Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (121.5 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anand K. J., Barton B. A., McIntosh N., Lagercrantz H., Pelausa E., Young T. E., Vasa R. Analgesia and sedation in preterm neonates who require ventilatory support: results from the NOPAIN trial. Neonatal Outcome and Prolonged Analgesia in Neonates. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Apr;153(4):331–338. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.153.4.331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anand K. J., Barton B. A., McIntosh N., Lagercrantz H., Pelausa E., Young T. E., Vasa R. Analgesia and sedation in preterm neonates who require ventilatory support: results from the NOPAIN trial. Neonatal Outcome and Prolonged Analgesia in Neonates. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Apr;153(4):331–338. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.153.4.331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anand K. J., International Evidence-Based Group for Neonatal Pain Consensus statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001 Feb;155(2):173–180. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.155.2.173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barker D. P., Rutter N. Exposure to invasive procedures in neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1995 Jan;72(1):F47–F48. doi: 10.1136/fn.72.1.f47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barker D. P., Simpson J., Pawula M., Barrett D. A., Shaw P. N., Rutter N. Randomised, double blind trial of two loading dose regimens of diamorphine in ventilated newborn infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1995 Jul;73(1):F22–F26. doi: 10.1136/fn.73.1.f22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barrett D. A., Barker D. P., Rutter N., Pawula M., Shaw P. N. Morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide pharmacokinetics in newborn infants receiving diamorphine infusions. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996 Jun;41(6):531–537. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1996.03539.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berde C. B., Beyer J. E., Bournaki M. C., Levin C. R., Sethna N. F. Comparison of morphine and methadone for prevention of postoperative pain in 3- to 7-year-old children. J Pediatr. 1991 Jul;119(1 Pt 1):136–141. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81054-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berkowitz B. A. The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity: morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1976;1(3):219–230. doi: 10.2165/00003088-197601030-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bhat R., Abu-Harb M., Chari G., Gulati A. Morphine metabolism in acutely ill preterm newborn infants. J Pediatr. 1992 May;120(5):795–799. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80251-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Campbell N. N., Reynolds G. J., Perkins G. Postoperative analgesia in neonates: an Australia-wide survey. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1989 Nov;17(4):487–491. doi: 10.1177/0310057X8901700416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chui P. T., Gin T. A double-blind randomised trial comparing postoperative analgesia after perioperative loading doses of methadone or morphine. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1992 Feb;20(1):46–51. doi: 10.1177/0310057X9202000109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Davis A. M., Inturrisi C. E. d-Methadone blocks morphine tolerance and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced hyperalgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):1048–1053. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Conno F., Groff L., Brunelli C., Zecca E., Ventafridda V., Ripamonti C. Clinical experience with oral methadone administration in the treatment of pain in 196 advanced cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Oct;14(10):2836–2842. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.10.2836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ebert B., Thorkildsen C., Andersen S., Christrup L. L., Hjeds H. Opioid analgesics as noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Sep 1;56(5):553–559. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00088-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Franck L. S., Vilardi J., Durand D., Powers R. Opioid withdrawal in neonates after continuous infusions of morphine or fentanyl during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Am J Crit Care. 1998 Sep;7(5):364–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Franck L. S., Vilardi J., Durand D., Powers R. Opioid withdrawal in neonates after continuous infusions of morphine or fentanyl during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Am J Crit Care. 1998 Sep;7(5):364–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gauntlett I. S., Fisher D. M., Hertzka R. E., Kuhls E., Spellman M. J., Rudolph C. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonatal humans and lambs: effects of age. Anesthesiology. 1988 Nov;69(5):683–687. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198811000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gorman A. L., Elliott K. J., Inturrisi C. E. The d- and l-isomers of methadone bind to the non-competitive site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in rat forebrain and spinal cord. Neurosci Lett. 1997 Feb 14;223(1):5–8. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13391-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gourlay G. K., Willis R. J., Lamberty J. A double-blind comparison of the efficacy of methadone and morphine in postoperative pain control. Anesthesiology. 1986 Mar;64(3):322–327. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198603000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamunen K. Ventilatory effects of morphine, pethidine and methadone in children. Br J Anaesth. 1993 Apr;70(4):414–418. doi: 10.1093/bja/70.4.414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ionides S. P., Weiss M. G., Angelopoulos M., Myers T. F., Handa R. J. Plasma beta-endorphin concentrations and analgesia-muscle relaxation in the newborn infant supported by mechanical ventilation. J Pediatr. 1994 Jul;125(1):113–116. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70136-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnston C. C., Collinge J. M., Henderson S. J., Anand K. J. A cross-sectional survey of pain and pharmacological analgesia in Canadian neonatal intensive care units. Clin J Pain. 1997 Dec;13(4):308–312. doi: 10.1097/00002508-199712000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katz R., Kelly H. W., Hsi A. Prospective study on the occurrence of withdrawal in critically ill children who receive fentanyl by continuous infusion. Crit Care Med. 1994 May;22(5):763–767. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199405000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liu J. G., Liao X. P., Gong Z. H., Qin B. Y. Methadone-induced desensitization of the delta-opioid receptor is mediated by uncoupling of receptor from G protein. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 18;374(2):301–308. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00322-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liu J. G., Liao X. P., Gong Z. H., Qin B. Y. The difference between methadone and morphine in regulation of delta-opioid receptors underlies the antagonistic effect of methadone on morphine-mediated cellular actions. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 4;373(2-3):233–239. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00270-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mack G., Thomas D., Giles W., Buchanan N. Methadone levels and neonatal withdrawal. J Paediatr Child Health. 1991 Apr;27(2):96–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1991.tb00360.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McCaffery M., Pasero C. The merits of methadone. Am J Nurs. 2000 Jul;100(7):22–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Menon G., Anand K. J., McIntosh N. Practical approach to analgesia and sedation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Semin Perinatol. 1998 Oct;22(5):417–424. doi: 10.1016/s0146-0005(98)80057-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mercadante S., Casuccio A., Calderone L. Rapid switching from morphine to methadone in cancer patients with poor response to morphine. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Oct;17(10):3307–3312. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.10.3307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morley J. S., Watt J. W., Wells J. C., Miles J. B., Finnegan M. J., Leng G. Methadone in pain uncontrolled by morphine. Lancet. 1993 Nov 13;342(8881):1243–1243. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92228-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Olkkola K. T., Hamunen K., Maunuksela E. L. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioid analgesics in infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995 May;28(5):385–404. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199528050-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Quinn M. W., Wild J., Dean H. G., Hartley R., Rushforth J. A., Puntis J. W., Levene M. I. Randomised double-blind controlled trial of effect of morphine on catecholamine concentrations in ventilated pre-term babies. Lancet. 1993 Aug 7;342(8867):324–327. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91472-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richlin D. M., Reuben S. S. Postoperative pain control with methadone following lower abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth. 1991 Mar-Apr;3(2):112–116. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(91)90007-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosen T. S., Pippenger C. E. Pharmacologic observations on the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. J Pediatr. 1976 Jun;88(6):1044–1048. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(76)81074-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rutter N., Evans N. Cardiovascular effects of an intravenous bolus of morphine in the ventilated preterm infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000 Sep;83(2):F101–F103. doi: 10.1136/fn.83.2.F101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shir Y., Shenkman Z., Shavelson V., Davidson E. M., Rosen G. Oral methadone for the treatment of severe pain in hospitalized children: a report of five cases. Clin J Pain. 1998 Dec;14(4):350–353. doi: 10.1097/00002508-199812000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Suresh S., Anand K. J. Opioid tolerance in neonates: mechanisms, diagnosis, assessment, and management. Semin Perinatol. 1998 Oct;22(5):425–433. doi: 10.1016/s0146-0005(98)80058-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Suresh S., Anand K. J. Opioid tolerance in neonates: mechanisms, diagnosis, assessment, and management. Semin Perinatol. 1998 Oct;22(5):425–433. doi: 10.1016/s0146-0005(98)80058-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tobias J. D., Deshpande J. K., Gregory D. F. Outpatient therapy of iatrogenic drug dependency following prolonged sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 1994 Aug;20(7):504–507. doi: 10.1007/BF01711905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tobias J. D., Schleien C. L., Haun S. E. Methadone as treatment for iatrogenic narcotic dependency in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 1990 Nov;18(11):1292–1293. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199011000-00024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tobias J. D. Tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependency after long-term sedation and analgesia of children in the pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000 Jun;28(6):2122–2132. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wood C. M., Rushforth J. A., Hartley R., Dean H., Wild J., Levene M. I. Randomised double blind trial of morphine versus diamorphine for sedation of preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998 Jul;79(1):F34–F39. doi: 10.1136/fn.79.1.f34. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Lima J., Lloyd-Thomas A. R., Howard R. F., Sumner E., Quinn T. M. Infant and neonatal pain: anaesthetists' perceptions and prescribing patterns. BMJ. 1996 Sep 28;313(7060):787–787. doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7060.787. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]