K., Shibuya H., Irie K., Oishi I., Ueno N., Taniguchi T., Nishida E., Matsumoto K. Identification of a member of the MAPKKK family as a potential mediator of TGF-beta signal transduction. Science. 1995 Dec 22;270(5244):2008–2011. doi: 10.1126/science.270.5244.2008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]