Skip to main content
The British Journal of Ophthalmology logoLink to The British Journal of Ophthalmology
. 2000 May;84(5):542–545. doi: 10.1136/bjo.84.5.542

Macular oedema: the role of soluble mediators

D KENT 1, S VINORES 1, P CAMPOCHIARO 1
PMCID: PMC1723483  PMID: 10781524

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (89.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahmed A., Dearn S., Shams M., Li X. F., Sangha R. K., Rola-Pleszczynski M., Jiang J. Localization, quantification, and activation of platelet-activating factor receptor in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle: PAF stimulates NO, VEGF, and FAKpp125. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):831–843. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.12.10.831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bamforth S. D., Lightman S. L., Greenwood J. Interleukin-1 beta-induced disruption of the retinal vascular barrier of the central nervous system is mediated through leukocyte recruitment and histamine. Am J Pathol. 1997 Jan;150(1):329–340. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bamforth S. D., Lightman S. L., Greenwood J. Ultrastructural analysis of interleukin-1 beta-induced leukocyte recruitment to the rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997 Jan;38(1):25–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bamforth S. D., Lightman S., Greenwood J. The effect of TNF-alpha and IL-6 on the permeability of the rat blood-retinal barrier in vivo. Acta Neuropathol. 1996;91(6):624–632. doi: 10.1007/s004010050476. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bazan N. G. Metabolism of arachidonic acid in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium: biological effects of oxygenated metabolites of arachidonic acid. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989;312:15–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bresnick G. H. Diabetic maculopathy. A critical review highlighting diffuse macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1983 Nov;90(11):1301–1317. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(83)34388-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Caspi R. R., Roberge F. G., Chan C. C., Wiggert B., Chader G. J., Rozenszajn L. A., Lando Z., Nussenblatt R. B. A new model of autoimmune disease. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis induced in mice with two different retinal antigens. J Immunol. 1988 Mar 1;140(5):1490–1495. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chan C. C., Caspi R. R., Ni M., Leake W. C., Wiggert B., Chader G. J., Nussenblatt R. B. Pathology of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice. J Autoimmun. 1990 Jun;3(3):247–255. doi: 10.1016/0896-8411(90)90144-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Claudio L., Martiney J. A., Brosnan C. F. Ultrastructural studies of the blood-retina barrier after exposure to interleukin-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Lab Invest. 1994 Jun;70(6):850–861. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cogan D. G., Kuwabara T. The mural cell in perspective. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967 Aug;78(2):133–139. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1967.00980030135005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Collins P. D., Connolly D. T., Williams T. J. Characterization of the increase in vascular permeability induced by vascular permeability factor in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 May;109(1):195–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13553.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cox S. N., Hay E., Bird A. C. Treatment of chronic macular edema with acetazolamide. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Sep;106(9):1190–1195. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1988.01060140350030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cunha-Vaz J., Faria de Abreu J. R., Campos A. J. Early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1975 Nov;59(11):649–656. doi: 10.1136/bjo.59.11.649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dobrogowska D. H., Lossinsky A. S., Tarnawski M., Vorbrodt A. W. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability and endothelial abnormalities induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Neurocytol. 1998 Mar;27(3):163–173. doi: 10.1023/a:1006907608230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Enea N. A., Hollis T. M., Kern J. A., Gardner T. W. Histamine H1 receptors mediate increased blood-retinal barrier permeability in experimental diabetes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Feb;107(2):270–274. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010276036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Engerman R., Bloodworth J. M., Jr, Nelson S. Relationship of microvascular disease in diabetes to metabolic control. Diabetes. 1977 Aug;26(8):760–769. doi: 10.2337/diab.26.8.760. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ferrick M. R., Thurau S. R., Oppenheim M. H., Herbort C. P., Ni M., Zachariae C. O., Matsushima K., Chan C. C. Ocular inflammation stimulated by intravitreal interleukin-8 and interleukin-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Apr;32(5):1534–1539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Flach A. J., Dolan B. J., Irvine A. R. Effectiveness of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution for chronic aphakic and pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987 Apr 15;103(4):479–486. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)74268-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Flach A. J., Stegman R. C., Graham J., Kruger L. P. Prophylaxis of aphakic cystoid macular edema without corticosteroids. A paired-comparison, placebo-controlled double-masked study. Ophthalmology. 1990 Oct;97(10):1253–1258. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32423-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Fleisher L. N., Ferrell J. B., McGahan M. C. Synergistic uveitic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Jun;33(7):2120–2127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fleisher L., Ferrell J., McGahan C. Mediators of the ocular inflammatory response to interleukin-1 beta plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1995 Feb;233(2):94–100. doi: 10.1007/BF00241479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Forrester J. V., Liversidge J., Dua H. S., Dick A., Harper F., McMenamin P. G. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: a model system for immunointervention: a review. Curr Eye Res. 1992;11 (Suppl):33–40. doi: 10.3109/02713689208999509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fujii E., Irie K., Uchida Y., Ohba K., Muraki T. Role of eicosanoids but not nitric oxide in the platelet-activating factor-induced increase in vascular permeability in mouse skin. Eur J Pharmacol. 1995 Feb 6;273(3):267–272. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)00697-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gardner T. W., Eller A. W., Friberg T. R., D'Antonio J. A., Hollis T. M. Antihistamines reduce blood-retinal barrier permeability in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with nonproliferative retinopathy. A pilot study. Retina. 1995;15(2):134–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Grant M. B., Mames R. N., Fitzgerald C., Ellis E. A., Aboufriekha M., Guy J. Insulin-like growth factor I acts as an angiogenic agent in rabbit cornea and retina: comparative studies with basic fibroblast growth factor. Diabetologia. 1993 Apr;36(4):282–291. doi: 10.1007/BF00400229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hussain M. A., Studer K., Messmer E. P., Froesch E. R. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor I alters capillary permeability in skin and retina. Diabetes. 1995 Oct;44(10):1209–1212. doi: 10.2337/diab.44.10.1209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kuijpers R. W., Baarsma S., van Hagen P. M. Treatment of cystoid macular edema with octreotide. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 26;338(9):624–626. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199802263380917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Luna J. D., Chan C. C., Derevjanik N. L., Mahlow J., Chiu C., Peng B., Tobe T., Campochiaro P. A., Vinores S. A. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: comparison with vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1beta-mediated breakdown. J Neurosci Res. 1997 Aug 1;49(3):268–280. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19970801)49:3<268::aid-jnr2>3.0.co;2-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Miyake K. Indomethacin in the treatment of postoperative cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984 May;28 (Suppl):554–568. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(84)90239-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Miyake K. Prophylaxis of aphakic cystoid macular edema using topical indomethacin. J Am Intraocul Implant Soc. 1978 Oct;4(4):174–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Murata T., Nakagawa K., Khalil A., Ishibashi T., Inomata H., Sueishi K. The relation between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic rat retinas. Lab Invest. 1996 Apr;74(4):819–825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Murohara T., Horowitz J. R., Silver M., Tsurumi Y., Chen D., Sullivan A., Isner J. M. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor enhances vascular permeability via nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Circulation. 1998 Jan 6;97(1):99–107. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.1.99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Neufeld A. H., Sears M. L. The site of action of prostaglandin E2 on the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the rabbit eye. Exp Eye Res. 1973 Dec 10;17(5):445–448. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(73)90224-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Okamoto N., Tobe T., Hackett S. F., Ozaki H., Vinores M. A., LaRochelle W., Zack D. J., Campochiaro P. A. Transgenic mice with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the retina: a new model of intraretinal and subretinal neovascularization. Am J Pathol. 1997 Jul;151(1):281–291. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Ozaki H., Hayashi H., Vinores S. A., Moromizato Y., Campochiaro P. A., Oshima K. Intravitreal sustained release of VEGF causes retinal neovascularization in rabbits and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in rabbits and primates. Exp Eye Res. 1997 Apr;64(4):505–517. doi: 10.1006/exer.1996.0239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Predescu D., Ihida K., Predescu S., Palade G. E. The vascular distribution of the platelet-activating factor receptor. Eur J Cell Biol. 1996 Jan;69(1):86–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ramírez M. M., Quardt S. M., Kim D., Oshiro H., Minnicozzi M., Durán W. N. Platelet activating factor modulates microvascular permeability through nitric oxide synthesis. Microvasc Res. 1995 Sep;50(2):223–234. doi: 10.1006/mvre.1995.1055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Rhee C. K., Park Y. S., Long S. A., Jung T. T., Davamony D. Effects of platelet activating factor on vascular permeability of the middle ear mucosa. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1997 Jul;106(7 Pt 1):604–607. doi: 10.1177/000348949710600714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Richardson P. R., Boulton M. E., Duvall-Young J., McLeod D. Immunocytochemical study of retinal diode laser photocoagulation in the rat. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 Dec;80(12):1092–1098. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.12.1092. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Rizzolo L. J. Polarity and the development of the outer blood-retinal barrier. Histol Histopathol. 1997 Oct;12(4):1057–1067. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rothova A., Suttorp-van Schulten M. S., Frits Treffers W., Kijlstra A. Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 Apr;80(4):332–336. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.4.332. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rubin R. M., Rosenbaum J. T. A platelet-activating factor antagonist inhibits interleukin 1-induced inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jul 15;154(1):429–436. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90704-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Sagaties M. J., Raviola G., Schaeffer S., Miller C. The structural basis of the inner blood-retina barrier in the eye of Macaca mulatta. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987 Dec;28(12):2000–2014. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Sirois M. G., Edelman E. R. VEGF effect on vascular permeability is mediated by synthesis of platelet-activating factor. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 2):H2746–H2756. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.6.H2746. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Smith D., Lee E. K., Saloupis P., Davis J. K., Hatchell D. L. Role of neutrophils in breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier following intravitreal injection of platelet-activating factor. Exp Eye Res. 1994 Oct;59(4):425–432. doi: 10.1006/exer.1994.1127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Stewart P. A., Tuor U. I. Blood-eye barriers in the rat: correlation of ultrastructure with function. J Comp Neurol. 1994 Feb 22;340(4):566–576. doi: 10.1002/cne.903400409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Tso M. O., Shih C. Y. Disruption of blood-retinal barrier in ocular hypotony: preliminary report. Exp Eye Res. 1976 Aug;23(2):209–216. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90204-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Tso M. O., Shih C. Y. Experimental macular edema after lens extraction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1977 May;16(5):381–392. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Vegge T., Neufeld A. H., Sears M. L. Morphology of the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes of the rabbit eye after prostaglandin E2. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975 Jan;14(1):33–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Vinores S. A., Amin A., Derevjanik N. L., Green W. R., Campochiaro P. A. Immunohistochemical localization of blood-retinal barrier breakdown sites associated with post-surgical macular oedema. Histochem J. 1994 Aug;26(8):655–665. doi: 10.1007/BF00158291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Vinores S. A., Campochiaro P. A., Lee A., McGehee R., Gadegbeku C., Green W. R. Localization of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in human pathologic specimens by immunohistochemical staining for albumin. Lab Invest. 1990 Jun;62(6):742–750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Vinores S. A., Chan C. C., Vinores M. A., Matteson D. M., Chen Y. S., Klein D. A., Shi A., Ozaki H., Campochiaro P. A. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: upregulation of VEGF without neovascularization. J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Aug 14;89(1-2):43–50. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00075-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Vinores S. A., Gadegbeku C., Campochiaro P. A., Green W. R. Immunohistochemical localization of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in human diabetics. Am J Pathol. 1989 Feb;134(2):231–235. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Vinores S. A., Küchle M., Derevjanik N. L., Henderer J. D., Mahlow J., Green W. R., Campochiaro P. A. Blood-retinal barrier breakdown in retinitis pigmentosa: light and electron microscopic immunolocalization. Histol Histopathol. 1995 Oct;10(4):913–923. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Vinores S. A., Küchle M., Mahlow J., Chiu C., Green W. R., Campochiaro P. A. Blood-ocular barrier breakdown in eyes with ocular melanoma. A potential role for vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor. Am J Pathol. 1995 Nov;147(5):1289–1297. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Vinores S. A., Sen H., Campochiaro P. A. An adenosine agonist and prostaglandin E1 cause breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier by opening tight junctions between vascular endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 May;33(6):1870–1878. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Vinores S. A., Van Niel E., Swerdloff J. L., Campochiaro P. A. Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in human diabetics and its association with aldose reductase in retinal vascular endothelium and retinal pigment epithelium. Histochem J. 1993 Sep;25(9):648–663. doi: 10.1007/BF00157879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Vinores S. A., Youssri A. I., Luna J. D., Chen Y. S., Bhargave S., Vinores M. A., Schoenfeld C. L., Peng B., Chan C. C., LaRochelle W. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic and non-ischemic human and experimental retinal disease. Histol Histopathol. 1997 Jan;12(1):99–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Yanoff M., Fine B. S., Brucker A. J., Eagle R. C., Jr Pathology of human cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984 May;28 (Suppl):505–511. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(84)90233-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Yoshida M., Yoshimura N., Hangai M., Tanihara H., Honda Y. Interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor gene expression in endotoxin-induced uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Mar;35(3):1107–1113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. de Kozak Y., Sakai J., Thillaye B., Faure J. P. S antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis in rats. Curr Eye Res. 1981;1(6):327–337. doi: 10.3109/02713688108998359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. de Lima W. T., Kwasniewski F. H., Sirois P., Jancar S. Studies on the mechanism of PAF-induced vasopermeability in rat lungs. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1995 Apr;52(4):245–249. doi: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90044-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The British Journal of Ophthalmology are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES