Skip to main content
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition logoLink to Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
. 2005 May;90(3):F211–F219. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.048108

Neonatal pneumonia in developing countries

T Duke
PMCID: PMC1721897  PMID: 15846010

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (106.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adhikari M., Pillay T., Pillay D. G. Tuberculosis in the newborn: an emerging disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 Dec;16(12):1108–1112. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199712000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aiken C. G. HIV-1 infection and perinatal mortality in Zimbabwe. Arch Dis Child. 1992 May;67(5):595–599. doi: 10.1136/adc.67.5.595. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aurangzeb Brekhna, Hameed Abdul. Neonatal sepsis in hospital-born babies: bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 Nov;13(11):629–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bang A. T., Bang R. A., Baitule S. B., Reddy M. H., Deshmukh M. D. Effect of home-based neonatal care and management of sepsis on neonatal mortality: field trial in rural India. Lancet. 1999 Dec 4;354(9194):1955–1961. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03046-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bang A. T., Bang R. A., Morankar V. P., Sontakke P. G., Solanki J. M. Pneumonia in neonates: can it be managed in the community? Arch Dis Child. 1993 May;68(5 Spec No):550–556. doi: 10.1136/adc.68.5_spec_no.550. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bang A. T., Bang R. A., Tale O., Sontakke P., Solanki J., Wargantiwar R., Kelzarkar P. Reduction in pneumonia mortality and total childhood mortality by means of community-based intervention trial in Gadchiroli, India. Lancet. 1990 Jul 28;336(8709):201–206. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91733-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Black Robert E., Morris Saul S., Bryce Jennifer. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet. 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2226–2234. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13779-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bloland P., Slutsker L., Steketee R. W., Wirima J. J., Heymann D. L., Breman J. G. Rates and risk factors for mortality during the first two years of life in rural Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;55(1 Suppl):82–86. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1996.55.82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Coles C. L., Rahmathullah L., Kanungo R., Thulasiraj R. D., Katz J., Santhosham M., Tielsch J. M. Vitamin A supplementation at birth delays pneumococcal colonization in South Indian infants. J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2):255–261. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.2.255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Comer A. M., Perry C. M., Figgitt D. P. Caffeine citrate: a review of its use in apnoea of prematurity. Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(1):61–79. doi: 10.2165/00128072-200103010-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. César J. A., Victora C. G., Barros F. C., Santos I. S., Flores J. A. Impact of breast feeding on admission for pneumonia during postneonatal period in Brazil: nested case-control study. BMJ. 1999 May 15;318(7194):1316–1320. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7194.1316. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dhawan A., Narang A., Singhi S. Hyponatraemia and the inappropriate ADH syndrome in pneumonia. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1992;12(4):455–462. doi: 10.1080/02724936.1992.11747614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Driessen M., Ellis J. B., Cooper P. A., Wainer S., Muwazi F., Hahn D., Gous H., De Villiers F. P. Fluconazole vs. amphotericin B for the treatment of neonatal fungal septicemia: a prospective randomized trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996 Dec;15(12):1107–1112. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199612000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Duke T., Blaschke A. J., Sialis S., Bonkowsky J. L. Hypoxaemia in acute respiratory and non-respiratory illnesses in neonates and children in a developing country. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Feb;86(2):108–112. doi: 10.1136/adc.86.2.108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Duke T., Mgone J., Frank D. Hypoxaemia in children with severe pneumonia in Papua New Guinea. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001 Jun;5(6):511–519. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Duke T., Michael A. Increase in sepsis due to multi-resistant enteric gram-negative bacilli in Papua New Guinea. Lancet. 1999 Jun 26;353(9171):2210–2211. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02389-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Duke T., Willie L., Mgone J. M. The effect of introduction of minimal standards of neonatal care on in-hospital mortality. P N G Med J. 2000 Mar-Jun;43(1-2):127–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Duke Trevor, Michael Audrey, Mgone Joyce, Frank Dale, Wal Tilda, Sehuko Rebecca. Etiology of child mortality in Goroka, Papua New Guinea: a prospective two-year study. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(1):16–25. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Duke Trevor, Molyneux Elizabeth M. Intravenous fluids for seriously ill children: time to reconsider. Lancet. 2003 Oct 18;362(9392):1320–1323. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14577-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. English M., Mohammed S., Ross A., Ndirangu S., Kokwaro G., Shann F., Marsh K. A randomised, controlled trial of once daily and multi-dose daily gentamicin in young Kenyan infants. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Jul;89(7):665–669. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.032284. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. English M., Ngama M., Musumba C., Wamola B., Bwika J., Mohammed S., Ahmed M., Mwarumba S., Ouma B., McHugh K. Causes and outcome of young infant admissions to a Kenyan district hospital. Arch Dis Child. 2003 May;88(5):438–443. doi: 10.1136/adc.88.5.438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Frank D., Duke T. Congenital syphilis at Goroka Base Hospital: incidence, clinical features and risk factors for mortality. P N G Med J. 2000 Mar-Jun;43(1-2):121–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Frey B., Shann F. Oxygen administration in infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 Mar;88(2):F84–F88. doi: 10.1136/fn.88.2.F84. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gatchalian S. R., Quiambao B. P., Morelos A. M., Abraham L., Gepanayao C. P., Sombrero L. T., Paladin J. F., Soriano V. C., Obach M., Sunico E. S. Bacterial and viral etiology of serious infections in very young Filipino infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Oct;18(10 Suppl):S50–S55. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199910001-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Greenwood Brian. Maternal immunisation in developing countries. Vaccine. 2003 Jul 28;21(24):3436–3441. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00346-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hoffman Jill A., Mason Edward O., Schutze Gordon E., Tan Tina Q., Barson William J., Givner Laurence B., Wald Ellen R., Bradley John S., Yogev Ram, Kaplan Sheldon L. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the neonate. Pediatrics. 2003 Nov;112(5):1095–1102. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.5.1095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Humphrey J. H., Agoestina T., Wu L., Usman A., Nurachim M., Subardja D., Hidayat S., Tielsch J., West K. P., Jr, Sommer A. Impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant morbidity and mortality. J Pediatr. 1996 Apr;128(4):489–496. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70359-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Kirkwood B. R., Gove S., Rogers S., Lob-Levyt J., Arthur P., Campbell H. Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73(6):793–798. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lehmann D., Heywood P. Effect of birthweight on pneumonia-specific and total mortality among infants in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J. 1996 Dec;39(4):274–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lehmann D., Sanders R. C., Marjen B., Rongap A., Tschäppeler H., Lamont A. C., Hendry G. M., Wai'in P., Saleu G., Namuigi P. High rates of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in young Papua New Guinean infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Oct;18(10 Suppl):S62–S69. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199910001-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lehmann Deborah, Pomat William S., Riley Ian D., Alpers Michael P. Studies of maternal immunisation with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Papua New Guinea. Vaccine. 2003 Jul 28;21(24):3446–3450. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00348-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Mathur N. B., Garg K., Kumar S. Respiratory distress in neonates with special reference to pneumonia. Indian Pediatr. 2002 Jun;39(6):529–537. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Misra S., Bhakoo O. N., Ayyagiri A., Katariya S. Clinical & bacteriological profile of neonatal pneumonia. Indian J Med Res. 1991 Nov;93:366–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Muhe L., Tilahun M., Lulseged S., Kebede S., Enaro D., Ringertz S., Kronvall G., Gove S., Mulholland E. K. Etiology of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in infants younger than three months of age in Ethiopia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Oct;18(10 Suppl):S56–S61. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199910001-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Munoz F. M., Englund J. A. A step ahead. Infant protection through maternal immunization. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2000 Apr;47(2):449–463. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70217-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Musoke R. N., Revathi G. Emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms in a neonatal unit and the therapeutic implications. J Trop Pediatr. 2000 Apr;46(2):86–91. doi: 10.1093/tropej/46.2.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Mussi-Pinhata Marisa M., Nobre Rivianny A., Martinez Francisco Eulógio, Jorge Salim Moyses, Ferlin Maria Lúcia Silveira, Gonçalves Arthur Lopes. Early-onset bacterial infection in Brazilian neonates with respiratory distress: a hospital-based study. J Trop Pediatr. 2004 Feb;50(1):6–11. doi: 10.1093/tropej/50.1.6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Naeye R. L., Dellinger W. S., Blanc W. A. Fetal and maternal features of antenatal bacterial infections. J Pediatr. 1971 Nov;79(5):733–739. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(71)80383-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Narendran Vivek, Donovan Edward F., Hoath Steven B., Akinbi Henry T., Steichen Jean J., Jobe Alan H. Early bubble CPAP and outcomes in ELBW preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2003 Apr-May;23(3):195–199. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Ng S. P., Gomez J. M., Lim S. H., Ho N. K. Reduction of nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Singapore Med J. 1998 Jul;39(7):319–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. O'Dempsey T. J., McArdle T., Ceesay S. J., Banya W. A., Demba E., Secka O., Leinonen M., Käyhty H., Francis N., Greenwood B. M. Immunization with a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccine. 1996 Jul;14(10):963–970. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(96)00009-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Opai-Tetteh E. T., Hoosen A. A., Moodley J. Re-screening for syphilis at the time of delivery in areas of high prevalence. S Afr Med J. 1993 Oct;83(10):725–726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Patel A., Moodley D., Moodley J. An evaluation of on-site testing for syphilis. Trop Doct. 2001 Apr;31(2):79–82. doi: 10.1177/004947550103100208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Pawa A. K., Ramji S., Prakash K., Thirupuram S. Neonatal nosocomial infection: profile and risk factors. Indian Pediatr. 1997 Apr;34(4):297–302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Pegues D. A., Arathoon E. G., Samayoa B., Del Valle G. T., Anderson R. L., Riddle C. F., O'Hara C. M., Miller J. M., Hill B. C., Highsmith A. K. Epidemic gram-negative bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit in Guatemala. Am J Infect Control. 1994 Jun;22(3):163–171. doi: 10.1016/0196-6553(94)90005-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Petdachai W. Nosocomial pneumonia in a newborn intensive care unit. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 Apr;83(4):392–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Phadke Mridula A., Gadgil Bhaghyashree, Bharucha Kapila E., Shrotri Aparna N., Sastry Jayagowri, Gupte Nikhil A., Brookmeyer Ronald, Paranjape Ramesh S., Bulakh Pandurang M., Pisal Hemalata. Replacement-fed infants born to HIV-infected mothers in India have a high early postpartum rate of hospitalization. J Nutr. 2003 Oct;133(10):3153–3157. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.10.3153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Pieper C. H., Smith J., Maree D., Pohl F. C. Is nCPAP of value in extreme preterms with no access to neonatal intensive care? J Trop Pediatr. 2003 Jun;49(3):148–152. doi: 10.1093/tropej/49.3.148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Pillay T., Adhikari M., Mokili J., Moodley D., Connolly C., Doorasamy T., Coovadia H. M. Severe, rapidly progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease in newborns with coinfections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Apr;20(4):404–410. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200104000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Preece P. M., Anderson J. M., Thompson R. G. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infants: a prospective study. Arch Dis Child. 1989 Apr;64(4):525–529. doi: 10.1136/adc.64.4.525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Prevedoros H. P., Lee R. P., Marriot D. CPAP, effective respiratory support in patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1991 Nov;19(4):561–566. doi: 10.1177/0310057X9101900413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Quiambao B. P., Nohynek H., Käyhty H., Ollgren J., Gozum L., Gepanayao C. P., Soriano V., Mäkela P. H. Maternal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the Philippines. Vaccine. 2003 Jul 28;21(24):3451–3454. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00349-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Rahman S., Hameed A., Roghani M. T., Ullah Z. Multidrug resistant neonatal sepsis in Peshawar, Pakistan. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002 Jul;87(1):F52–F54. doi: 10.1136/fn.87.1.F52. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Rahmathullah Lakshmi, Tielsch James M., Thulasiraj R. D., Katz Joanne, Coles Christian, Devi Sheela, John Rajeesh, Prakash Karthik, Sadanand A. V., Edwin N. Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomised trial in southern India. BMJ. 2003 Aug 2;327(7409):254–254. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7409.254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Rajab A., De Louvois J. Survey of infection in babies at the Khoula Hospital, Oman. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1990 Mar;10(1):39–43. doi: 10.1080/02724936.1990.11747407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Rajesh V. T., Singhi S., Kataria S. Tachypnoea is a good predictor of hypoxia in acutely ill infants under 2 months. Arch Dis Child. 2000 Jan;82(1):46–49. doi: 10.1136/adc.82.1.46. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Rosenman Marc B., Mahon Barbara E., Downs Stephen M., Kleiman Martin B. Oral erythromycin prophylaxis vs watchful waiting in caring for newborns exposed to Chlamydia trachomatis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Jun;157(6):565–571. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.157.6.565. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Sazawal Sunil, Black Robert E., Pneumonia Case Management Trials Group Effect of pneumonia case management on mortality in neonates, infants, and preschool children: a meta-analysis of community-based trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Sep;3(9):547–556. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00737-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Shahid N. S., Steinhoff M. C., Hoque S. S., Begum T., Thompson C., Siber G. R. Serum, breast milk, and infant antibody after maternal immunisation with pneumococcal vaccine. Lancet. 1995 Nov 11;346(8985):1252–1257. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91861-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Shakunthala S. K., Mallikarjuna Rao G., Urmila S. "Diagnostic lung puncture aspiration in acute pneumonia of newborn". Indian Pediatr. 1978 Jan;15(1):39–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Sharek Paul J., Benitz William E., Abel Nancy J., Freeburn Mary Jane, Mayer Michelle L., Bergman David A. Effect of an evidence-based hand washing policy on hand washing rates and false-positive coagulase negative staphylococcus blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture rates in a level III NICU. J Perinatol. 2002 Mar;22(2):137–143. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Singhi S., Singhi P. D. Clinical signs in neonatal pneumonia. Lancet. 1990 Oct 27;336(8722):1072–1073. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92547-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Taha T. E., Biggar R. J., Broadhead R. L., Mtimavalye L. A., Justesen A. B., Liomba G. N., Chiphangwi J. D., Miotti P. G. Effect of cleansing the birth canal with antiseptic solution on maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Malawi: clinical trial. BMJ. 1997 Jul 26;315(7102):216–220. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7102.216. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Temmerman M., Gichangi P., Fonck K., Apers L., Claeys P., Van Renterghem L., Kiragu D., Karanja G., Ndinya-Achola J., Bwayo J. Effect of a syphilis control programme on pregnancy outcome in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Apr;76(2):117–121. doi: 10.1136/sti.76.2.117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Webber S., Wilkinson A. R., Lindsell D., Hope P. L., Dobson S. R., Isaacs D. Neonatal pneumonia. Arch Dis Child. 1990 Feb;65(2):207–211. doi: 10.1136/adc.65.2.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Weber M. W., Mulholland E. K., Greenwood B. M. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in tropical and developing countries. Trop Med Int Health. 1998 Apr;3(4):268–280. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00213.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Weber Martin W., Milligan Paul, Sanneh Mariama, Awemoyi Agnes, Dakour Raduwan, Schneider Gisela, Palmer Ayo, Jallow Mariatou, Oparaogu Anslem, Whittle Hilton. An epidemiological study of RSV infection in the Gambia. Bull World Health Organ. 2002 Jul 30;80(7):562–568. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Webster J., Faoagali J. L., Cartwright D. Elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit after hand washing with triclosan. J Paediatr Child Health. 1994 Feb;30(1):59–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00568.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Were F. N., Govedi A. F., Revathi G., Wambani J. S. Chlamydia as a cause of late neonatal pneumonia at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J. 2002 Sep;79(9):476–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. West B., Walraven G., Morison L., Brouwers J., Bailey R. Performance of the rapid plasma reagin and the rapid syphilis screening tests in the diagnosis of syphilis in field conditions in rural Africa. Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Aug;78(4):282–285. doi: 10.1136/sti.78.4.282. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. de Man P., Verhoeven B. A., Verbrugh H. A., Vos M. C., van den Anker J. N. An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli. Lancet. 2000 Mar 18;355(9208):973–978. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)90015-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES