Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (88.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anand K. J., Carr D. B. The neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry of pain, stress, and analgesia in newborns and children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989 Aug;36(4):795–822. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36722-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anand K. J., Hansen D. D., Hickey P. R. Hormonal-metabolic stress responses in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 1990 Oct;73(4):661–670. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199010000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anand K. J., Hickey P. R. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J Med. 1987 Nov 19;317(21):1321–1329. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198711193172105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Attard A. R., Corlett M. J., Kidner N. J., Leslie A. P., Fraser I. A. Safety of early pain relief for acute abdominal pain. BMJ. 1992 Sep 5;305(6853):554–556. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6853.554. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benini F., Johnston C. C., Faucher D., Aranda J. V. Topical anesthesia during circumcision in newborn infants. JAMA. 1993 Aug 18;270(7):850–853. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beyer J. E., DeGood D. E., Ashley L. C., Russell G. A. Patterns of postoperative analgesic use with adults and children following cardiac surgery. Pain. 1983 Sep;17(1):71–81. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(83)90129-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bhatt-Mehta V., Rosen D. A. Management of acute pain in children. Clin Pharm. 1991 Sep;10(9):667–685. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bieri D., Reeve R. A., Champion G. D., Addicoat L., Ziegler J. B. The Faces Pain Scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties. Pain. 1990 May;41(2):139–150. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90018-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burrows F. A., Berde C. B. Optimal pain relief in infants and children. BMJ. 1993 Oct 2;307(6908):815–816. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6908.815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Derbyshire S. W., Furedi A. Do fetuses feel pain? "Fetal pain" is a misnomer. BMJ. 1996 Sep 28;313(7060):795–795. doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7060.795a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ducharme J. Emergency pain management: a Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) consensus document. J Emerg Med. 1994 Nov-Dec;12(6):855–866. doi: 10.1016/0736-4679(94)90498-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fitzgerald M. Development of pain mechanisms. Br Med Bull. 1991 Jul;47(3):667–675. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Friedland L. R., Kulick R. M. Emergency department analgesic use in pediatric trauma victims with fractures. Ann Emerg Med. 1994 Feb;23(2):203–207. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(94)70031-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grunau R. V., Craig K. D. Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry. Pain. 1987 Mar;28(3):395–410. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(87)90073-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LeDez K. M., Lerman J. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in preterm neonates. Anesthesiology. 1987 Sep;67(3):301–307. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198709000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McGrath P. A. Pain in the pediatric patient: practical aspects of assessment. Pediatr Ann. 1995 Mar;24(3):126-33, 137-8. doi: 10.3928/0090-4481-19950301-06. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Melzack R., Wall P. D. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965 Nov 19;150(3699):971–979. doi: 10.1126/science.150.3699.971. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Porter J., Jick H. Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. N Engl J Med. 1980 Jan 10;302(2):123–123. doi: 10.1056/nejm198001103020221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Purcell-Jones G., Dormon F., Sumner E. Paediatric anaesthetists' perceptions of neonatal and infant pain. Pain. 1988 May;33(2):181–187. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90089-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichl M., Bodiwala G. G. Use of analgesia in severe pain in the accident and emergency department. Arch Emerg Med. 1987 Mar;4(1):25–31. doi: 10.1136/emj.4.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sandhu S., Driscoll P., Nancarrow J., McHugh D. Analgesia in the accident and emergency department: do SHOs have the knowledge to provide optimal analgesia? J Accid Emerg Med. 1998 May;15(3):147–150. doi: 10.1136/emj.15.3.147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schechter N. L., Allen D. A., Hanson K. Status of pediatric pain control: a comparison of hospital analgesic usage in children and adults. Pediatrics. 1986 Jan;77(1):11–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schechter N. L., Allen D. Physicians' attitudes toward pain in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1986 Dec;7(6):350–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schechter N. L. The undertreatment of pain in children: an overview. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989 Aug;36(4):781–794. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36721-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Selbst S. M. Analgesia in children. Why is it underused in emergency departments? Drug Saf. 1992 Jan-Feb;7(1):8–13. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199207010-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Selbst S. M., Clark M. Analgesic use in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1990 Sep;19(9):1010–1013. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82565-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Selbst S. M., Henretig F. M. The treatment of pain in the emergency department. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989 Aug;36(4):965–978. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36731-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simpson N., Finlay F. Acute pain management for children in A&E. J Accid Emerg Med. 1997 Jan;14(1):58–58. doi: 10.1136/emj.14.1.58-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southall D. P., Cronin B. C., Hartmann H., Harrison-Sewell C., Samuels M. P. Invasive procedures in children receiving intensive care. BMJ. 1993 Jun 5;306(6891):1512–1513. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6891.1512-a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Visintainer M. A., Wolfer J. A. Psychological preparation for surgery pediatric patients: the effects on children's and parents' stress responses and adjustment. Pediatrics. 1975 Aug;56(2):187–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wellington N., Rieder M. J. Attitudes and practices regarding analgesia for newborn circumcision. Pediatrics. 1993 Oct;92(4):541–543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yaster M., Deshpande J. K. Management of pediatric pain with opioid analgesics. J Pediatr. 1988 Sep;113(3):421–429. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80622-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]