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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences logoLink to Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
. 2004 Sep 29;359(1449):1427–1434. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1514

Intelligence and culture: how culture shapes what intelligence means, and the implications for a science of well-being.

Robert J Sternberg 1, Elena L Grigorenko 1
PMCID: PMC1693428  PMID: 15347533

Abstract

This paper discusses the relationship between culture and intelligence. The main message of the paper is that intelligence cannot fully or even meaningfully be understood outside its cultural context. Behaviour that is considered intelligent in one culture may be considered unintelligent in another culture, and vice versa. Moreover, people in different cultures have different implicit (folk) theories of intelligence, so may not even mean the same thing by the word. The relationships between different aspects of intelligence can vary across cultures, with correlations that are positive in one setting proving to be negative in another. The paper opens with a general discussion of issues regarding the relationship between the two concepts. It then describes the theory of successful intelligence, which motivates our work on the interface between culture and intelligence. Finally, the article draws some conclusions.

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Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Sternberg R. J., Kaufman J. C. Human abilities. Annu Rev Psychol. 1998;49:479–502. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences are provided here courtesy of The Royal Society

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