Skip to main content
PMC home page
Archives of Disease in Childhood logoLink to Archives of Disease in Childhood
. 2000 Mar;82(3):261–265. doi: 10.1136/adc.82.3.261

Measurement and interpretation of blood pressure

C Goonasekera 1, M Dillon 1
PMCID: PMC1718259  PMID: 10685936

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (102.3 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. André J. L., Deschamps J. P., Gueguen R. La tension artérielle chez l'enfant et l'adolescent. Valeurs rapportées à l'âge et à la taille chez 17 067 sujets. Arch Fr Pediatr. 1980 Aug-Sep;37(7):477–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Burke G. L., Cresanta J. L., Shear C. L., Miner M. H., Berenson G. S. Cardiovascular risk factors and their modification in children. Cardiol Clin. 1986 Feb;4(1):33–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Coca A. Circadian rhythm and blood pressure control: physiological and pathophysiological factors. J Hypertens Suppl. 1994 Jul;12(5):S13–S21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Collins R., Peto R., MacMahon S., Hebert P., Fiebach N. H., Eberlein K. A., Godwin J., Qizilbash N., Taylor J. O., Hennekens C. H. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet. 1990 Apr 7;335(8693):827–838. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Dambrink J. H., Tuininga Y. S., van Gilst W. H., Peels K. H., Lie K. I., Kingma J. H. Association between reduced heart rate variability and left ventricular dilatation in patients with a first anterior myocardial infarction. CATS Investigators. Captopril and Thrombolysis Study. Br Heart J. 1994 Dec;72(6):514–520. doi: 10.1136/hrt.72.6.514. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dillon M. J. Blood pressure. Arch Dis Child. 1988 Apr;63(4):347–349. doi: 10.1136/adc.63.4.347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dworkin L. D., Feiner H. D., Parker M., Tolbert E. Effects of nifedipine and enalapril on glomerular structure and function in uninephrectomized SHR. Kidney Int. 1991 Jun;39(6):1112–1117. doi: 10.1038/ki.1991.141. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Feola M., Boffano G. M., Procopio M., Reynaud S., Allemano P., Rizzi G. Ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure monitoring: correlation between blood pressure variability and left ventricular hypertrophy in untreated hypertensive patients. G Ital Cardiol. 1998 Jan;28(1):38–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Goonasekera C. D., Wade A. M., Slattery M., Brennan E., Dillon M. J. Performance of a new blood pressure monitor in children and young adults: the difficulties in clinical validation. Blood Press. 1998 Jul;7(4):231–237. doi: 10.1080/080370598437268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Goonasekera C. D., Wade A. M., Slattery M., Brennan E., Dillon M. J. Validation of new blood pressure monitors for children: defects by default. Eur J Pediatr. 1998 Dec;157(12):1035–1036. doi: 10.1007/s004310050996. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gosling P., Beevers D. G. Urinary albumin excretion and blood pressure in the general population. Clin Sci (Lond) 1989 Jan;76(1):39–42. doi: 10.1042/cs0760039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. James G. D., Pickering T. G., Yee L. S., Harshfield G. A., Riva S., Laragh J. H. The reproducibility of average ambulatory, home, and clinic pressures. Hypertension. 1988 Jun;11(6 Pt 1):545–549. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.11.6.545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Jenner D. A., Beilin L. J., Vandongen R., DeKlerk N. H. A comparison of blood pressure measurements obtained with the Dinamap 845XT, the standard mercury sphygmomanometer and the London School of Hygiene device. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1988;10(4):575–588. doi: 10.3109/10641968809033910. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Julius S., Mejia A., Jones K., Krause L., Schork N., van de Ven C., Johnson E., Petrin J., Sekkarie M. A., Kjeldsen S. E. "White coat" versus "sustained" borderline hypertension in Tecumseh, Michigan. Hypertension. 1990 Dec;16(6):617–623. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.16.6.617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kaplan R. A., Hellerstein S., Alon U. Evaluation of the hypertensive child. Child Nephrol Urol. 1992;12(2-3):106–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lama G., Salsano M. E., Pedulla' M., Grassia C., Ruocco G. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and reflux nephropathy: 2-year follow-up. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997 Dec;11(6):714–718. doi: 10.1007/s004670050373. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lifton R. P., Dluhy R. G., Powers M., Rich G. M., Cook S., Ulick S., Lalouel J. M. A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature. 1992 Jan 16;355(6357):262–265. doi: 10.1038/355262a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Maheswaran R., Zezulka A. V., Gill J. S., Beevers M., Davies P., Beevers D. G. Clinical evaluation of the Copal UA-251 and the Dinamap 1848 automatic blood-pressure monitors. J Med Eng Technol. 1988 Jul-Aug;12(4):160–163. doi: 10.3109/03091908809030175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Mimran A., Ribstein J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus calcium antagonists in the progression of renal diseases. Am J Hypertens. 1994 Sep;7(9 Pt 2):73S–81S. doi: 10.1093/ajh/7.9.73s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Morfis L., Howes L. G. Nocturnal fall in blood pressure in the elderly is related to presence of hypertension and not age. Blood Press. 1997 Sep;6(5):274–278. doi: 10.3109/08037059709062082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Morgan T., Ménard J., Brunner H. Twenty-four hour blood pressure control and trough to peak ratio: who, when, how and why? J Hum Hypertens. 1998 Jan;12(1):45–48. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1000535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. O'Brien E., Mee F., Atkins N., O'Malley K. Evaluation of the SpaceLabs 90202 non-invasive ambulatory recorder according to the AAMI Standard and BHS criteria. J Hum Hypertens. 1991 Jun;5(3):223–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. O'Brien E., Mee F., Atkins N., O'Malley K. Inaccuracy of seven popular sphygmomanometers for home measurement of blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1990 Jul;8(7):621–634. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199007000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. O'Brien E., Mee F., Atkins N., O'Malley K. Short report: accuracy of the Dinamap portable monitor, model 8100 determined by the British Hypertension Society protocol. J Hypertens. 1993 Jul;11(7):761–763. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199307000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. O'Brien E., Petrie J., Littler W., de Swiet M., Padfield P. L., Altman D. G., Bland M., Coats A., Atkins N. An outline of the revised British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J Hypertens. 1993 Jun;11(6):677–679. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199306000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. O'Sullivan J. J., Derrick G., Griggs P. E., Wren C. Validation of the Takeda 2421 ambulatory blood pressure monitor in children. J Med Eng Technol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3):101–105. doi: 10.3109/03091909809062474. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. O'Sullivan J. J., Derrick G., Griggs P., Foxall R., Aitkin M., Wren C. Ambulatory blood pressure in schoolchildren. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Jun;80(6):529–532. doi: 10.1136/adc.80.6.529. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. OLDHAM P. D., PICKERING G., ROBERTS J. A., SOWRY G. S. The nature of essential hypertension. Lancet. 1960 May 21;1(7134):1085–1093. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)90982-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Palatini P., Dorigatti F., Roman E., Giovinazzo P., Piccolo D., De Venuto G., Mattarei M., Cozzutti E., Gregori S., Mormino P. White-coat hypertension: a selection bias? Harvest Study Investigators. Hypertension and Ambulatory Recording Venetia Study. J Hypertens. 1998 Jul;16(7):977–984. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199816070-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Palatini P., Julius S. Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens. 1997 Jan;15(1):3–17. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199715010-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Palatini P., Mormino P., Santonastaso M., Mos L., Dal Follo M., Zanata G., Pessina A. C. Target-organ damage in stage I hypertensive subjects with white coat and sustained hypertension: results from the HARVEST study. Hypertension. 1998 Jan;31(1):57–63. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.57. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Parati G., Ulian L., Santucciu C., Tortorici E., Villani A., Di Rienzo M., Mancia G. Clinical value of blood pressure variability. Blood Press Suppl. 1997;2:91–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Park M. K., Menard S. M. Accuracy of blood pressure measurement by the Dinamap monitor in infants and children. Pediatrics. 1987 Jun;79(6):907–914. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Rascher W. Blood pressure measurement and standards in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997 May;12(5):868–870. doi: 10.1093/ndt/12.5.868. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Reichert H., Lindinger A., Frey O., Mortzeck J., Kiefer J., Busch C., Hoffmann W. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in healthy schoolchildren. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995 Jun;9(3):282–286. doi: 10.1007/BF02254184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Roccella E. J., Bowler A. E., Horan M. Epidemiologic considerations in defining hypertension. Med Clin North Am. 1987 Sep;71(5):785–801. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30808-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Shear C. L., Burke G. L., Freedman D. S., Berenson G. S. Value of childhood blood pressure measurements and family history in predicting future blood pressure status: results from 8 years of follow-up in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1986 Jun;77(6):862–869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Shimkets R. A., Warnock D. G., Bositis C. M., Nelson-Williams C., Hansson J. H., Schambelan M., Gill J. R., Jr, Ulick S., Milora R. V., Findling J. W. Liddle's syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell. 1994 Nov 4;79(3):407–414. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90250-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Singh J. P., Larson M. G., Tsuji H., Evans J. C., O'Donnell C. J., Levy D. Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension: insights into pathogenesis of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 1998 Aug;32(2):293–297. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.2.293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Stewart P. M., Krozowski Z. S., Gupta A., Milford D. V., Howie A. J., Sheppard M. C., Whorwood C. B. Hypertension in the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to mutation of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene. Lancet. 1996 Jan 13;347(8994):88–91. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90211-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Taylor R., Chidley K., Goodwin J., Broeders M., Kirby B. Accutracker II (version 30/23) ambulatory blood pressure monitor: clinical validation using the British Hypertension Society and Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation standards. J Hypertens. 1993 Nov;11(11):1275–1282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Thibonnier M., Schork N. J. The genetics of hypertension. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1995 Jun;5(3):362–370. doi: 10.1016/0959-437x(95)80052-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Verdecchia P., Schillaci G., Borgioni C., Ciucci A., Porcellati C. Prognostic significance of the white coat effect. Hypertension. 1997 Jun;29(6):1218–1224. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.29.6.1218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Verdecchia P., Schillaci G., Borgioni C., Ciucci A., Zampi I., Gattobigio R., Sacchi N., Porcellati C. White coat hypertension and white coat effect. Similarities and differences. Am J Hypertens. 1995 Aug;8(8):790–798. doi: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00151-E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Yap H. K., Low P. S., Lee B. W., Murugasu B., Yip W. C., Tay J. S. Factors influencing the development of hypertensive encephalopathy in acute glomerulonephritis. Child Nephrol Urol. 1988;9(3):147–152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Zanchetti A., Mancia G. Blood pressure and organ damage. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987;10 (Suppl 6):S111–S118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Zanchetti A. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure evaluation of antihypertensive agents. J Hypertens Suppl. 1997 Dec;15(7):S21–S25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. de Man S. A., André J. L., Bachmann H., Grobbee D. E., Ibsen K. K., Laaser U., Lippert P., Hofman A. Blood pressure in childhood: pooled findings of six European studies. J Hypertens. 1991 Feb;9(2):109–114. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199102000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. de Swiet M., Dillon M. J., Littler W., O'Brien E., Padfield P. L., Petrie J. C. Measurement of blood pressure in children. Recommendations of a working party of the British Hypertension Society. BMJ. 1989 Aug 19;299(6697):497–497. doi: 10.1136/bmj.299.6697.497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. de Swiet M., Fayers P., Shinebourne E. A. Blood pressure in first 10 years of life: the Brompton study. BMJ. 1992 Jan 4;304(6818):23–26. doi: 10.1136/bmj.304.6818.23. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Archives of Disease in Childhood are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES