Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1999 Sep;45(3):465–474. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.3.465

Naturally acquired human immune responses against Helicobacter pylori and implications for vaccine development

Y ZEVERING 1, L JACOB 1, T MEYER 1
PMCID: PMC1727643  PMID: 10446121

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (130.9 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aceti A., Celestino D., Caferro M., Casale V., Citarda F., Conti E. M., Grassi A., Grilli A., Pennica A., Sciarretta F. Basophil-bound and serum immunoglobulin E directed against Helicobacter pylori in patients with chronic gastritis. Gastroenterology. 1991 Jul;101(1):131–137. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90469-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aderka D., Le J. M., Vilcek J. IL-6 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor production in cultured human monocytes, U937 cells, and in mice. J Immunol. 1989 Dec 1;143(11):3517–3523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Agnihotri N., Bhasin D. K., Vohra H., Ray P., Singh K., Ganguly N. K. Characterization of lymphocytic subsets and cytokine production in gastric biopsy samples from Helicobacter pylori patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jul;33(7):704–709. doi: 10.1080/00365529850171639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Andersen L. P., Espersen F. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspeptic symptoms investigated by the western immunoblot technique. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Jul;30(7):1743–1751. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.7.1743-1751.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Appelmelk B. J., Faller G., Claeys D., Kirchner T., Vandenbroucke-Grauls C. M. Bugs on trial: the case of Helicobacter pylori and autoimmunity. Immunol Today. 1998 Jul;19(7):296–299. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01281-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Appelmelk B. J., Negrini R., Moran A. P., Kuipers E. J. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and the host. Trends Microbiol. 1997 Feb;5(2):70–73. doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(96)10084-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Appelmelk B. J., Simoons-Smit I., Negrini R., Moran A. P., Aspinall G. O., Forte J. G., De Vries T., Quan H., Verboom T., Maaskant J. J. Potential role of molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and host Lewis blood group antigens in autoimmunity. Infect Immun. 1996 Jun;64(6):2031–2040. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.6.2031-2040.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Aucher P., Petit M. L., Mannant P. R., Pezennec L., Babin P., Fauchere J. L. Use of immunoblot assay to define serum antibody patterns associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and with H. pylori-related ulcers. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Apr;36(4):931–936. doi: 10.1128/jcm.36.4.931-936.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bamford K. B., Fan X., Crowe S. E., Leary J. F., Gourley W. K., Luthra G. K., Brooks E. G., Graham D. Y., Reyes V. E., Ernst P. B. Lymphocytes in the human gastric mucosa during Helicobacter pylori have a T helper cell 1 phenotype. Gastroenterology. 1998 Mar;114(3):482–492. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70531-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Barnard A., Mahon B. P., Watkins J., Redhead K., Mills K. H. Th1/Th2 cell dichotomy in acquired immunity to Bordetella pertussis: variables in the in vivo priming and in vitro cytokine detection techniques affect the classification of T-cell subsets as Th1, Th2 or Th0. Immunology. 1996 Mar;87(3):372–380. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.497560.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Birkholz S., Knipp U., Opferkuch W. Stimulatory effects of Helicobacter pylori on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of H. pylori infected patients and healthy blood donors. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1993 Sep;280(1-2):166–176. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80953-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Blaser M. J. Helicobacter pylori and gastric diseases. BMJ. 1998 May 16;316(7143):1507–1510. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7143.1507. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Blaser M. J. Helicobacter pylori: microbiology of a 'slow' bacterial infection. Trends Microbiol. 1993 Oct;1(7):255–260. doi: 10.1016/0966-842x(93)90047-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Blaser M. J. Hypotheses on the pathogenesis and natural history of Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Gastroenterology. 1992 Feb;102(2):720–727. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90126-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bodger K., Wyatt J. I., Heatley R. V. Gastric mucosal secretion of interleukin-10: relations to histopathology, Helicobacter pylori status, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion. Gut. 1997 Jun;40(6):739–744. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.6.739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bogstedt A. K., Nava S., Wadström T., Hammarström L. Helicobacter pylori infections in IgA deficiency: lack of role for the secretory immune system. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996 Aug;105(2):202–204. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-745.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bontkes H. J., Veenendaal R. A., Peña A. S., Goedhard J. G., van Duijn W., Kuiper J., Meijer J. L., Lamers C. B. IgG subclass response to Helicobacter pylori in patients with chronic active gastritis and duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992;27(2):129–133. doi: 10.3109/00365529209165432. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Carini C., Essex M. Interleukin 2-independent interleukin 7 activity enhances cytotoxic immune response of HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994 Feb;10(2):121–130. doi: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Carmel R., Boone D., Parker J. W. Lymphocyte surface phenotypes in pernicious anemia. Dig Dis Sci. 1987 Aug;32(8):846–850. doi: 10.1007/BF01296707. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chakrabarti D., Hultgren B., Stewart T. A. IFN-alpha induces autoimmune T cells through the induction of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and B7.2. J Immunol. 1996 Jul 15;157(2):522–528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chow W. H., Blaser M. J., Blot W. J., Gammon M. D., Vaughan T. L., Risch H. A., Perez-Perez G. I., Schoenberg J. B., Stanford J. L., Rotterdam H. An inverse relation between cagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998 Feb 15;58(4):588–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Covacci A., Censini S., Bugnoli M., Petracca R., Burroni D., Macchia G., Massone A., Papini E., Xiang Z., Figura N. Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5791–5795. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cover T. L., Cao P., Murthy U. K., Sipple M. S., Blaser M. J. Serum neutralizing antibody response to the vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Invest. 1992 Sep;90(3):913–918. doi: 10.1172/JCI115967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cover T. L., Dooley C. P., Blaser M. J. Characterization of and human serologic response to proteins in Helicobacter pylori broth culture supernatants with vacuolizing cytotoxin activity. Infect Immun. 1990 Mar;58(3):603–610. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.3.603-610.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Crabtree J. E., Farmery S. M. Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosal cytokines: evidence that CagA-positive strains are more virulent. Lab Invest. 1995 Dec;73(6):742–745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Crabtree J. E., Shallcross T. M., Heatley R. V., Wyatt J. I. Mucosal tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis. Gut. 1991 Dec;32(12):1473–1477. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.12.1473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Crabtree J. E., Shallcross T. M., Wyatt J. I., Taylor J. D., Heatley R. V., Rathbone B. J., Losowsky M. S. Mucosal humoral immune response to Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Sep;36(9):1266–1273. doi: 10.1007/BF01307520. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Crabtree J. E., Taylor J. D., Wyatt J. I., Heatley R. V., Shallcross T. M., Tompkins D. S., Rathbone B. J. Mucosal IgA recognition of Helicobacter pylori 120 kDa protein, peptic ulceration, and gastric pathology. Lancet. 1991 Aug 10;338(8763):332–335. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90477-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cuenca R., Blanchard T. G., Czinn S. J., Nedrud J. G., Monath T. P., Lee C. K., Redline R. W. Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter mustelae in naturally infected ferrets. Gastroenterology. 1996 Jun;110(6):1770–1775. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8964402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Currier J., Sattabongkot J., Good M. F. 'Natural' T cells responsive to malaria: evidence implicating immunological cross-reactivity in the maintenance of TCR alpha beta+ malaria-specific responses from non-exposed donors. Int Immunol. 1992 Sep;4(9):985–994. doi: 10.1093/intimm/4.9.985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. D'Elios M. M., Manghetti M., Almerigogna F., Amedei A., Costa F., Burroni D., Baldari C. T., Romagnani S., Telford J. L., Del Prete G. Different cytokine profile and antigen-specificity repertoire in Helicobacter pylori-specific T cell clones from the antrum of chronic gastritis patients with or without peptic ulcer. Eur J Immunol. 1997 Jul;27(7):1751–1755. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830270723. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. D'Elios M. M., Manghetti M., De Carli M., Costa F., Baldari C. T., Burroni D., Telford J. L., Romagnani S., Del Prete G. T helper 1 effector cells specific for Helicobacter pylori in the gastric antrum of patients with peptic ulcer disease. J Immunol. 1997 Jan 15;158(2):962–967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Desai H. G., Amarapurkar D. N. New look at chronic gastritis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992 Jun;14(4):278–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Di Tommaso A., Xiang Z., Bugnoli M., Pileri P., Figura N., Bayeli P. F., Rappuoli R., Abrignani S., De Magistris M. T. Helicobacter pylori-specific CD4+ T-cell clones from peripheral blood and gastric biopsies. Infect Immun. 1995 Mar;63(3):1102–1106. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.3.1102-1106.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Drouet E. B., Denoyel G. A., Boude M., Wallano E., Andujar M., de Montclos H. P. Characterization of an immunoreactive species-specific 19-kilodalton outer membrane protein from Helicobacter pylori by using a monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Aug;29(8):1620–1624. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.8.1620-1624.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Duchmann R., Scherer H., Neurath M., Knolle P., Meyer zum Büschenfelde K. H. Normal interleukin-12 production in individuals with antibodies to Helicobacter pylori. APMIS. 1997 Nov;105(11):824–830. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05090.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Engstrand L., Scheynius A., Påhlson C., Grimelius L., Schwan A., Gustavsson S. Association of Campylobacter pylori with induced expression of class II transplantation antigens on gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1989 Mar;57(3):827–832. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.3.827-832.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fan X. G., Yakoob J., Fan X. J., Keeling P. W. Enhanced T-helper 2 lymphocyte responses: immune mechanism of Helicobacter pylori infection. Ir J Med Sci. 1996 Jan-Mar;165(1):37–39. doi: 10.1007/BF02942800. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Fan X. J., Chua A., Shahi C. N., McDevitt J., Keeling P. W., Kelleher D. Gastric T lymphocyte responses to Helicobacter pylori in patients with H pylori colonisation. Gut. 1994 Oct;35(10):1379–1384. doi: 10.1136/gut.35.10.1379. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Fan X., Long A., Fan X., Keeling P. W., Kelleher D. Adhesion molecule expression on gastric intra-epithelial lymphocytes of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995 Jun;7(6):541–546. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Faulde M., Cremer J., Zöller L. Humoral immune response against Helicobacter pylori as determined by immunoblot. Electrophoresis. 1993 Sep;14(9):945–951. doi: 10.1002/elps.11501401150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Ferrero R. L., Thiberge J. M., Huerre M., Labigne A. Recombinant antigens prepared from the urease subunits of Helicobacter spp.: evidence of protection in a mouse model of gastric infection. Infect Immun. 1994 Nov;62(11):4981–4989. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.11.4981-4989.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ferrero R. L., Thiberge J. M., Kansau I., Wuscher N., Huerre M., Labigne A. The GroES homolog of Helicobacter pylori confers protective immunity against mucosal infection in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 3;92(14):6499–6503. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6499. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Fiocca R., Luinetti O., Villani L., Chiaravalli A. M., Capella C., Solcia E. Epithelial cytotoxicity, immune responses, and inflammatory components of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1994;205:11–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Flejou J. F., Bahame P., Smith A. C., Stockbrugger R. W., Rode J., Price A. B. Pernicious anaemia and Campylobacter like organisms; is the gastric antrum resistant to colonisation? Gut. 1989 Jan;30(1):60–64. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.1.60. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Fratazzi C., Guerriero M., Carini C. Interleukin 7 and sCD23 synergize in the induction of human T cell activation in HIV-1-infected subjects. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997 Oct;114(2):120–129. doi: 10.1159/000237656. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gessner A., Will A., Vieth M., Schröppel K., Röllinghoff M. Stimulation of B-cell lymphopoiesis by interleukin-7 leads to aggravation of murine leishmaniasis. Immunology. 1995 Mar;84(3):416–422. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Ghiara P., Rossi M., Marchetti M., Di Tommaso A., Vindigni C., Ciampolini F., Covacci A., Telford J. L., De Magistris M. T., Pizza M. Therapeutic intragastric vaccination against Helicobacter pylori in mice eradicates an otherwise chronic infection and confers protection against reinfection. Infect Immun. 1997 Dec;65(12):4996–5002. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.12.4996-5002.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Good M. F., Zevering Y., Currier J., Bilsborough J. 'Original antigenic sin', T cell memory, and malaria sporozoite immunity: an hypothesis for immune evasion. Parasite Immunol. 1993 Apr;15(4):187–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00599.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Graham D. Y., Genta R. M., Graham D. P., Crabtree J. E. Serum CagA antibodies in asymptomatic subjects and patients with peptic ulcer: lack of correlation of IgG antibody in patients with peptic ulcer or asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori gastritis. J Clin Pathol. 1996 Oct;49(10):829–832. doi: 10.1136/jcp.49.10.829. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Greiner A., Knörr C., Qin Y., Sebald W., Schimpl A., Banchereau J., Müller-Hermelink H. K. Low-grade B cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT-type) require CD40-mediated signaling and Th2-type cytokines for in vitro growth and differentiation. Am J Pathol. 1997 May;150(5):1583–1593. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Guy B., Hessler C., Fourage S., Haensler J., Vialon-Lafay E., Rokbi B., Millet M. J. Systemic immunization with urease protects mice against Helicobacter pylori infection. Vaccine. 1998 May;16(8):850–856. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00258-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gómez-Duarte O. G., Lucas B., Yan Z. X., Panthel K., Haas R., Meyer T. F. Protection of mice against gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori by single oral dose immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium producing urease subunits A and B. Vaccine. 1998 Mar;16(5):460–471. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00247-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Haeberle H. A., Kubin M., Bamford K. B., Garofalo R., Graham D. Y., El-Zaatari F., Karttunen R., Crowe S. E., Reyes V. E., Ernst P. B. Differential stimulation of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10 by live and killed Helicobacter pylori in vitro and association of IL-12 production with gamma interferon-producing T cells in the human gastric mucosa. Infect Immun. 1997 Oct;65(10):4229–4235. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.10.4229-4235.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hamann D., Hilkens C. M., Grogan J. L., Lens S. M., Kapsenberg M. L., Yazdanbakhsh M., van Lier R. A. CD30 expression does not discriminate between human Th1- and Th2-type T cells. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 15;156(4):1387–1391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Harris P. R., Mobley H. L., Perez-Perez G. I., Blaser M. J., Smith P. D. Helicobacter pylori urease is a potent stimulus of mononuclear phagocyte activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Gastroenterology. 1996 Aug;111(2):419–425. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Hatz R. A., Meimarakis G., Bayerdorffer E., Stolte M., Kirchner T., Enders G. Characterization of lymphocytic infiltrates in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996 Mar;31(3):222–228. doi: 10.3109/00365529609004870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Heikkinen M., Mayo K., Mégraud F., Vornanen M., Marin S., Pikkarainen P., Julkunen R. Association of CagA-positive and CagA-negative Helicobacter pylori strains with patients' symptoms and gastritis in primary care patients with functional upper abdominal complaints. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jan;33(1):31–38. doi: 10.1080/00365529850166176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hirschl A. M., Brandstätter G., Dragosics B., Hentschel E., Kundi M., Rotter M. L., Schütze K., Taufer M. Kinetics of specific IgG antibodies for monitoring the effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori chemotherapy. J Infect Dis. 1993 Sep;168(3):763–766. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.3.763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Huang J., O'Toole P. W., Doig P., Trust T. J. Stimulation of interleukin-8 production in epithelial cell lines by Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun. 1995 May;63(5):1732–1738. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.5.1732-1738.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Hussell T., Isaacson P. G., Crabtree J. E., Spencer J. Helicobacter pylori-specific tumour-infiltrating T cells provide contact dependent help for the growth of malignant B cells in low-grade gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. J Pathol. 1996 Feb;178(2):122–127. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199602)178:2<122::AID-PATH486>3.0.CO;2-D. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hök-Nikanne J., Perez-Perez G. I., Blaser M. J. Antigenic characterization of Helicobacter pylori strains from different parts of the world. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997 Sep;4(5):592–597. doi: 10.1128/cdli.4.5.592-597.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Ihan A., Tepez B., Kavcic I., Gubina M. Il-2 receptor expression on gastric mucosa T lymphocytes is enhanced in duodenal ulcer patients compared with non-ulcer dyspeptic patients. Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 Nov-Dec;43(12):1665–1670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Isaacson P. G., Spencer J. Malignant lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Histopathology. 1987 May;11(5):445–462. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1987.tb02654.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Karttunen R. A., Karttunen T. J., Yousfi M. M., el-Zimaity H. M., Graham D. Y., el-Zaatari F. A. Expression of mRNA for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 (p40) in normal gastric mucosa and in mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan;32(1):22–27. doi: 10.3109/00365529709025058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Karttunen R., Andersson G., Poikonen K., Kosunen T. U., Karttunen T., Juutinen K., Niemelä S. Helicobacter pylori induces lymphocyte activation in peripheral blood cultures. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990 Dec;82(3):485–488. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05476.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Karttunen R. Blood lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine secretion and appearance of T cells with activation surface markers in cultures with Helicobacter pylori. Comparison of the responses of subjects with and without antibodies to H. pylori. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Mar;83(3):396–400. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05650.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Karttunen R., Karttunen T., Ekre H. P., MacDonald T. T. Interferon gamma and interleukin 4 secreting cells in the gastric antrum in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative gastritis. Gut. 1995 Mar;36(3):341–345. doi: 10.1136/gut.36.3.341. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Karttunen T., Niemelä S., Lehtola J. Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients: quantitative association with severity of gastritis, intragastric pH, and serum gastrin concentration. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1991;186:124–134. doi: 10.3109/00365529109103999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Kaye M. D., Whorwell P. J., Wright R. Gastric mucosal lymphocyte subpopulations in pernicious anemia and in normal stomach. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1983 Sep;28(3):431–440. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(83)90110-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Kelleher D., Murphy A., Lynch S., O'Farrelly C. Adhesion molecules utilized in binding of intraepithelial lymphocytes to human enterocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1994 Apr;24(4):1013–1016. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830240437. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Klaamas K., Held M., Wadström T., Lipping A., Kurtenkov O. IgG immune response to Helicobacter pylori antigens in patients with gastric cancer as defined by ELISA and immunoblotting. Int J Cancer. 1996 Jul 3;67(1):1–5. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960703)67:1<1::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kleanthous H., Lee C. K., Monath T. P. Vaccine development against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Br Med Bull. 1998;54(1):229–241. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kleanthous H., Myers G. A., Georgakopoulos K. M., Tibbitts T. J., Ingrassia J. W., Gray H. L., Ding R., Zhang Z. Z., Lei W., Nichols R. Rectal and intranasal immunizations with recombinant urease induce distinct local and serum immune responses in mice and protect against Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect Immun. 1998 Jun;66(6):2879–2886. doi: 10.1128/iai.66.6.2879-2886.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Klenerman P., Zinkernagel R. M. Original antigenic sin impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to viruses bearing variant epitopes. Nature. 1998 Jul 30;394(6692):482–485. doi: 10.1038/28860. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Kosunen T. U., Seppälä K., Sarna S., Sipponen P. Diagnostic value of decreasing IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody titres after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet. 1992 Apr 11;339(8798):893–895. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90929-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Koulis A., Diss T., Isaacson P. G., Dogan A. Characterization of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes in B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Am J Pathol. 1997 Nov;151(5):1353–1360. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Labenz J., Blum A. L., Bayerdörffer E., Meining A., Stolte M., Börsch G. Curing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer may provoke reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 1997 May;112(5):1442–1447. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70024-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Lee C. K., Weltzin R., Thomas W. D., Jr, Kleanthous H., Ermak T. H., Soman G., Hill J. E., Ackerman S. K., Monath T. P. Oral immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease induces secretory IgA antibodies and protects mice from challenge with Helicobacter felis. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;172(1):161–172. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.1.161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Leong K. H., Ramshaw I. A., Ramsay A. J. Interleukin-7 enhances cell-mediated immune responses in vivo in an interleukin-2-dependent manner. Viral Immunol. 1997;10(1):1–9. doi: 10.1089/vim.1997.10.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Letterio J. J., Roberts A. B. Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta. Annu Rev Immunol. 1998;16:137–161. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Lindholm C., Quiding-Järbrink M., Lönroth H., Hamlet A., Svennerholm A. M. Local cytokine response in Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects. Infect Immun. 1998 Dec;66(12):5964–5971. doi: 10.1128/iai.66.12.5964-5971.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Luzza F., Maletta M., Imeneo M., Marcheggiano A., Iannoni C., Biancone L., Pallone F. Salivary-specific immunoglobulin G in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Oct;90(10):1820–1823. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Macchia G., Massone A., Burroni D., Covacci A., Censini S., Rappuoli R. The Hsp60 protein of Helicobacter pylori: structure and immune response in patients with gastroduodenal diseases. Mol Microbiol. 1993 Aug;9(3):645–652. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01724.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Mai U. E., Perez-Perez G. I., Allen J. B., Wahl S. M., Blaser M. J., Smith P. D. Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leukocytes and are present in gastric mucosa. J Exp Med. 1992 Feb 1;175(2):517–525. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.2.517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Mai U. E., Perez-Perez G. I., Wahl L. M., Wahl S. M., Blaser M. J., Smith P. D. Soluble surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori activate monocytes/macrophages by lipopolysaccharide-independent mechanism. J Clin Invest. 1991 Mar;87(3):894–900. doi: 10.1172/JCI115095. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Marchetti M., Rossi M., Giannelli V., Giuliani M. M., Pizza M., Censini S., Covacci A., Massari P., Pagliaccia C., Manetti R. Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice by intragastric vaccination with H. pylori antigens is achieved using a non-toxic mutant of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) as adjuvant. Vaccine. 1998 Jan;16(1):33–37. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00153-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Marshall B. J. Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994 Aug;89(8 Suppl):S116–S128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Mattsson A., Quiding-Järbrink M., Lönroth H., Hamlet A., Ahlstedt I., Svennerholm A. Antibody-secreting cells in the stomachs of symptomatic and asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects. Infect Immun. 1998 Jun;66(6):2705–2712. doi: 10.1128/iai.66.6.2705-2712.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. McAtee C. P., Lim M. Y., Fung K., Velligan M., Fry K., Chow T., Berg D. E. Identification of potential diagnostic and vaccine candidates of Helicobacter pylori by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, sequence analysis, and serum profiling. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1998 Jul;5(4):537–542. doi: 10.1128/cdli.5.4.537-542.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. McGovern T. W., Talley N. J., Kephart G. M., Carpenter H. A., Gleich G. J. Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation in Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Apr;36(4):435–440. doi: 10.1007/BF01298871. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Mehrotra P. T., Grant A. J., Siegel J. P. Synergistic effects of IL-7 and IL-12 on human T cell activation. J Immunol. 1995 May 15;154(10):5093–5102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Michetti P., Corthésy-Theulaz I., Davin C., Haas R., Vaney A. C., Heitz M., Bille J., Kraehenbuhl J. P., Saraga E., Blum A. L. Immunization of BALB/c mice against Helicobacter felis infection with Helicobacter pylori urease. Gastroenterology. 1994 Oct;107(4):1002–1011. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90224-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Michetti P. Vaccine against Helicobacter pylori: fact or fiction? Gut. 1997 Dec;41(6):728–730. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.6.728. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Mollenkopf C., Steininger H., Weineck G., Meyer M. Gastritis: Immunhistochemischer Nachweis der spezifischen und unspezifischen Immunabwehr gegen Helicobacter pylori. Z Gastroenterol. 1990 Jul;28(7):327–334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Mooney C., Keenan J., Munster D., Wilson I., Allardyce R., Bagshaw P., Chapman B., Chadwick V. Neutrophil activation by Helicobacter pylori. Gut. 1991 Aug;32(8):853–857. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.8.853. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Mosmann T. R., Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today. 1996 Mar;17(3):138–146. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(96)80606-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Negrini R., Lisato L., Zanella I., Cavazzini L., Gullini S., Villanacci V., Poiesi C., Albertini A., Ghielmi S. Helicobacter pylori infection induces antibodies cross-reacting with human gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology. 1991 Aug;101(2):437–445. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90023-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Negrini R., Savio A., Poiesi C., Appelmelk B. J., Buffoli F., Paterlini A., Cesari P., Graffeo M., Vaira D., Franzin G. Antigenic mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosa in the pathogenesis of body atrophic gastritis. Gastroenterology. 1996 Sep;111(3):655–665. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8780570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Nielsen H., Andersen L. P. Activation of human phagocyte oxidative metabolism by Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 1992 Dec;103(6):1747–1753. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91430-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Nielsen H., Andersen L. P. Activation of phagocytes by Helicobacter pylori correlates with the clinical presentation of the gastric infection. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27(4):347–350. doi: 10.3109/00365549509032729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Nielsen H., Andersen L. P. Chemotactic activity of Helicobacter pylori sonicate for human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes. Gut. 1992 Jun;33(6):738–742. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.6.738. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Niemelä S., Karttunen T., Kerola T., Karttunen R. Ten year follow up study of lymphocytic gastritis: further evidence on Helicobacter pylori as a cause of lymphocytic gastritis and corpus gastritis. J Clin Pathol. 1995 Dec;48(12):1111–1116. doi: 10.1136/jcp.48.12.1111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Oberhuber G., Bodingbauer M., Mosberger I., Stolte M., Vogelsang H. High proportion of granzyme B-positive (activated) intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes in lymphocytic gastritis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998 Apr;22(4):450–458. doi: 10.1097/00000478-199804000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Papadimitriou C. S., Ioachim-Velogianni E. E., Tsianos E. B., Moutsopoulos H. M. Epithelial HLA-DR expression and lymphocyte subsets in gastric mucosa in type B chronic gastritis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1988;413(3):197–204. doi: 10.1007/BF00718611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Parsonnet J., Friedman G. D., Orentreich N., Vogelman H. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut. 1997 Mar;40(3):297–301. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.3.297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Parsonnet J., Hansen S., Rodriguez L., Gelb A. B., Warnke R. A., Jellum E., Orentreich N., Vogelman J. H., Friedman G. D. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1994 May 5;330(18):1267–1271. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199405053301803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Peek R. M., Jr, Miller G. G., Tham K. T., Perez-Perez G. I., Zhao X., Atherton J. C., Blaser M. J. Heightened inflammatory response and cytokine expression in vivo to cagA+ Helicobacter pylori strains. Lab Invest. 1995 Dec;73(6):760–770. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Pérez-Pérez G. I., Brown W. R., Cover T. L., Dunn B. E., Cao P., Blaser M. J. Correlation between serological and mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1994 May;1(3):325–329. doi: 10.1128/cdli.1.3.325-329.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Robert M. E., Weinstein W. M. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric pathology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993 Mar;22(1):59–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Romagnani S. Th1 and Th2 in human diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1996 Sep;80(3 Pt 1):225–235. doi: 10.1006/clin.1996.0118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Saldinger P. F., Porta N., Launois P., Louis J. A., Waanders G. A., Bouzouréne H., Michetti P., Blum A. L., Corthésy-Theulaz I. E. Immunization of BALB/c mice with Helicobacter urease B induces a T helper 2 response absent in Helicobacter infection. Gastroenterology. 1998 Oct;115(4):891–897. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70261-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Schaffer F. M., Monteiro R. C., Volanakis J. E., Cooper M. D. IgA deficiency. Immunodefic Rev. 1991;3(1):15–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Schütze K., Hentschel E., Dragosics B., Hirschl A. M. Helicobacter pylori reinfection with identical organisms: transmission by the patients' spouses. Gut. 1995 Jun;36(6):831–833. doi: 10.1136/gut.36.6.831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Seifarth C., Deusch K., Reich K., Classen M. Local cellular immune response in Helicobacter pylori associated type B gastritis--selective increase of CD4+ but not gamma delta T-cells in the immune response to H. pylori antigens. Z Gastroenterol. 1996 Apr;34(4):215–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Sharma S. A., Miller G. G., Peek R. A., Jr, Pérez-Pérez G., Blaser M. J. T-cell, antibody, and cytokine responses to homologs of the 60-kilodalton heat shock protein in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997 Jul;4(4):440–446. doi: 10.1128/cdli.4.4.440-446.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Sharma S. A., Miller G. G., Perez-Perez G. I., Gupta R. S., Blaser M. J. Humoral and cellular immune recognition of Helicobacter pylori proteins are not concordant. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Jul;97(1):126–132. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06590.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Sharma S. A., Tummuru M. K., Miller G. G., Blaser M. J. Interleukin-8 response of gastric epithelial cell lines to Helicobacter pylori stimulation in vitro. Infect Immun. 1995 May;63(5):1681–1687. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.5.1681-1687.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Sommer F., Faller G., Konturek P., Kirchner T., Hahn E. G., Zeus J., Röllinghoff M., Lohoff M. Antrum- and corpus mucosa-infiltrating CD4(+) lymphocytes in Helicobacter pylori gastritis display a Th1 phenotype. Infect Immun. 1998 Nov;66(11):5543–5546. doi: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5543-5546.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Steer H. W. The gastro-duodenal epithelium in peptic ulceration. J Pathol. 1985 Aug;146(4):355–362. doi: 10.1002/path.1711460409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Stolte M., Eidt S. Lymphoid follicles in antral mucosa: immune response to Campylobacter pylori? J Clin Pathol. 1989 Dec;42(12):1269–1271. doi: 10.1136/jcp.42.12.1269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Suerbaum S., Thiberge J. M., Kansau I., Ferrero R. L., Labigne A. Helicobacter pylori hspA-hspB heat-shock gene cluster: nucleotide sequence, expression, putative function and immunogenicity. Mol Microbiol. 1994 Dec;14(5):959–974. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01331.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Sugiyama T., Awakawa T., Hayashi S., Hisano K., Yabana T., Kurokawa I., Yachi A. The effect of the immune response to Helicobacter pylori in the development of intestinal metaplasia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994 Dec;6 (Suppl 1):S89–S92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Telford J. L., Covacci A., Rappuoli R., Chiara P. Immunobiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Curr Opin Immunol. 1997 Aug;9(4):498–503. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(97)80101-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Terrés A. M., Pajares J. M. An increased number of follicles containing activated CD69+ helper T cells and proliferating CD71+ B cells are found in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Apr;93(4):579–583. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.168_b.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Thomas J. E., Austin S., Dale A., McClean P., Harding M., Coward W. A., Weaver L. T. Protection by human milk IgA against Helicobacter pylori infection in infancy. Lancet. 1993 Jul 10;342(8863):121–121. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91327-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Tosi M. F., Czinn S. J. Opsonic activity of specific human IgG against Helicobacter pylori. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jul;162(1):156–162. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.1.156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Trejdosiewicz L. K., Calabrese A., Smart C. J., Oakes D. J., Howdle P. D., Crabtree J. E., Losowsky M. S., Lancaster F., Boylston A. W. Gamma delta T cell receptor-positive cells of the human gastrointestinal mucosa: occurrence and V region gene expression in Heliobacter pylori-associated gastritis, coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Jun;84(3):440–444. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Valnes K., Huitfeldt H. S., Brandtzaeg P. Relation between T cell number and epithelial HLA class II expression quantified by image analysis in normal and inflamed human gastric mucosa. Gut. 1990 Jun;31(6):647–652. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.6.647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Wagner S., Beil W., Westermann J., Logan R. P., Bock C. T., Trautwein C., Bleck J. S., Manns M. P. Regulation of gastric epithelial cell growth by Helicobacter pylori: offdence for a major role of apoptosis. Gastroenterology. 1997 Dec;113(6):1836–1847. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70003-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Watanabe T., Goto H., Arisawa T., Hase S., Niwa Y., Hayakawa T., Asai J. Relationship between local immune response to Helicobacter pylori and the diversity of disease: investigation of H. pylori-specific IgA in gastric juice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Oct;12(9-10):660–665. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00531.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wilson K. T., Ramanujam K. S., Mobley H. L., Musselman R. F., James S. P., Meltzer S. J. Helicobacter pylori stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in a murine macrophage cell line. Gastroenterology. 1996 Dec;111(6):1524–1533. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(96)70014-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Wirth H. P., Yang M., Peek R. M., Jr, Tham K. T., Blaser M. J. Helicobacter pylori Lewis expression is related to the host Lewis phenotype. Gastroenterology. 1997 Oct;113(4):1091–1098. doi: 10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9322503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Wotherspoon A. C., Doglioni C., Diss T. C., Pan L., Moschini A., de Boni M., Isaacson P. G. Regression of primary low-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet. 1993 Sep 4;342(8871):575–577. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91409-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Wyatt J. I., Rathbone B. J., Heatley R. V. Local immune response to gastric Campylobacter in non-ulcer dyspepsia. J Clin Pathol. 1986 Aug;39(8):863–870. doi: 10.1136/jcp.39.8.863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Wyle F. A., Tarnawski A., Schulman D., Dabros W. Evidence for gastric mucosal cell invasion by C. pylori: an ultrastructural study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990;12 (Suppl 1):S92–S98. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199001001-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Yamaoka Y., Kita M., Kodama T., Sawai N., Kashima K., Imanishi J. Expression of cytokine mRNA in gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995 Dec;30(12):1153–1159. doi: 10.3109/00365529509101624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Ye G., Barrera C., Fan X., Gourley W. K., Crowe S. E., Ernst P. B., Reyes V. E. Expression of B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules by human gastric epithelial cells: potential role in CD4+ T cell activation during Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Invest. 1997 Apr 1;99(7):1628–1636. doi: 10.1172/JCI119325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Zevering Y., Amante F., Smillie A., Currier J., Smith G., Houghten R. A., Good M. F. High frequency of malaria-specific T cells in non-exposed humans. Eur J Immunol. 1992 Mar;22(3):689–696. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830220311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Zevering Y., Khamboonruang C., Good M. F. Human and murine T-cell responses to allelic forms of a malaria circumsporozoite protein epitope support a polyvalent vaccine strategy. Immunology. 1998 Jul;94(3):445–454. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00514.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. van Eden W., van der Zee R., Paul A. G., Prakken B. J., Wendling U., Anderton S. M., Wauben M. H. Do heat shock proteins control the balance of T-cell regulation in inflammatory diseases? Immunol Today. 1998 Jul;19(7):303–307. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01283-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES