Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (166.3 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Albeck D. S., McKittrick C. R., Blanchard D. C., Blanchard R. J., Nikulina J., McEwen B. S., Sakai R. R. Chronic social stress alters levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin mRNA in rat brain. J Neurosci. 1997 Jun 15;17(12):4895–4903. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-12-04895.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aoyama N., Kinoshita Y., Fujimoto S., Himeno S., Todo A., Kasuga M., Chiba T. Peptic ulcers after the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake: increased incidence of bleeding gastric ulcers. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Mar;93(3):311–316. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00311.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Basbaum A. I., Fields H. L. Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis. Ann Neurol. 1978 Nov;4(5):451–462. doi: 10.1002/ana.410040511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bazzocchi G., Ellis J., Villanueva-Meyer J., Jing J., Reddy S. N., Mena I., Snape W. J., Jr Postprandial colonic transit and motor activity in chronic constipation. Gastroenterology. 1990 Mar;98(3):686–693. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90289-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bennett E. J., Tennant C. C., Piesse C., Badcock C. A., Kellow J. E. Level of chronic life stress predicts clinical outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1998 Aug;43(2):256–261. doi: 10.1136/gut.43.2.256. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berin M. C., Perdue M. H. Effect of psychoneural factors on intestinal epithelial function. Can J Gastroenterol. 1997 May-Jun;11(4):353–357. doi: 10.1155/1997/109527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernstein C. N., Niazi N., Robert M., Mertz H., Kodner A., Munakata J., Naliboff B., Mayer E. A. Rectal afferent function in patients with inflammatory and functional intestinal disorders. Pain. 1996 Aug;66(2-3):151–161. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(96)03062-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bradley L. A., Richter J. E., Pulliam T. J., Haile J. M., Scarinci I. C., Schan C. A., Dalton C. B., Salley A. N. The relationship between stress and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux: the influence of psychological factors. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993 Jan;88(1):11–19. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bremner J. D., Innis R. B., Ng C. K., Staib L. H., Salomon R. M., Bronen R. A., Duncan J., Southwick S. M., Krystal J. H., Rich D. Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;54(3):246–254. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830150070011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bremner J. D., Krystal J. H., Southwick S. M., Charney D. S. Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. Preclinical studies. Synapse. 1996 May;23(1):28–38. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199605)23:1<28::AID-SYN4>3.0.CO;2-J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bremner J. D., Licinio J., Darnell A., Krystal J. H., Owens M. J., Southwick S. M., Nemeroff C. B., Charney D. S. Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 May;154(5):624–629. doi: 10.1176/ajp.154.5.624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bremner J. D., Randall P., Scott T. M., Bronen R. A., Seibyl J. P., Southwick S. M., Delaney R. C., McCarthy G., Charney D. S., Innis R. B. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;152(7):973–981. doi: 10.1176/ajp.152.7.973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bremner J. D., Randall P., Vermetten E., Staib L., Bronen R. A., Mazure C., Capelli S., McCarthy G., Innis R. B., Charney D. S. Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse--a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Jan 1;41(1):23–32. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00162-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bremner J. D., Staib L. H., Kaloupek D., Southwick S. M., Soufer R., Charney D. S. Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Apr 1;45(7):806–816. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00297-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cahill L., Prins B., Weber M., McGaugh J. L. Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature. 1994 Oct 20;371(6499):702–704. doi: 10.1038/371702a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Calogero A. E., Gallucci W. T., Chrousos G. P., Gold P. W. Catecholamine effects upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1988 Sep;82(3):839–846. doi: 10.1172/JCI113687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Camilleri M., Ford M. J. Functional gastrointestinal disease and the autonomic nervous system: a way ahead? Gastroenterology. 1994 Apr;106(4):1114–1118. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90775-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Camilleri M., Malagelada J. R., Kao P. C., Zinsmeister A. R. Gastric and autonomic responses to stress in functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci. 1986 Nov;31(11):1169–1177. doi: 10.1007/BF01296514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chang L., Munakata J., Mayer E. A., Schmulson M. J., Johnson T. D., Bernstein C. N., Saba L., Naliboff B., Anton P. A., Matin K. Perceptual responses in patients with inflammatory and functional bowel disease. Gut. 2000 Oct;47(4):497–505. doi: 10.1136/gut.47.4.497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chrousos G. P., Gold P. W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA. 1992 Mar 4;267(9):1244–1252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chrousos G. P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1995 May 18;332(20):1351–1362. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199505183322008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Collins S. M., McHugh K., Jacobson K., Khan I., Riddell R., Murase K., Weingarten H. P. Previous inflammation alters the response of the rat colon to stress. Gastroenterology. 1996 Dec;111(6):1509–1515. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(96)70012-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cook I. J., van Eeden A., Collins S. M. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome have greater pain tolerance than normal subjects. Gastroenterology. 1987 Oct;93(4):727–733. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90434-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Creed F. The relationship between psychosocial parameters and outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Med. 1999 Nov 8;107(5A):74S–80S. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00083-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crofford L. J., Pillemer S. R., Kalogeras K. T., Cash J. M., Michelson D., Kling M. A., Sternberg E. M., Gold P. W., Chrousos G. P., Wilder R. L. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis perturbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1994 Nov;37(11):1583–1592. doi: 10.1002/art.1780371105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curtis A. L., Pavcovich L. A., Grigoriadis D. E., Valentino R. J. Previous stress alters corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission in the locus coeruleus. Neuroscience. 1995 Mar;65(2):541–550. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00496-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curtis A. L., Pavcovich L. A., Valentino R. J. Long-term regulation of locus ceruleus sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor by swim stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Jun;289(3):1211–1219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Bellis M. D., Chrousos G. P., Dorn L. D., Burke L., Helmers K., Kling M. A., Trickett P. K., Putnam F. W. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Feb;78(2):249–255. doi: 10.1210/jcem.78.2.8106608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ditto B., Miller S. B., Barr R. G. A one-hour active coping stressor reduces small bowel transit time in healthy young adults. Psychosom Med. 1998 Jan-Feb;60(1):7–10. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199801000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drevets W. C., Price J. L., Simpson J. R., Jr, Todd R. D., Reich T., Vannier M., Raichle M. E. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 1997 Apr 24;386(6627):824–827. doi: 10.1038/386824a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drossman D. A., Leserman J., Nachman G., Li Z. M., Gluck H., Toomey T. C., Mitchell C. M. Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 1;113(11):828–833. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-11-828. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drossman D. A., Sandler R. S., McKee D. C., Lovitz A. J. Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology. 1982 Sep;83(3):529–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drossman D. A., Talley N. J., Leserman J., Olden K. W., Barreiro M. A. Sexual and physical abuse and gastrointestinal illness. Review and recommendations. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Nov 15;123(10):782–794. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-123-10-199511150-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duffy L. C., Zielezny M. A., Marshall J. R., Byers T. E., Weiser M. M., Phillips J. F., Calkins B. M., Ogra P. L., Graham S. Relevance of major stress events as an indicator of disease activity prevalence in inflammatory bowel disease. Behav Med. 1991 Fall;17(3):101–110. doi: 10.1080/08964289.1991.9937553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP. Stress Hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, Pro/Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Susceptibility to Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Nov;10(9):359–368. doi: 10.1016/s1043-2760(99)00188-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eley T. C., Plomin R. Genetic analyses of emotionality. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1997 Apr;7(2):279–284. doi: 10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80017-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Emmanuel A. V., Kamm M. A. Laser Doppler measurement of rectal mucosal blood flow. Gut. 1999 Jul;45(1):64–69. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.1.64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Esler M. D., Goulston K. J. Levels of anxiety in colonic disorders. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jan 4;288(1):16–20. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197301042880104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans P. R., Bak Y. T., Shuter B., Hoschl R., Kellow J. E. Gastroparesis and small bowel dysmotility in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1997 Oct;42(10):2087–2093. doi: 10.1023/a:1018874602790. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fanselow M. S. Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia: a competing motivational state theory of stress analgesia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1986;467:40–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb14617.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Faris P. L., Kim S. W., Meller W. H., Goodale R. L., Hofbauer R. D., Oakman S. A., Howard L. A., Stevens E. R., Eckert E. D., Hartman B. K. Effect of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on the dynamic association between bulimic behaviors and pain thresholds. Pain. 1998 Sep;77(3):297–303. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00108-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fava G. A., Pavan L. Large bowel disorders. I. Illness configuration and life events. Psychother Psychosom. 1976;27(2):93–99. doi: 10.1159/000287001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fendt M., Fanselow M. S. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999 May;23(5):743–760. doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flügge G., Ahrens O., Fuchs E. Beta-adrenoceptors in the tree shrew brain. II. Time-dependent effects of chronic psychosocial stress on [125I]iodocyanopindolol bindings sites. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1997 Aug;17(4):417–432. doi: 10.1023/a:1026387311220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flügge G. Alterations in the central nervous alpha 2-adrenoceptor system under chronic psychosocial stress. Neuroscience. 1996 Nov;75(1):187–196. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00292-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flügge G., Jurdzinski A., Brandt S., Fuchs E. Alpha 2-adrenergic binding sites in the medulla oblongata of tree shrews demonstrated by in vitro autoradiography: species related differences in comparison to the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1990 Jul 8;297(2):253–266. doi: 10.1002/cne.902970208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flügge G., Jöhren O., Fuchs E. [3H]Rauwolscine binding sites in the brains of male tree shrews are related to social status. Brain Res. 1992 Nov 27;597(1):131–137. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91514-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flügge G., Kramer M., Rensing S., Fuchs E. 5HT1A-receptors and behaviour under chronic stress: selective counteraction by testosterone. Eur J Neurosci. 1998 Aug;10(8):2685–2693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fuchs E., Flügge G. Modulation of binding sites for corticotropin-releasing hormone by chronic psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20(1):33–51. doi: 10.1016/0306-4530(94)e0006-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fuchs E., Uno H., Flügge G. Chronic psychosocial stress induces morphological alterations in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the tree shrew. Brain Res. 1995 Mar 6;673(2):275–282. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)01424-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Garrett V. D., Brantley P. J., Jones G. N., McKnight G. T. The relation between daily stress and Crohn's disease. J Behav Med. 1991 Feb;14(1):87–96. doi: 10.1007/BF00844770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glowa J. R., Sternberg E. M., Gold P. W. Differential behavioral response in LEW/N and F344/N rats: effects of corticotropin releasing hormone. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Jul;16(4):549–560. doi: 10.1016/0278-5846(92)90060-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gold P. W., Goodwin F. K., Chrousos G. P. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression. Relation to the neurobiology of stress (1) N Engl J Med. 1988 Aug 11;319(6):348–353. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198808113190606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gold P. W., Gwirtsman H., Avgerinos P. C., Nieman L. K., Gallucci W. T., Kaye W., Jimerson D., Ebert M., Rittmaster R., Loriaux D. L. Abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in anorexia nervosa. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in underweight and weight-corrected patients. N Engl J Med. 1986 May 22;314(21):1335–1342. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198605223142102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gold P. W., Pigott T. A., Kling M. A., Kalogeras K., Chrousos G. P. Basic and clinical studies with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Implications for a possible role in panic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1988 Jun;11(2):327–334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gorard D. A., Libby G. W., Farthing M. J. Ambulatory small intestinal motility in 'diarrhoea' predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1994 Feb;35(2):203–210. doi: 10.1136/gut.35.2.203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greene B., Blanchard E. B. Cognitive therapy for irritable bowel syndrome. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994 Jun;62(3):576–582. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.62.3.576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gué M., Del Rio-Lacheze C., Eutamene H., Théodorou V., Fioramonti J., Buéno L. Stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity to rectal distension in rats: role of CRF and mast cells. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 1997 Dec;9(4):271–279. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2982.1997.d01-63.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gwee K. A., Leong Y. L., Graham C., McKendrick M. W., Collins S. M., Walters S. J., Underwood J. E., Read N. W. The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut. 1999 Mar;44(3):400–406. doi: 10.1136/gut.44.3.400. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haug T. T., Svebak S., Hausken T., Wilhelmsen I., Berstad A., Ursin H. Low vagal activity as mediating mechanism for the relationship between personality factors and gastric symptoms in functional dyspepsia. Psychosom Med. 1994 May-Jun;56(3):181–186. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199405000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hausken T., Svebak S., Wilhelmsen I., Haug T. T., Olafsen K., Pettersson E., Hveem K., Berstad A. Low vagal tone and antral dysmotility in patients with functional dyspepsia. Psychosom Med. 1993 Jan-Feb;55(1):12–22. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199301000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heitkemper M., Burr R. L., Jarrett M., Hertig V., Lustyk M. K., Bond E. F. Evidence for autonomic nervous system imbalance in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Sep;43(9):2093–2098. doi: 10.1023/a:1018871617483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heitkemper M., Jarrett M., Cain K., Shaver J., Bond E., Woods N. F., Walker E. Increased urine catecholamines and cortisol in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 May;91(5):906–913. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Imaki T., Nahan J. L., Rivier C., Sawchenko P. E., Vale W. Differential regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in rat brain regions by glucocorticoids and stress. J Neurosci. 1991 Mar;11(3):585–599. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-03-00585.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacobson L., Sapolsky R. The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocr Rev. 1991 May;12(2):118–134. doi: 10.1210/edrv-12-2-118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jørgensen L. S., Bønløkke L., Christensen N. J. Life strain, life events, and autonomic response to a psychological stressor in patients with chronic upper abdominal pain. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986 Jun;21(5):605–613. doi: 10.3109/00365528609003107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kiliaan A. J., Saunders P. R., Bijlsma P. B., Berin M. C., Taminiau J. A., Groot J. A., Perdue M. H. Stress stimulates transepithelial macromolecular uptake in rat jejunum. Am J Physiol. 1998 Nov;275(5 Pt 1):G1037–G1044. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.5.G1037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lam S. K., Hui W. M., Shiu L. P., Ng M. M. Society stress and peptic ulcer perforation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995 Sep-Oct;10(5):570–576. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1995.tb01348.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lange S., Delbro D. S. Adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of Evans blue dye permeation of rat small intestine. Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Dec;40(12):2623–2629. doi: 10.1007/BF02220451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levenstein S., Ackerman S., Kiecolt-Glaser J. K., Dubois A. Stress and peptic ulcer disease. JAMA. 1999 Jan 6;281(1):10–11. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.1.10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levenstein S., Kaplan G. A., Smith M. W. Psychological predictors of peptic ulcer incidence in the Alameda County Study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997 Apr;24(3):140–146. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199704000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levine J. D., Dardick S. J., Roizen M. F., Helms C., Basbaum A. I. Contribution of sensory afferents and sympathetic efferents to joint injury in experimental arthritis. J Neurosci. 1986 Dec;6(12):3423–3429. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-12-03423.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lidums I., Lehmann A., Checklin H., Dent J., Holloway R. H. Control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in normal subjects. Gastroenterology. 2000 Jan;118(1):7–13. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70408-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martínez V., Rivier J., Wang L., Taché Y. Central injection of a new corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist, astressin, blocks CRF- and stress-related alterations of gastric and colonic motor function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Feb;280(2):754–760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mayer E. A., Naliboff B., Munakata J. The evolving neurobiology of gut feelings. Prog Brain Res. 2000;122:195–206. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62139-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McCafferty D. M., Wallace J. L., Sharkey K. A. Effects of chemical sympathectomy and sensory nerve ablation on experimental colitis in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1997 Feb;272(2 Pt 1):G272–G280. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.2.G272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McEwen B. S. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 15;338(3):171–179. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Million M., Taché Y., Anton P. Susceptibility of Lewis and Fischer rats to stress-induced worsening of TNB-colitis: protective role of brain CRF. Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4 Pt 1):G1027–G1036. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.4.G1027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mittal R. K., Shaffer H. A., Parollisi S., Baggett L. Influence of breathing pattern on the esophagogastric junction pressure and esophageal transit. Am J Physiol. 1995 Oct;269(4 Pt 1):G577–G583. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.4.G577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neeck G., Federlin K., Graef V., Rusch D., Schmidt K. L. Adrenal secretion of cortisol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1990 Jan;17(1):24–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nice D. S., Garland C. F., Hilton S. M., Baggett J. C., Mitchell R. E. Long-term health outcomes and medical effects of torture among US Navy prisoners of war in Vietnam. JAMA. 1996 Aug 7;276(5):375–381. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Niederau C., Faber S., Karaus M. Cholecystokinin's role in regulation of colonic motility in health and in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1992 Jun;102(6):1889–1898. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90310-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nordling L., Liedberg H., Ekman P., Lundeberg T. Influence of the nervous system on experimentally induced urethral inflammation. Neurosci Lett. 1990 Jul 31;115(2-3):183–188. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90452-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ortiz E. M., Dusetti N. J., Vasseur S., Malka D., Bödeker H., Dagorn J. C., Iovanna J. L. The pancreatitis-associated protein is induced by free radicals in AR4-2J cells and confers cell resistance to apoptosis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Apr;114(4):808–816. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70595-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Owens M. J., Nemeroff C. B. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the pathophysiology of affective and anxiety disorders: laboratory and clinical studies. Ciba Found Symp. 1993;172:296–316. doi: 10.1002/9780470514368.ch15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perlstein R. S., Whitnall M. H., Abrams J. S., Mougey E. H., Neta R. Synergistic roles of interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor in the adrenocorticotropin response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Endocrinology. 1993 Mar;132(3):946–952. doi: 10.1210/endo.132.3.8382602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perlstein R. S., Whitnall M. H., Abrams J. S., Mougey E. H., Neta R. Synergistic roles of interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor in the adrenocorticotropin response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Endocrinology. 1993 Mar;132(3):946–952. doi: 10.1210/endo.132.3.8382602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pertovaara A. Antinociception induced by alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists, with special emphasis on medetomidine studies. Prog Neurobiol. 1993 Jun;40(6):691–709. doi: 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90011-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Plotsky P. M., Cunningham E. T., Jr, Widmaier E. P. Catecholaminergic modulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin secretion. Endocr Rev. 1989 Nov;10(4):437–458. doi: 10.1210/edrv-10-4-437. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pomakov P., Guéorgiéva S., Stantchéva J., Ténev T., Rizov A. Ulcères gastro-duodénaux pendant la période d'une crise économique aiguë. J Radiol. 1993 May;74(5):265–267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Qiu B. S., Vallance B. A., Blennerhassett P. A., Collins S. M. The role of CD4+ lymphocytes in the susceptibility of mice to stress-induced reactivation of experimental colitis. Nat Med. 1999 Oct;5(10):1178–1182. doi: 10.1038/13503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rao S. S., Read N. W., Davison P. A., Bannister J. J., Holdsworth C. D. Anorectal sensitivity and responses to rectal distention in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1987 Dec;93(6):1270–1275. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90255-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reche Júnior A., Buffington C. A. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus of cats with interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1998 Mar;159(3):1045–1048. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63833-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Santos J., Saunders P. R., Hanssen N. P., Yang P. C., Yates D., Groot J. A., Perdue M. H. Corticotropin-releasing hormone mimics stress-induced colonic epithelial pathophysiology in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 1):G391–G399. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.2.G391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sapolsky R. M., Krey L. C., McEwen B. S. Glucocorticoid-sensitive hippocampal neurons are involved in terminating the adrenocortical stress response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Oct;81(19):6174–6177. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.19.6174. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Scarinci I. C., McDonald-Haile J., Bradley L. A., Richter J. E. Altered pain perception and psychosocial features among women with gastrointestinal disorders and history of abuse: a preliminary model. Am J Med. 1994 Aug;97(2):108–118. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90020-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Segal B. M., Dwyer B. K., Shevach E. M. An interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 immunoregulatory circuit controls susceptibility to autoimmune disease. J Exp Med. 1998 Feb 16;187(4):537–546. doi: 10.1084/jem.187.4.537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shanks N., Harbuz M. S., Jessop D. S., Perks P., Moore P. M., Lightman S. L. Inflammatory disease as chronic stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 1;840:599–607. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09599.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith G. W., Aubry J. M., Dellu F., Contarino A., Bilezikjian L. M., Gold L. H., Chen R., Marchuk Y., Hauser C., Bentley C. A. Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response, and aberrant neuroendocrine development. Neuron. 1998 Jun;20(6):1093–1102. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80491-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stam R., Akkermans L. M., Wiegant V. M. Trauma and the gut: interactions between stressful experience and intestinal function. Gut. 1997 Jun;40(6):704–709. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.6.704. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sternberg E. M., Chrousos G. P., Wilder R. L., Gold P. W. The stress response and the regulation of inflammatory disease. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Nov 15;117(10):854–866. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-117-10-854. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sternberg E. M. Hyperimmune fatigue syndromes: diseases of the stress response? J Rheumatol. 1993 Mar;20(3):418–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sternberg E. M. Interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Prog Brain Res. 2000;122:35–42. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62129-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stratakis C. A., Chrousos G. P. Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 Dec 29;771:1–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44666.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swanson L. W., Kuypers H. G. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. J Comp Neurol. 1980 Dec 1;194(3):555–570. doi: 10.1002/cne.901940306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Taché Y., Mönnikes H., Bonaz B., Rivier J. Role of CRF in stress-related alterations of gastric and colonic motor function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Oct 29;697:233–243. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb49936.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tack J., Piessevaux H., Coulie B., Caenepeel P., Janssens J. Role of impaired gastric accommodation to a meal in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 1998 Dec;115(6):1346–1352. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70012-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Talley N. J., Fett S. L., Zinsmeister A. R., Melton L. J., 3rd Gastrointestinal tract symptoms and self-reported abuse: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 1994 Oct;107(4):1040–1049. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90228-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Timpl P., Spanagel R., Sillaber I., Kresse A., Reul J. M., Stalla G. K., Blanquet V., Steckler T., Holsboer F., Wurst W. Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Nat Genet. 1998 Jun;19(2):162–166. doi: 10.1038/520. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Triadafilopoulos G., Simms R. W., Goldenberg D. L. Bowel dysfunction in fibromyalgia syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Jan;36(1):59–64. doi: 10.1007/BF01300088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Turnbull A. V., Rivier C. L. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanisms of action. Physiol Rev. 1999 Jan;79(1):1–71. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Valentino R. J., Miselis R. R., Pavcovich L. A. Pontine regulation of pelvic viscera: pharmacological target for pelvic visceral dysfunctions. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1999 Jun;20(6):253–260. doi: 10.1016/s0165-6147(99)01332-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Veale D., Kavanagh G., Fielding J. F., Fitzgerald O. Primary fibromyalgia and the irritable bowel syndrome: different expressions of a common pathogenetic process. Br J Rheumatol. 1991 Jun;30(3):220–222. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/30.3.220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walker E. A., Katon W. J., Roy-Byrne P. P., Jemelka R. P., Russo J. Histories of sexual victimization in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Oct;150(10):1502–1506. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.10.1502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wei F., Dubner R., Ren K. Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and nucleus raphe magnus in the brain stem exert opposite effects on behavioral hyperalgesia and spinal Fos protein expression after peripheral inflammation. Pain. 1999 Mar;80(1-2):127–141. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00212-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Welgan P., Meshkinpour H., Beeler M. Effect of anger on colon motor and myoelectric activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1988 May;94(5 Pt 1):1150–1156. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90006-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Welgan P., Meshkinpour H., Hoehler F. The effect of stress on colon motor and electrical activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med. 1985 Mar-Apr;47(2):139–149. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198503000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitehead W. E., Crowell M. D., Robinson J. C., Heller B. R., Schuster M. M. Effects of stressful life events on bowel symptoms: subjects with irritable bowel syndrome compared with subjects without bowel dysfunction. Gut. 1992 Jun;33(6):825–830. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.6.825. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilder R. L., Sternberg E. M. Neuroendocrine hormonal factors in rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1990 Jun;2(3):436–440. doi: 10.1097/00002281-199002030-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Willner P. Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997 Dec;134(4):319–329. doi: 10.1007/s002130050456. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wood J. D., Peck O. C., Tefend K. S., Rodriguez-M M. A., Rodriguez-M J. V., Hernández-C J. I., Stonerook M. J., Sharma H. M. Colitis and colon cancer in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) living wild in their natural habitat. Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Jul;43(7):1443–1453. doi: 10.1023/a:1018842210330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yehuda R., Boisoneau D., Mason J. W., Giller E. L. Glucocorticoid receptor number and cortisol excretion in mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Jul 1;34(1-2):18–25. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90252-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]