Skip to main content
PMC home page
Archives of Disease in Childhood logoLink to Archives of Disease in Childhood
. 2001 Apr;84(4):289–294. doi: 10.1136/adc.84.4.289

New pneumococcal vaccines for children

S Choo 1, A Finn 1
PMCID: PMC1718703  PMID: 11259222

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (113.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Anderson E. L., Kennedy D. J., Geldmacher K. M., Donnelly J., Mendelman P. M. Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. J Pediatr. 1996 May;128(5 Pt 1):649–653. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(96)80130-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baraff L. J., Lee S. I., Schriger D. L. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993 May;12(5):389–394. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199305000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barbour M. L., Mayon-White R. T., Coles C., Crook D. W., Moxon E. R. The impact of conjugate vaccine on carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jan;171(1):93–98. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.1.93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barnett E. D., Pelton S. I., Cabral H. J., Eavey R. D., Allen C., Cunningham M. J., McNamara E. R., Klein J. O. Immune response to pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines in otitis-prone and otitis-free children. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Jul;29(1):191–192. doi: 10.1086/520151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Black S., Shinefield H., Fireman B., Lewis E., Ray P., Hansen J. R., Elvin L., Ensor K. M., Hackell J., Siber G. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Mar;19(3):187–195. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200003000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Blum M. D., Dagan R., Mendelman P. M., Pinsk V., Giordani M., Li S., Bohidar N., McNeely T. B. A comparison of multiple regimens of pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in toddlers. Vaccine. 2000 May 8;18(22):2359–2367. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00021-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Booy R., Heath P. T., Slack M. P., Begg N., Moxon E. R. Vaccine failures after primary immunisation with Haemophilus influenzae type-b conjugate vaccine without booster. Lancet. 1997 Apr 26;349(9060):1197–1202. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)06392-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Briles D. E., Hollingshead S., Brooks-Walter A., Nabors G. S., Ferguson L., Schilling M., Gravenstein S., Braun P., King J., Swift A. The potential to use PspA and other pneumococcal proteins to elicit protection against pneumococcal infection. Vaccine. 2000 Feb 25;18(16):1707–1711. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00511-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Butler J. C., Breiman R. F., Lipman H. B., Hofmann J., Facklam R. R. Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among preschool children in the United States, 1978-1994: implications for development of a conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1995 Apr;171(4):885–889. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.4.885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Choo S., Seymour L., Morris R., Quataert S., Lockhart S., Cartwright K., Finn A. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered combined with a haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine in United Kingdom infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Sep;19(9):854–862. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200009000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Choo S., Zhang Q., Seymour L., Akhtar S., Finn A. Primary and booster salivary antibody responses to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. J Infect Dis. 2000 Aug 31;182(4):1260–1263. doi: 10.1086/315834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Coffey T. J., Enright M. C., Daniels M., Morona J. K., Morona R., Hryniewicz W., Paton J. C., Spratt B. G. Recombinational exchanges at the capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic locus lead to frequent serotype changes among natural isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jan;27(1):73–83. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00658.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dagan R., Fraser D. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: herd immunity and reduction of otitis morbidity. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 May;19(5 Suppl):S79–S88. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200005001-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dagan R., Melamed R., Muallem M., Piglansky L., Greenberg D., Abramson O., Mendelman P. M., Bohidar N., Yagupsky P. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1996 Dec;174(6):1271–1278. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.6.1271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Djuretic T., Ryan M. J., Miller E., Fairley C. K., Goldblatt D. Hospital admissions in children due to pneumococcal pneumonia in England. J Infect. 1998 Jul;37(1):54–58. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(98)90604-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Eskola J., Kilpi T. Potential of bacterial vaccines in the prevention of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 May;19(5 Suppl):S72–S78. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200005001-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Eskola J., Takala A. K., Kela E., Pekkanen E., Kalliokoski R., Leinonen M. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in children in Finland. JAMA. 1992 Dec 16;268(23):3323–3327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fenoll A., Jado I., Vicioso D., Pérez A., Casal J. Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and antibiotic resistance in Spain: update (1990 to 1996). J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Dec;36(12):3447–3454. doi: 10.1128/jcm.36.12.3447-3454.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gendrel D., Raymond J., Moulin F., Iniguez J. L., Ravilly S., Habib F., Lebon P., Kalifa G. Etiology and response to antibiotic therapy of community-acquired pneumonia in French children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997 May;16(5):388–391. doi: 10.1007/BF01726370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hedlund J., Svenson S. B., Kalin M., Henrichsen J., Olsson-Liljequist B., Möllerberg G., Källenius G. Incidence, capsular types, and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Sweden. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Oct;21(4):948–953. doi: 10.1093/clinids/21.4.948. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Heiskanen-Kosma T., Korppi M., Jokinen C., Kurki S., Heiskanen L., Juvonen H., Kallinen S., Stén M., Tarkiainen A., Rönnberg P. R. Etiology of childhood pneumonia: serologic results of a prospective, population-based study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Nov;17(11):986–991. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199811000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Jacobs M. R., Dagan R., Appelbaum P. C., Burch D. J. Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in middle ear fluid: multinational study of 917 children with acute otitis media. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Mar;42(3):589–595. doi: 10.1128/aac.42.3.589. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Joki-Erkkilä V. P., Laippala P., Pukander J. Increase in paediatric acute otitis media diagnosed by primary care in two Finnish municipalities--1994-5 versus 1978-9. Epidemiol Infect. 1998 Dec;121(3):529–534. doi: 10.1017/s0950268898001575. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Jokinen C., Heiskanen L., Juvonen H., Kallinen S., Karkola K., Korppi M., Kurki S., Rönnberg P. R., Seppä A., Soimakallio S. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 May 1;137(9):977–988. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Juvén T., Mertsola J., Waris M., Leinonen M., Meurman O., Roivainen M., Eskola J., Saikku P., Ruuskanen O. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Apr;19(4):293–298. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200004000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. King J. C., Jr, Vink P. E., Chang I., Kimura A., Parks M., Smilie M., Lichenstein R., Farley J. J. Antibody titers eight months after three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV and non-HIV-infected children less than two years of age. Vaccine. 1998 Feb;16(4):361–365. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)80914-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. King J. C., Jr, Vink P. E., Farley J. J., Parks M., Smilie M., Madore D., Lichenstein R., Malinoski F. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996 Mar;15(3):192–196. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199603000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. King J. C., Jr, Vink P. E., Farley J. J., Smilie M., Parks M., Lichenstein R. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics. 1997 Apr;99(4):575–580. doi: 10.1542/peds.99.4.575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Korppi M., Heiskanen-Kosma T., Jalonen E., Saikku P., Leinonen M., Halonen P., Mäkela P. H. Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children treated in hospital. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Jan;152(1):24–30. doi: 10.1007/BF02072512. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Laurichesse H., Grimaud O., Waight P., Johnson A. P., George R. C., Miller E. Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales, 1993 to 1995. Commun Dis Public Health. 1998 Mar;1(1):22–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lieu T. A., Ray G. T., Black S. B., Butler J. C., Klein J. O., Breiman R. F., Miller M. A., Shinefield H. R. Projected cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of healthy infants and young children. JAMA. 2000 Mar 15;283(11):1460–1468. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.11.1460. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Magnus T., Andersen B. M. Serotypes and resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing systemic disease in northern Norway. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 Mar;14(3):229–234. doi: 10.1007/BF02310362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Marton A., Mészner Z. Epidemiological studies on drug resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hungary: an update for the 1990s. Microb Drug Resist. 1999 Fall;5(3):201–205. doi: 10.1089/mdr.1999.5.201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Mbelle N., Huebner R. E., Wasas A. D., Kimura A., Chang I., Klugman K. P. Immunogenicity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1999 Oct;180(4):1171–1176. doi: 10.1086/315009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Miernyk K. M., Parkinson A. J., Rudolph K. M., Petersen K. M., Bulkow L. R., Greenberg D. P., Ward J. I., Brenneman G., Reid R., Santosham M. Immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska native, and non-native American children aged <2 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jul 26;31(1):34–41. doi: 10.1086/313907. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Miller E., Waight P., Efstratiou A., Brisson M., Johnson A., George R. Epidemiology of invasive and other pneumococcal disease in children in England and Wales 1996-1998. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2000 Dec;89(435):11–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00776.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Nabors G. S., Braun P. A., Herrmann D. J., Heise M. L., Pyle D. J., Gravenstein S., Schilling M., Ferguson L. M., Hollingshead S. K., Briles D. E. Immunization of healthy adults with a single recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) variant stimulates broadly cross-reactive antibodies to heterologous PspA molecules. Vaccine. 2000 Mar 6;18(17):1743–1754. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00530-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Nielsen S. V., Henrichsen J. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and distribution of capsular types of pneumococci in Denmark, 1989-94. Epidemiol Infect. 1996 Dec;117(3):411–416. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800059057. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Nurkka A., Ahman H., Korkeila M., Jäntti V., Käyhty H., Eskola J. Serum and salivary anti-capsular antibodies in infants and children immunized with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Jan;20(1):25–33. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200101000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Obaro S. K., Adegbola R. A., Chang I., Banya W. A., Jaffar S., Mcadam K. W., Greenwood B. M. Safety and immunogenicity of a nonavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 administered simultaneously but in a separate syringe with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines in Gambian infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 May;19(5):463–469. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200005000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Paton J. C. Novel pneumococcal surface proteins: role in virulence and vaccine potential. Trends Microbiol. 1998 Mar;6(3):85–88. doi: 10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01220-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Pessey J. J., Gehanno P., Thoroddsen E., Dagan R., Leibovitz E., Machac J., Pimentel J. M., Marr C., Leblanc F. Short course therapy with cefuroxime axetil for acute otitis media: results of a randomized multicenter comparison with amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Oct;18(10):854–859. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199910000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Reinert R. R., Kaufhold A., Schlaeger J. J., Mechery V., Lütticken R. Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing systemic infections among children in Germany, 1992 to 1996. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 Feb;16(2):244–245. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199702000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Rennels M. B., Edwards K. M., Keyserling H. L., Reisinger K. S., Hogerman D. A., Madore D. V., Chang I., Paradiso P. R., Malinoski F. J., Kimura A. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants. Pediatrics. 1998 Apr;101(4 Pt 1):604–611. doi: 10.1542/peds.101.4.604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ruuskanen O., Nohynek H., Ziegler T., Capeding R., Rikalainen H., Huovinen P., Leinonen M. Pneumonia in childhood: etiology and response to antimicrobial therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992 Mar;11(3):217–223. doi: 10.1007/BF02098083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Shackley F., Knox K., Morris J. B., Crook D., Griffiths D., Mayon-White R., George R., Willocks L., Moxon E. Outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease: a UK based study. Oxford Pneumococcal Surveillance Group. Arch Dis Child. 2000 Sep;83(3):231–233. doi: 10.1136/adc.83.3.231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Shinefield H. R., Black S., Ray P., Chang I., Lewis N., Fireman B., Hackell J., Paradiso P. R., Siber G., Kohberger R. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Sep;18(9):757–763. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199909000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Sleeman K., Knox K., George R., Miller E., Waight P., Griffiths D., Efstratiou A., Broughton K., Mayon-White R. T., Moxon E. R. Invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales: vaccination implications. J Infect Dis. 2000 Dec 21;183(2):239–246. doi: 10.1086/317924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Smith M. D., Stuart J., Andrews N. J., Telfer Brunton W. A., Cartwright K. A. Invasive pneumococcal infection in South and West England. Epidemiol Infect. 1998 Mar;120(2):117–123. doi: 10.1017/s0950268897008522. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Sorensen R. U., Leiva L. E., Giangrosso P. A., Butler B., Javier F. C., 3rd, Sacerdote D. M., Bradford N., Moore C. Response to a heptavalent conjugate Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine in children with recurrent infections who are unresponsive to the polysaccharide vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Aug;17(8):685–691. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199808000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Takala A. K., Eskola J., Leinonen M., Käyhty H., Nissinen A., Pekkanen E., Mäkelä P. H. Reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in children immunized with an Hib conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1991 Nov;164(5):982–986. doi: 10.1093/infdis/164.5.982. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Venetz I., Schopfer K., Mühlemann K. Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985-1994. Swiss Pneumococcal Study Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Dec;27(6):1101–1104. doi: 10.1093/ije/27.6.1101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Vernacchio L., Neufeld E. J., MacDonald K., Kurth S., Murakami S., Hohne C., King M., Molrine D. Combined schedule of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr. 1998 Aug;133(2):275–278. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70235-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Virolainen A., Salo P., Jero J., Karma P., Eskola J., Leinonen M. Comparison of PCR assay with bacterial culture for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae in middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Nov;32(11):2667–2670. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.11.2667-2670.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Zielen S., Bühring I., Strnad N., Reichenbach J., Hofmann D. Immunogenicity and tolerance of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in nonresponders to the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Infect Immun. 2000 Mar;68(3):1435–1440. doi: 10.1128/iai.68.3.1435-1440.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Archives of Disease in Childhood are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES