Skip to main content
Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ logoLink to Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ
. 2005 Jan;22(1):8–16. doi: 10.1136/emj.2003.010421

Tension pneumothorax—time for a re-think?

S Leigh-Smith 1, T Harris 1
PMCID: PMC1726546  PMID: 15611534

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (97.6 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allison K., Porter K. M., Mason A. M. Use of the Asherman chest seal as a stabilisation device for needle thoracostomy. Emerg Med J. 2002 Nov;19(6):590–591. doi: 10.1136/emj.19.6.590. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Askins D. C. Spontaneous tension pneumothorax during sexual intercourse. Ann Emerg Med. 1984 Apr;13(4):303–306. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(84)80502-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bailey R. C. Complications of tube thoracostomy in trauma. J Accid Emerg Med. 2000 Mar;17(2):111–114. doi: 10.1136/emj.17.2.111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baldwin L. N. Mixed venous oximetry in the diagnosis of tension pneumothorax. Anaesthesia. 1995 Feb;50(2):181–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barton E. D., Epperson M., Hoyt D. B., Fortlage D., Rosen P. Prehospital needle aspiration and tube thoracostomy in trauma victims: a six-year experience with aeromedical crews. J Emerg Med. 1995 Mar-Apr;13(2):155–163. doi: 10.1016/0736-4679(94)00135-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Barton E. D., Rhee P., Hutton K. C., Rosen P. The pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax in ventilated swine. J Emerg Med. 1997 Mar-Apr;15(2):147–153. doi: 10.1016/s0736-4679(96)00312-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barton E. D. Tension pneumothorax. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 1999 Jul;5(4):269–274. doi: 10.1097/00063198-199907000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Baumann M. H., Sahn S. A. Tension pneumothorax: diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. Crit Care Med. 1993 Feb;21(2):177–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Beards S. C., Lipman J. Decreased cardiac index as an indicator of tension pneumothorax in the ventilated patient. Anaesthesia. 1994 Feb;49(2):137–141. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03371.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bennett R. A., Orton E. C., Tucker A., Heiller C. L. Cardiopulmonary changes in conscious dogs with induced progressive pneumothorax. Am J Vet Res. 1989 Feb;50(2):280–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Boon D., Llewellyn T., Rushton P. A strange case of a tension pneumothorax. Emerg Med J. 2002 Sep;19(5):470–471. doi: 10.1136/emj.19.5.470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bourgouin P., Cousineau G., Lemire P., Hébert G. Computed tomography used to exclude pneumothorax in bullous lung disease. J Can Assoc Radiol. 1985 Dec;36(4):341–342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Britten S., Palmer S. H. Chest wall thickness may limit adequate drainage of tension pneumothorax by needle thoracocentesis. J Accid Emerg Med. 1996 Nov;13(6):426–427. doi: 10.1136/emj.13.6.426. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Britten S., Palmer S. H., Snow T. M. Needle thoracocentesis in tension pneumothorax: insufficient cannula length and potential failure. Injury. 1996 Jun;27(5):321–322. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(96)00007-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Butler Karyn L., Best Irwin M., Weaver Wm Lynn, Bumpers Harvey L. Pulmonary artery injury and cardiac tamponade after needle decompression of a suspected tension pneumothorax. J Trauma. 2003 Mar;54(3):610–611. doi: 10.1097/01.TA.0000046380.92001.81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cameron P. A., Flett K., Kaan E., Atkin C., Dziukas L. Helicopter retrieval of primary trauma patients by a paramedic helicopter service. Aust N Z J Surg. 1993 Oct;63(10):790–797. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1993.tb00342.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Carvalho P., Hilderbrandt J., Charan N. B. Changes in bronchial and pulmonary arterial blood flow with progressive tension pneumothorax. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996 Oct;81(4):1664–1669. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chan L., Reilly K. M., Henderson C., Kahn F., Salluzzo R. F. Complication rates of tube thoracostomy. Am J Emerg Med. 1997 Jul;15(4):368–370. doi: 10.1016/s0735-6757(97)90127-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chan Stewart Siu Wa. Emergency bedside ultrasound to detect pneumothorax. Acad Emerg Med. 2003 Jan;10(1):91–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb01984.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chen Kuan-Yu, Jerng Jih-Shuin, Liao Wei-Yu, Ding Liang-Wen, Kuo Lu-Cheng, Wang Jann-Yuan, Yang Pan-Chyr. Pneumothorax in the ICU: patient outcomes and prognostic factors. Chest. 2002 Aug;122(2):678–683. doi: 10.1378/chest.122.2.678. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Coats T. J., Wilson A. W., Xeropotamous N. Pre-hospital management of patients with severe thoracic injury. Injury. 1995 Nov;26(9):581–585. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(95)00107-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohen Y., Laker M. [Tension pneumothorax from inappropriate oxygen administration]. Harefuah. 1993 May 2;124(9):549-51, 599. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Collins J. A., Samra G. S. Failure of chest X-rays to diagnose pneumothoraces after blunt trauma. Anaesthesia. 1998 Jan;53(1):74–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1998.00280.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Conces D. J., Jr, Tarver R. D., Gray W. C., Pearcy E. A. Treatment of pneumothoraces utilizing small caliber chest tubes. Chest. 1988 Jul;94(1):55–57. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.1.55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Connolly J. P. Hemodynamic measurements during a tension pneumothorax. Crit Care Med. 1993 Feb;21(2):294–296. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199302000-00024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Coren M. E., Rosenthal M., Bush A. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia misdiagnosed as tension pneumothorax. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997 Aug;24(2):119–121. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199708)24:2<119::aid-ppul8>3.0.co;2-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Criddle L. M. An unusual case of tension pneumothorax. Am J Crit Care. 1995 Jul;4(4):314–318. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Cullinane D. C., Morris J. A., Jr, Bass J. G., Rutherford E. J. Needle thoracostomy may not be indicated in the trauma patient. Injury. 2001 Dec;32(10):749–752. doi: 10.1016/s0020-1383(01)00082-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Daly R. C., Mucha P., Pairolero P. C., Farnell M. B. The risk of percutaneous chest tube thoracostomy for blunt thoracic trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 1985 Sep;14(9):865–870. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(85)80635-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Deakin C. D., Davies G., Wilson A. Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma. 1995 Aug;39(2):373–374. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199508000-00031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dunlop M. G., Beattie T. F., Preston P. G., Steedman D. J. Clinical assessment and radiograph following blunt chest trauma. Arch Emerg Med. 1989 Jun;6(2):125–127. doi: 10.1136/emj.6.2.125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Eckstein M., Suyehara D. Needle thoracostomy in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998 Apr-Jun;2(2):132–135. doi: 10.1080/10903129808958857. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Engoren M., de St Victor P. Tension pneumothorax and contralateral presumed pneumothorax from endobronchial intubation via cricothyroidotomy. Chest. 2000 Dec;118(6):1833–1835. doi: 10.1378/chest.118.6.1833. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Etoch S. W., Bar-Natan M. F., Miller F. B., Richardson J. D. Tube thoracostomy. Factors related to complications. Arch Surg. 1995 May;130(5):521–526. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430050071012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Friend K. D. Prehospital recognition of tension pneumothorax. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000 Jan-Mar;4(1):75–77. doi: 10.1080/10903120090941704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Gambrill Vikki L. Diagnosis and treatment of tension pneumothorax under anesthesia: a case report. AANA J. 2002 Feb;70(1):21–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Gilbert T. B. Hemodynamic consequences of tension pneumothorax. Crit Care Med. 1993 Dec;21(12):1981–1982. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199312000-00034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Gobien R. P., Reines H. D., Schabel S. I. Localized tension pneumothorax: unrecognized form of barotrauma in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Radiology. 1982 Jan;142(1):15–19. doi: 10.1148/radiology.142.1.7031759. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Gordon R. The deep sulcus sign. Radiology. 1980 Jul;136(1):25–27. doi: 10.1148/radiology.136.1.7384513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Greene R., McLoud T. C., Stark P. Pneumothorax. Semin Roentgenol. 1977 Oct;12(4):313–325. doi: 10.1016/0037-198x(77)90045-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gustman P., Yerger L., Wanner A. Immediate cardiovascular effects of tension pneumothorax. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Feb;127(2):171–174. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.2.171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Hardy M. J., Huard C., Lundblad T. C. Bilateral tension pneumothorax during jet ventilation: a case report. AANA J. 2000 Jun;68(3):241–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hollins G. W., Beattie T., Harper I., Little K. Tension pneumothorax: report of two cases presenting with acute abdominal symptoms. J Accid Emerg Med. 1994 Mar;11(1):43–44. doi: 10.1136/emj.11.1.43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Holloway V. J., Harris J. K. Spontaneous pneumothorax: is it under tension? J Accid Emerg Med. 2000 May;17(3):222–223. doi: 10.1136/emj.17.3.222. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Hostetler M. A., Davis C. O. Bilateral localized tension pneumothoraces refractory to needle decompression. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999 Oct;15(5):322–324. doi: 10.1097/00006565-199910000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hurewitz A. N., Sidhu U., Bergofsky E. H., Leff B., Averbuch I., Grimson R., Chanana A. D. Cardiovascular and respiratory consequences of tension pneumothorax. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1986 Nov-Dec;22(6):545–549. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hyde J., Sykes T., Graham T. Reducing morbidity from chest drains. BMJ. 1997 Mar 29;314(7085):914–915. doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7085.914. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Janssens U., Koch K. C., Graf J., Hanrath P. Severe transmyocardial ischemia in a patient with tension pneumothorax. Crit Care Med. 2000 May;28(5):1638–1641. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200005000-00065. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Jantsch H., Winkler M., Pichler W., Mauritz W., Lechner G. Pneumothorax beim Intensivpatienten: Die Wertigkeit von Tangentialaufnahmen. Rofo. 1990 Sep;153(3):275–277. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1033378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Jenkins C., Sudheer P. S. Needle thoracocentesis fails to diagnose a large pneumothorax. Anaesthesia. 2000 Sep;55(9):925–926. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01664-20.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Jones R., Hollingsworth J. Tension pneumothoraces not responding to needle thoracocentesis. Emerg Med J. 2002 Mar;19(2):176–177. doi: 10.1136/emj.19.2.176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. KILBURN K. H. Cardiorespiratory effects of large pneumothorax in conscious and anesthetized dogs. J Appl Physiol. 1963 Mar;18:279–283. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1963.18.2.279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Kollef M. H. Hemodynamic measurements during a tension pneumothorax. Crit Care Med. 1994 May;22(5):896–896. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199405000-00031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kollef M. H. Risk factors for the misdiagnosis of pneumothorax in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 1991 Jul;19(7):906–910. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199107000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kollef M. H. The effect of an increased index of suspicion on the diagnosis of pneumothorax in the critically ill. Mil Med. 1992 Nov;157(11):591–593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kupferschmid J. P., Carr T., Fonger J. D., Aldea G. S., Vosburgh E. Chronic tension pneumothorax mimicking tension bullae. Use of video-assisted thoracoscopy for diagnosis. Chest. 1993 Dec;104(6):1913–1914. doi: 10.1378/chest.104.6.1913. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Laishley R. S., Aps C. Tension pneumothorax and pulse oximetry. Br J Anaesth. 1991 Feb;66(2):250–252. doi: 10.1093/bja/66.2.250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Lichtenstein D. A., Menu Y. A bedside ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax in the critically ill. Lung sliding. Chest. 1995 Nov;108(5):1345–1348. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.5.1345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Light R. W. Tension pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med. 1994 Aug;20(7):468–469. doi: 10.1007/BF01711896. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Loer S., Fritz K. W. Lebensbedrohlicher Spannungspneumothorax nach Punktion der V. subclavia und Dislokation einer Thoraxdrainage. Anaesthesiol Reanim. 1994;19(5):137–138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ludwig J., Kienzle G. D. Pneumothorax in a large autopsy population. A study of 77 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1978 Jul;70(1):24–26. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/70.1.24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. MALONEY J. V., Jr, SCHMUTZER K. J., RASCHKE E. Paradoxical respiration and "pendelluft". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1961 Mar;41:291–298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Mainini S. E., Johnson F. E. Tension pneumothorax complicating small-caliber chest tube insertion. Chest. 1990 Mar;97(3):759–760. doi: 10.1378/chest.97.3.759. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Mariani P. J., Sharma S. Iatrogenic tension pneumothorax complicating outpatient Heimlich valve chest drainage. J Emerg Med. 1994 Jul-Aug;12(4):477–479. doi: 10.1016/0736-4679(94)90343-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Millikan J. S., Moore E. E., Steiner E., Aragon G. E., Van Way C. W., 3rd Complications of tube thoracostomy for acute trauma. Am J Surg. 1980 Dec;140(6):738–741. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(80)90107-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Mines D., Abbuhl S. Needle thoracostomy fails to detect a fatal tension pneumothorax. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 May;22(5):863–866. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80809-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Monterrubio Villar J., Fernández Bergés D., Alzugaray Fraga R. J., Veiga M. D., Córdoba López A., Corcho Díaz G. Elevación del ST y neumotórax a tensión. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2000 Mar;53(3):467–470. doi: 10.1016/s0300-8932(00)75111-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Muckart D. J., Aitchison J. M. Fatality from blind intubation of suspected tension pneumothorax. Injury. 1989 May;20(3):175–176. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(89)90094-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Pattison G. T. Needle thoracocentesis in tension pneumothorax: insufficient cannula length and potential failure. Injury. 1996 Dec;27(10):758–758. doi: 10.1016/s0020-1383(96)90098-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Plewa M. C., Ledrick D., Sferra J. J. Delayed tension pneumothorax complicating central venous catheterization and positive pressure ventilation. Am J Emerg Med. 1995 Sep;13(5):532–535. doi: 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90164-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Rai A., Iftikhar S. Tension pneumothorax complicating diagnostic upper endoscopy: a case report. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Mar;94(3):845–847. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00958.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Rawlins R., Brown K. M., Carr C. S., Cameron C. R. Life threatening haemorrhage after anterior needle aspiration of pneumothoraces. A role for lateral needle aspiration in emergency decompression of spontaneous pneumothorax. Emerg Med J. 2003 Jul;20(4):383–384. doi: 10.1136/emj.20.4.383. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Rojas R., Wasserberger J., Balasubramaniam S. Unsuspected tension pneumothorax as a hidden cause of unsuccessful resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1983 Jun;12(6):411–412. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(83)80502-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Ross I. B., Fleiszer D. M., Brown R. A. Localized tension pneumothorax in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Can J Surg. 1994 Oct;37(5):415–419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Rutherford R. B., Hurt H. H., Jr, Brickman R. D., Tubb J. M. The pathophysiology of progressive, tension pneumothorax. J Trauma. 1968 Mar;8(2):212–227. doi: 10.1097/00005373-196803000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. SIMMONS D. H., HEMINGWAY A., RICCHIUTI N. Acute circulatory effects of pneumothorax in dogs. J Appl Physiol. 1958 Mar;12(2):255–261. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1958.12.2.255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Saltet J. F. Pneumothorax. Lancet. 1979 Mar 24;1(8117):671–671. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91114-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Schmidt U., Stalp M., Gerich T., Blauth M., Maull K. I., Tscherne H. Chest tube decompression of blunt chest injuries by physicians in the field: effectiveness and complications. J Trauma. 1998 Jan;44(1):98–101. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199801000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Seher G., Janda A. Spannungspneumothorax als Narkosekomplikation - 3 Fallberichte. Anaesthesist. 1975 Apr;24(4):183–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Slay R. D., Slay L. E., Luehrs J. G. Transient ST elevation associated with tension pneumothorax. JACEP. 1979 Jan;8(1):16–18. doi: 10.1016/s0361-1124(79)80442-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Spiteri M. A., Cook D. G., Clarke S. W. Reliability of eliciting physical signs in examination of the chest. Lancet. 1988 Apr 16;1(8590):873–875. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91613-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Steier M., Ching N., Roberts E. B., Nealon T. F., Jr Pneumothorax complicating continuous ventilatory support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1974 Jan;67(1):17–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Stewart H. J., Bailey R. L. THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX ON THE CIRCULATION IN MAN. J Clin Invest. 1940 Mar;19(2):321–326. doi: 10.1172/JCI101135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Strizik B., Forman R. New ECG changes associated with a tension pneumothorax: a case report. Chest. 1999 Jun;115(6):1742–1744. doi: 10.1378/chest.115.6.1742. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Tan E. C., van der Vliet J. A. Late (spannings) pneumothorax na het plaatsen van een centraalveneuze katheter. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1999 Sep 11;143(37):1872–1875. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Tang Augustine T. M., Velissaris Theodore J., Weeden David F. An evidence-based approach to drainage of the pleural cavity: evaluation of best practice. J Eval Clin Pract. 2002 Aug;8(3):333–340. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2753.2002.00339.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Teplick S. K., Clark R. E. Various faces of tension pneumothorax. Postgrad Med. 1974 Dec;56(7):87–92. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1974.11713929. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Tocino I. M., Miller M. H., Fairfax W. R. Distribution of pneumothorax in the supine and semirecumbent critically ill adult. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 May;144(5):901–905. doi: 10.2214/ajr.144.5.901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Vermeulen E. G., Teng H. T., Boxma H. Ventral tension pneumothorax. J Trauma. 1997 Dec;43(6):975–976. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199712000-00021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Watts B. L., Howell M. A. Tension pneumothorax: a difficult diagnosis. Emerg Med J. 2001 Jul;18(4):319–320. doi: 10.1136/emj.18.4.319. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Wells L. T., Aves T. Tension pneumothorax presenting as ischemia of the hand. Anesthesiology. 1995 Feb;82(2):586–587. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199502000-00031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Werne C. S., Sands M. J. Left tension pneumothorax masquerading as anterior myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med. 1985 Feb;14(2):164–166. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(85)81082-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Wilkinson D. A., Moore E. E., Wither P. D., Johnston H. M., 3rd, Bookman L., Vorster K. A.T.L.S. on the ski slopes--a steamboat experience. J Trauma. 1992 Apr;32(4):448–451. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199204000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Woodcock T. E., Murray S., Ledingham I. M. Mixed venous oxygen saturation changes during tension pneumothorax and its treatment. Anaesthesia. 1984 Oct;39(10):1004–1006. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1984.tb08890.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Yu P. Y., Lee L. W. Pulmonary artery pressures with tension pneumothorax. Can J Anaesth. 1990 Jul;37(5):584–586. doi: 10.1007/BF03006331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES