Skip to main content
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1996 Apr;9(2):119–125. doi: 10.1128/cmr.9.2.119

Update: infant botulism.

T F Midura 1
PMCID: PMC172885  PMID: 8964030

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (189.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arnon S. S., Damus K., Chin J. Infant botulism: epidemiology and relation to sudden infant death syndrome. Epidemiol Rev. 1981;3:45–66. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Arnon S. S. Infant botulism: anticipating the second decade. J Infect Dis. 1986 Aug;154(2):201–206. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.2.201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnon S. S. Infant botulism: anticipating the second decade. J Infect Dis. 1986 Aug;154(2):201–206. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.2.201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arnon S. S., Midura T. F., Clay S. A., Wood R. M., Chin J. Infant botulism. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects. JAMA. 1977 May 2;237(18):1946–1951. doi: 10.1001/jama.237.18.1946. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arnon S. S., Midura T. F., Damus K., Thompson B., Wood R. M., Chin J. Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism. J Pediatr. 1979 Feb;94(2):331–336. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80863-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Arnon S. S., Midura T. F., Damus K., Wood R. M., Chin J. Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet. 1978 Jun 17;1(8077):1273–1277. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91264-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bernshaw N. J. Does breastfeeding protect against sudden infant death syndrome? J Hum Lact. 1991 Jun;7(2):73–79. doi: 10.1177/089033449100700227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Burr D. H., Sugiyama H. Susceptibility to enteric botulinum colonization of antibiotic-treated adult mice. Infect Immun. 1982 Apr;36(1):103–106. doi: 10.1128/iai.36.1.103-106.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Byard R. W., Moore L., Bourne A. J., Lawrence A. J., Goldwater P. N. Clostridium botulinum and sudden infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study. J Paediatr Child Health. 1992 Apr;28(2):156–157. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1992.tb02632.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chia J. K., Clark J. B., Ryan C. A., Pollack M. Botulism in an adult associated with food-borne intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jul 24;315(4):239–241. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198607243150407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chin J., Arnon S. S., Midura T. F. Food and environmental aspects of infant botulism in California. Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Jul-Aug;1(4):693–697. doi: 10.1093/clinids/1.4.693. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dezfulian M., Hatheway C. L., Yolken R. H., Bartlett J. G. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type A and type B toxins in stool samples of infants with botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Sep;20(3):379–383. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.3.379-383.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dowell V. R., Jr, McCroskey L. M., Hatheway C. L., Lombard G. L., Hughes J. M., Merson M. H. Coproexamination for botulinal toxin and clostridium botulinum. A new procedure for laboratory diagnosis of botulism. JAMA. 1977 Oct 24;238(17):1829–1832. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Fenicia L., Ferrini A. M., Aureli P., Pocecco M. A case of infant botulism associated with honey feeding in Italy. Eur J Epidemiol. 1993 Nov;9(6):671–673. doi: 10.1007/BF00211445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Franciosa G., Ferreira J. L., Hatheway C. L. Detection of type A, B, and E botulism neurotoxin genes in Clostridium botulinum and other Clostridium species by PCR: evidence of unexpressed type B toxin genes in type A toxigenic organisms. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Aug;32(8):1911–1917. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.8.1911-1917.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Frankovich T. L., Arnon S. S. Clinical trial of botulism immune globulin for infant botulism. West J Med. 1991 Jan;154(1):103–103. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Giménez J. A., Sugiyama H. Comparison of toxins of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium botulinum type E. Infect Immun. 1988 Apr;56(4):926–929. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.4.926-929.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hall J. D., McCroskey L. M., Pincomb B. J., Hatheway C. L. Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium barati which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Apr;21(4):654–655. doi: 10.1128/jcm.21.4.654-655.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hatheway C. L. Laboratory procedures for cases of suspected infant botulism. Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Jul-Aug;1(4):647–651. doi: 10.1093/clinids/1.4.647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hatheway C. L., McCroskey L. M. Examination of feces and serum for diagnosis of infant botulism in 336 patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Dec;25(12):2334–2338. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.12.2334-2338.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hatheway C. L., McCroskey L. M., Lombard G. L., Dowell V. R., Jr Atypical toxin variant of Clostridium botulinum type B associated with infant botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Dec;14(6):607–611. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.6.607-611.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hatheway C. L. Toxigenic clostridia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990 Jan;3(1):66–98. doi: 10.1128/cmr.3.1.66. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hoffman R. E., Pincomb B. J., Skeels M. R. Type F infant botulism. Am J Dis Child. 1982 Mar;136(3):270–271. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390084021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Istre G. R., Compton R., Novotny T., Young J. E., Hatheway C. L., Hopkins R. S. Infant botulism. Three cases in a small town. Am J Dis Child. 1986 Oct;140(10):1013–1014. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140240059027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Long S. S. Epidemiologic study of infant botulism in Pennsylvania: Report of the Infant Botulism Study group. Pediatrics. 1985 May;75(5):928–934. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Long S. S., Gajewski J. L., Brown L. W., Gilligan P. H. Clinical, laboratory, and environmental features of infant botulism in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pediatrics. 1985 May;75(5):935–941. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. McCroskey L. M., Hatheway C. L., Fenicia L., Pasolini B., Aureli P. Characterization of an organism that produces type E botulinal toxin but which resembles Clostridium butyricum from the feces of an infant with type E botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jan;23(1):201–202. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.1.201-202.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. McCroskey L. M., Hatheway C. L. Laboratory findings in four cases of adult botulism suggest colonization of the intestinal tract. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 May;26(5):1052–1054. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.5.1052-1054.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Midura T. F., Arnon S. S. Infant botulism. Identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in faeces. Lancet. 1976 Oct 30;2(7992):934–936. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90894-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Midura T. F. Laboratory aspects of infant botulism in California. Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Jul-Aug;1(4):652–655. doi: 10.1093/clinids/1.4.652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Midura T. F., Snowden S., Wood R. M., Arnon S. S. Isolation of Clostridium botulinum from Honey. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Feb;9(2):282–283. doi: 10.1128/jcm.9.2.282-283.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Mills D. C., Arnon S. S. The large intestine as the site of Clostridium botulinum colonization in human infant botulism. J Infect Dis. 1987 Dec;156(6):997–998. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.6.997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Mills D. C., Midura T. F., Arnon S. S. Improved selective medium for the isolation of lipase-positive Clostridium botulinum from feces of human infants. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Jun;21(6):947–950. doi: 10.1128/jcm.21.6.947-950.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Moberg L. J., Sugiyama H. Microbial ecological basis of infant botulism as studied with germfree mice. Infect Immun. 1979 Aug;25(2):653–657. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.2.653-657.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Montecucco C., Schiavo G. Mechanism of action of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Mol Microbiol. 1994 Jul;13(1):1–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00396.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Murrell W. G., Stewart B. J. Botulism in New South Wales, 1980-1981. Med J Aust. 1983 Jan 8;1(1):13–17. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1983.tb136015.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Nabeya T., Yano R., Saito T., Inoue H., Shinohara N., Yokoyama T., Nagai S., Nishibayashi Y., Sakaguchi G. [Infant botulism was confirmed in Ehime Prefecture]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1989 Mar;63(3):268–272. doi: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.63.268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Neubauer M., Milácek V. Infant botulism type B in central Europe. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1981 Nov;250(4):540–547. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Noda H., Sugita K., Koike A., Nasu T., Takahashi M., Shimizu T., Ooi K., Sakaguchi G. Infant botulism in Asia. Am J Dis Child. 1988 Feb;142(2):125–126. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150020019012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Oguma K., Yokota K., Hayashi S., Takeshi K., Kumagai M., Itoh N., Tachi N., Chiba S. Infant botulism due to Clostridium botulinum type C toxin. Lancet. 1990 Dec 8;336(8728):1449–1450. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93157-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Paton J. C., Lawrence A. J., Steven I. M. Quantities of Clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin in feces and presence of Clostridium botulinum toxin in the serum of an infant with botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Jan;17(1):13–15. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.1.13-15.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Pickett J., Berg B., Chaplin E., Brunstetter-Shafer M. A. Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study. N Engl J Med. 1976 Sep 30;295(14):770–772. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197609302951407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Shone C., Wilton-Smith P., Appleton N., Hambleton P., Modi N., Gatley S., Melling J. Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for type A Clostridium botulinum toxin is comparable to the mouse bioassay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Jul;50(1):63–67. doi: 10.1128/aem.50.1.63-67.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Simpson L. L. The origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin. Pharmacol Rev. 1981 Sep;33(3):155–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Smith L. D. The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States. Health Lab Sci. 1978 Apr;15(2):74–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Sonnabend O., Sonnabend W., Heinzle R., Sigrist T., Dirnhofer R., Krech U. Isolation of Clostridium botulinum type G and identification of type G botulinal toxin in humans: report of five sudden unexpected deaths. J Infect Dis. 1981 Jan;143(1):22–27. doi: 10.1093/infdis/143.1.22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Spika J. S., Shaffer N., Hargrett-Bean N., Collin S., MacDonald K. L., Blake P. A. Risk factors for infant botulism in the United States. Am J Dis Child. 1989 Jul;143(7):828–832. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150190078026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Suen J. C., Hatheway C. L., Steigerwalt A. G., Brenner D. J. Genetic confirmation of identities of neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum implicated as agents of infant botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Oct;26(10):2191–2192. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.10.2191-2192.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Sugiyama H. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. Microbiol Rev. 1980 Sep;44(3):419–448. doi: 10.1128/mr.44.3.419-448.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Sugiyama H., Mills D. C. Intraintestinal toxin in infant mice challenged intragastrically with Clostridium botulinum spores. Infect Immun. 1978 Jul;21(1):59–63. doi: 10.1128/iai.21.1.59-63.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Szabo E. A., Pemberton J. M., Gibson A. M., Eyles M. J., Desmarchelier P. M. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B and E in food, soil and infant faeces. J Appl Bacteriol. 1994 Jun;76(6):539–545. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb01650.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Takahashi M., Shimizu T., Ooi K., Noda H., Nasu T., Sakaguchi G. Quantification of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin and organisms in the feces of a case of infant botulism and examination of other related specimens. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1988 Feb;41(1):21–26. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.41.21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Toyoguchi S., Tsugu H., Nariai A., Kaburagi Y., Asahina Y., Ambo K., Katou K. Infant botulism with Down syndrome. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1991 Jun;33(3):394–397. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1991.tb01573.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Turner H. D., Brett E. M., Gilbert R. J., Ghosh A. C., Liebeschuetz H. J. Infant botulism in England. Lancet. 1978 Jun 17;1(8077):1277–1278. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91265-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Wells C. L., Sugiyama H., Bland S. E. Resistance of mice with limited intestinal flora to enteric colonization by Clostridium botulinum. J Infect Dis. 1982 Dec;146(6):791–796. doi: 10.1093/infdis/146.6.791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Wilcke B. W., Jr, Midura T. F., Arnon S. S. Quantitative evidence of intestinal colonization by Clostridium botulinum in four cases of infant botulism. J Infect Dis. 1980 Apr;141(4):419–423. doi: 10.1093/infdis/141.4.419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES