Abstract
In an earlier paper we proposed, on the basis of mitochondrial control region variation, that the bulk of modern European mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) diversity had its roots in the European Upper Palaeolithic. Refining the mtDNA phylogeny and enlarging the sample size both within Europe and the Middle East still support this interpretation and indicate three separate phases of colonization: (i) the Early Upper Palaeolithic about 50,000 BP; (ii) the Late Upper Palaeolithic 11,000-14,000 BP; and (iii) the Neolithic from 8500 BP.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (211.4 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Barbujani G., Bertorelle G., Chikhi L. Evidence for Paleolithic and Neolithic gene flow in Europe. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Feb;62(2):488–492. doi: 10.1086/301719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bendall K. E., Macaulay V. A., Baker J. R., Sykes B. C. Heteroplasmic point mutations in the human mtDNA control region. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1276–1287. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cann R. L., Stoneking M., Wilson A. C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature. 1987 Jan 1;325(6099):31–36. doi: 10.1038/325031a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cavalli-Sforza L. L., Edwards A. W. Phylogenetic analysis. Models and estimation procedures. Am J Hum Genet. 1967 May;19(3 Pt 1):233–257. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cavalli-Sforza L. L., Minch E. Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Jul;61(1):247–254. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forster P., Harding R., Torroni A., Bandelt H. J. Origin and evolution of Native American mtDNA variation: a reappraisal. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Oct;59(4):935–945. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Howell N., Kubacka I., Mackey D. A. How rapidly does the human mitochondrial genome evolve? Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Sep;59(3):501–509. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jazin E., Soodyall H., Jalonen P., Lindholm E., Stoneking M., Gyllensten U. Mitochondrial mutation rate revisited: hot spots and polymorphism. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):109–110. doi: 10.1038/ng0298-109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Macaulay V. A., Richards M. B., Forster P., Bendall K. E., Watson E., Sykes B., Bandelt H. J. mtDNA mutation rates--no need to panic. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Oct;61(4):983–990. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64211-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richards M., Côrte-Real H., Forster P., Macaulay V., Wilkinson-Herbots H., Demaine A., Papiha S., Hedges R., Bandelt H. J., Sykes B. Paleolithic and neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jul;59(1):185–203. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sykes B., Leiboff A., Low-Beer J., Tetzner S., Richards M. The origins of the Polynesians: an interpretation from mitochondrial lineage analysis. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Dec;57(6):1463–1475. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Torroni A., Huoponen K., Francalacci P., Petrozzi M., Morelli L., Scozzari R., Obinu D., Savontaus M. L., Wallace D. C. Classification of European mtDNAs from an analysis of three European populations. Genetics. 1996 Dec;144(4):1835–1850. doi: 10.1093/genetics/144.4.1835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]