Skip to main content
PMC home page
Archives of Disease in Childhood logoLink to Archives of Disease in Childhood
. 2000 Sep;83(3):215–219. doi: 10.1136/adc.83.3.215

Limitations of models used to examine the influence of nutrition during pregnancy and adult disease

M Symonds 1, H Budge 1, T Stephenson 1
PMCID: PMC1718482  PMID: 10952637

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (111.9 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barker D. J., Bull A. R., Osmond C., Simmonds S. J. Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life. BMJ. 1990 Aug 4;301(6746):259–262. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6746.259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barker D. J., Godfrey K. M., Osmond C., Bull A. The relation of fetal length, ponderal index and head circumference to blood pressure and the risk of hypertension in adult life. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1992 Jan;6(1):35–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00741.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bauer M. K., Breier B. H., Harding J. E., Veldhuis J. D., Gluckman P. D. The fetal somatotropic axis during long term maternal undernutrition in sheep: evidence for nutritional regulation in utero. Endocrinology. 1995 Mar;136(3):1250–1257. doi: 10.1210/endo.136.3.7867579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bruner J. P., Anderson T. L., Rosemond R. L. Placental pathophysiology of the twin oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence and the twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Placenta. 1998 Jan;19(1):81–86. doi: 10.1016/s0143-4004(98)90102-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Christensen K., Vaupel J. W., Holm N. V., Yashin A. I. Mortality among twins after age 6: fetal origins hypothesis versus twin method. BMJ. 1995 Feb 18;310(6977):432–436. doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6977.432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Clarke L., Heasman L., Juniper D. T., Symonds M. E. Maternal nutrition in early-mid gestation and placental size in sheep. Br J Nutr. 1998 Apr;79(4):359–364. doi: 10.1079/bjn19980060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dwyer T., Blizzard L., Morley R., Ponsonby A. L. Within pair association between birth weight and blood pressure at age 8 in twins from a cohort study. BMJ. 1999 Nov 20;319(7221):1325–1329. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7221.1325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Edington J. Problems of nutritional assessment in the community. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Feb;58(1):47–51. doi: 10.1079/pns19990007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Godfrey K., Robinson S., Barker D. J., Osmond C., Cox V. Maternal nutrition in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental and fetal growth. BMJ. 1996 Feb 17;312(7028):410–414. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7028.410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Harding J. E., Liu L., Evans P. C., Gluckman P. D. Insulin-like growth factor 1 alters feto-placental protein and carbohydrate metabolism in fetal sheep. Endocrinology. 1994 Mar;134(3):1509–1514. doi: 10.1210/endo.134.3.8119193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Heasman L., Clarke L., Firth K., Stephenson T., Symonds M. E. Influence of restricted maternal nutrition in early to mid gestation on placental and fetal development at term in sheep. Pediatr Res. 1998 Oct;44(4):546–551. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199810000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hofman A., Vandenbroucke J. P. Geoffrey Rose's big idea. BMJ. 1992 Dec 19;305(6868):1519–1520. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1519. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Holland M. D., Hossner K. L., Williams S. E., Wallace C. R., Niswender G. D., Odde K. G. Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factors and placental lactogen during gestation in cattle. I. Fetal profiles. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1997 Jul;14(4):231–239. doi: 10.1016/s0739-7240(97)00023-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lassarre C., Hardouin S., Daffos F., Forestier F., Frankenne F., Binoux M. Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the human fetus. Relationships with growth in normal subjects and in subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res. 1991 Mar;29(3):219–225. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199103000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Leon D. A., Koupilova I., Lithell H. O., Berglund L., Mohsen R., Vagero D., Lithell U. B., McKeigue P. M. Failure to realise growth potential in utero and adult obesity in relation to blood pressure in 50 year old Swedish men. BMJ. 1996 Feb 17;312(7028):401–406. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7028.401. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Leon D. A., Lithell H. O., Vâgerö D., Koupilová I., Mohsen R., Berglund L., Lithell U. B., McKeigue P. M. Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29. BMJ. 1998 Jul 25;317(7153):241–245. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7153.241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Leon D. A. Twins and fetal programming of blood pressure. Questioning the role of genes and maternal nutrition. BMJ. 1999 Nov 20;319(7221):1313–1314. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7221.1313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lok F., Owens J. A., Mundy L., Robinson J. S., Owens P. C. Insulin-like growth factor I promotes growth selectively in fetal sheep in late gestation. Am J Physiol. 1996 May;270(5 Pt 2):R1148–R1155. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.5.R1148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lumey L. H. Compensatory placental growth after restricted maternal nutrition in early pregnancy. Placenta. 1998 Jan;19(1):105–111. doi: 10.1016/s0143-4004(98)90105-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Mathews F., Yudkin P., Neil A. Influence of maternal nutrition on outcome of pregnancy: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 1999 Aug 7;319(7206):339–343. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7206.339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Naeye R. L. Do placental weights have clinical significance? Hum Pathol. 1987 Apr;18(4):387–391. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(87)80170-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Owens J. A., Kind K. L., Carbone F., Robinson J. S., Owens P. C. Circulating insulin-like growth factors-I and -II and substrates in fetal sheep following restriction of placental growth. J Endocrinol. 1994 Jan;140(1):5–13. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1400005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Poulsen P., Kyvik K. O., Vaag A., Beck-Nielsen H. Heritability of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and abnormal glucose tolerance--a population-based twin study. Diabetologia. 1999 Feb;42(2):139–145. doi: 10.1007/s001250051131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Poulter N. R., Chang C. L., MacGregor A. J., Snieder H., Spector T. D. Association between birth weight and adult blood pressure in twins: historical cohort study. BMJ. 1999 Nov 20;319(7221):1330–1333. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7221.1330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Spencer J. A., Chang T. C., Jones J., Robson S. C., Preece M. A. Third trimester fetal growth and umbilical venous blood concentrations of IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and growth hormone at term. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1995 Sep;73(2):F87–F90. doi: 10.1136/fn.73.2.f87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Susser M., Levin B. Ordeals for the fetal programming hypothesis. The hypothesis largely survives one ordeal but not another. BMJ. 1999 Apr 3;318(7188):885–886. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7188.885. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Williams S., Poulton R. Twins and maternal smoking: ordeals for the fetal origins hypothesis? A cohort study. BMJ. 1999 Apr 3;318(7188):897–900. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7188.897. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Archives of Disease in Childhood are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES