Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health logoLink to Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
. 2004 Mar;58(3):162–168. doi: 10.1136/jech.2003.011569

Housing standards: a glossary of housing and health

P Howden-Chapman
PMCID: PMC1732704  PMID: 14966223

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (263.4 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aylin P., Morris S., Wakefield J., Grossinho A., Jarup L., Elliott P. Temperature, housing, deprivation and their relationship to excess winter mortality in Great Britain, 1986-1996. Int J Epidemiol. 2001 Oct;30(5):1100–1108. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.5.1100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker M., McNicholas A., Garrett N., Jones N., Stewart J., Koberstein V., Lennon D. Household crowding a major risk factor for epidemic meningococcal disease in Auckland children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Oct;19(10):983–990. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200010000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bellinger D., Leviton A., Waternaux C., Needleman H., Rabinowitz M. Low-level lead exposure, social class, and infant development. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1988 Nov-Dec;10(6):497–503. doi: 10.1016/0892-0362(88)90084-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bianchi S. M., Farley R., Spain D. Racial inequalities in housing: an examination of recent trends. Demography. 1982 Feb;19(1):37–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Blackman T., Evason E., Melaugh M., Woods R. Housing and health: a case study of two areas in West Belfast. J Soc Policy. 1989 Jan;18(1):1–26. doi: 10.1017/s0047279400017189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bosma H., van de Mheen H. D., Borsboom G. J., Mackenbach J. P. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Feb 15;153(4):363–371. doi: 10.1093/aje/153.4.363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brunekreef B. Damp housing and adult respiratory symptoms. Allergy. 1992 Oct;47(5):498–502. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb00672.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brunekreef B., Dockery D. W., Speizer F. E., Ware J. H., Spengler J. D., Ferris B. G. Home dampness and respiratory morbidity in children. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Nov;140(5):1363–1367. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.5.1363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brunekreef B., Houthuijs D., Dijkstra L., Boleij J. S. Indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure and children's pulmonary function. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 1990 Sep;40(9):1252–1256. doi: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bures Regina M. Childhood residential stability and health at midlife. Am J Public Health. 2003 Jul;93(7):1144–1148. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.7.1144. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chauhan A. J., Inskip Hazel M., Linaker Catherine H., Smith Sandra, Schreiber Jacqueline, Johnston Sebastian L., Holgate Stephen T. Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the severity of virus-induced asthma in children. Lancet. 2003 Jun 7;361(9373):1939–1944. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13582-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Coetzee N., Yach D., Joubert G. Crowding and alcohol abuse as risk factors for tuberculosis in the Mamre population. Results of a case-control study. S Afr Med J. 1988 Oct 1;74(7):352–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cohen D., Spear S., Scribner R., Kissinger P., Mason K., Wildgen J. "Broken windows" and the risk of gonorrhea. Am J Public Health. 2000 Feb;90(2):230–236. doi: 10.2105/ajph.90.2.230. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cohen Deborah A., Mason Karen, Bedimo Ariane, Scribner Richard, Basolo Victoria, Farley Thomas A. Neighborhood physical conditions and health. Am J Public Health. 2003 Mar;93(3):467–471. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.3.467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. The Eurowinter Group. Lancet. 1997 May 10;349(9062):1341–1346. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cuijpers C. E., Swaen G. M., Wesseling G., Sturmans F., Wouters E. F. Adverse effects of the indoor environment on respiratory health in primary school children. Environ Res. 1995 Jan;68(1):11–23. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1995.1003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dales R. E., Burnett R., Zwanenburg H. Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home dampness and molds. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Mar;143(3):505–509. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.3.505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dales R. E., Zwanenburg H., Burnett R., Franklin C. A. Respiratory health effects of home dampness and molds among Canadian children. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Jul 15;134(2):196–203. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dedman D. J., Gunnell D., Davey Smith G., Frankel S. Childhood housing conditions and later mortality in the Boyd Orr cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001 Jan;55(1):10–15. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.1.10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. DiGuiseppi C., Roberts I., Li L. Smoke alarm ownership and house fire death rates in children. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998 Nov;52(11):760–761. doi: 10.1136/jech.52.11.760. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Diez Roux A. V., Merkin S. S., Arnett D., Chambless L., Massing M., Nieto F. J., Sorlie P., Szklo M., Tyroler H. A., Watson R. L. Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul 12;345(2):99–106. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200107123450205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Donaldson G. C., Keatinge W. R. Excess winter mortality: influenza or cold stress? Observational study. BMJ. 2002 Jan 12;324(7329):89–90. doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7329.89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dornelas de Andrade A., Birnbaum J., Lanteaume A., Izard J. L., Corget P., Artillan M. F., Toumi M., Vervloet D., Charpin D. Housing and house-dust mites. Allergy. 1995 Feb;50(2):142–146. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb05070.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dunn J. R. Housing and inequalities in health: a study of socioeconomic dimensions of housing and self reported health from a survey of Vancouver residents. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002 Sep;56(9):671–681. doi: 10.1136/jech.56.9.671. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ellaway A., Macintyre S. Does housing tenure predict health in the UK because it exposes people to different levels of housing related hazards in the home or its surroundings? Health Place. 1998 Jun;4(2):141–150. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8292(98)00006-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Evans J., Hyndman S., Stewart-Brown S., Smith D., Petersen S. An epidemiological study of the relative importance of damp housing in relation to adult health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000 Sep;54(9):677–686. doi: 10.1136/jech.54.9.677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Flappan S. M., Portnoy J., Jones P., Barnes C. Infant pulmonary hemorrhage in a suburban home with water damage and mold (Stachybotrys atra). Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Nov;107(11):927–930. doi: 10.1289/ehp.99107927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gemmell I. Indoor heating, house conditions, and health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001 Dec;55(12):928–929. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.12.928. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Green Geoff, Gilbertson Jan M., Grimsley Michael F. J. Fear of crime and health in residential tower blocks. A case study in Liverpool, UK. Eur J Public Health. 2002 Mar;12(1):10–15. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/12.1.10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hall J. K. Cruzan II. Am J Med. 1993 Jan;94(1):115–116. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90135-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hasselblad V., Eddy D. M., Kotchmar D. J. Synthesis of environmental evidence: nitrogen dioxide epidemiology studies. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 1992 May;42(5):662–671. doi: 10.1080/10473289.1992.10467018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Healy J. D. Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Oct;57(10):784–789. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.10.784. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Holst P. E., Coleman E. D., Sheridan J. E., O'Donnell T. V., Sutthoff P. T. Asthma and fungi in the home. N Z Med J. 1983 Sep 28;96(740):718–720. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hopton J. L., Hunt S. M. Housing conditions and mental health in a disadvantaged area in Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996 Feb;50(1):56–61. doi: 10.1136/jech.50.1.56. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hyndman S. J. Housing dampness and health amongst British Bengalis in east London. Soc Sci Med. 1990;30(1):131–141. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90336-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Isaacs N., Donn M. Health and housing--seasonality in New Zealand mortality. Aust J Public Health. 1993 Mar;17(1):68–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1993.tb00106.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Istre G. R., McCoy M. A., Osborn L., Barnard J. J., Bolton A. Deaths and injuries from house fires. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 21;344(25):1911–1916. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200106213442506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Iversen M., Dahl R. Allergy to storage mites in asthmatic patients and its relation to damp housing conditions. Allergy. 1990 Feb;45(2):81–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00462.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kawachi I., Kennedy B. P., Lochner K., Prothrow-Stith D. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. Am J Public Health. 1997 Sep;87(9):1491–1498. doi: 10.2105/ajph.87.9.1491. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kawachi I., Kennedy B. P., Wilkinson R. G. Crime: social disorganization and relative deprivation. Soc Sci Med. 1999 Mar;48(6):719–731. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00400-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Keatinge W. R., Coleshaw S. R., Holmes J. Changes in seasonal mortalities with improvement in home heating in England and Wales from 1964 to 1984. Int J Biometeorol. 1989 Jun;33(2):71–76. doi: 10.1007/BF01686280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Koskinen O. M., Husman T. M., Meklin T. M., Nevalainen A. I. The relationship between moisture or mould observations in houses and the state of health of their occupants. Eur Respir J. 1999 Dec;14(6):1363–1367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Krieger N., Chen J. T., Waterman P. D., Soobader M-J, Subramanian S. V., Carson R. Choosing area based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in low birth weight and childhood lead poisoning: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Mar;57(3):186–199. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.3.186. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kunst A. E., Looman C. W., Mackenbach J. P. The decline in winter excess mortality in The Netherlands. Int J Epidemiol. 1991 Dec;20(4):971–977. doi: 10.1093/ije/20.4.971. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Leventhal Tama, Brooks-Gunn Jeanne. Moving to opportunity: an experimental study of neighborhood effects on mental health. Am J Public Health. 2003 Sep;93(9):1576–1582. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.9.1576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Lloyd E. L. Hypothesis: temperature recommendations for elderly people: are we wrong? Age Ageing. 1990 Jul;19(4):264–267. doi: 10.1093/ageing/19.4.264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Lowry S. Health and housing: Noise, space, and light. BMJ. 1989 Dec 9;299(6713):1439–1442. doi: 10.1136/bmj.299.6713.1439. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Macey S. M. Hypothermia and energy conservation: a tradeoff for elderly persons? Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1989;29(2):151–161. doi: 10.2190/5QQU-U15H-PB8U-M8VP. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Macintyre S., Ellaway A., Der G., Ford G., Hunt K. Do housing tenure and car access predict health because they are simply markers of income or self esteem? A Scottish study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998 Oct;52(10):657–664. doi: 10.1136/jech.52.10.657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Macintyre S., Hiscock R., Kearns A., Ellaway A. Housing tenure and car access: further exploration of the nature of their relations with health in a UK setting. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001 May;55(5):330–331. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.5.330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Malmström M., Sundquist J., Johansson S. E. Neighborhood environment and self-reported health status: a multilevel analysis. Am J Public Health. 1999 Aug;89(8):1181–1186. doi: 10.2105/ajph.89.8.1181. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Martikainen P., Kauppinen T. M., Valkonen T. Effects of the characteristics of neighbourhoods and the characteristics of people on cause specific mortality: a register based follow up study of 252,000 men. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Mar;57(3):210–217. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.3.210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Melia R. J., Florey C. D., Altman D. G., Swan A. V. Association between gas cooking and respiratory disease in children. Br Med J. 1977 Jul 16;2(6080):149–152. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6080.149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Melia R. J., Florey C. du V., Morris R. W., Goldstein B. D., John H. H., Clark D., Craighead I. B., Mackinlay J. C. Childhood respiratory illness and the home environment. II. Association between respiratory illness and nitrogen dioxide, temperature and relative humidity. Int J Epidemiol. 1982 Jun;11(2):164–169. doi: 10.1093/ije/11.2.164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Mendall M. A., Goggin P. M., Molineaux N., Levy J., Toosy T., Strachan D., Northfield T. C. Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life. Lancet. 1992 Apr 11;339(8798):896–897. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90931-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Milne A., Allwood G. K., Moyes C. D., Pearce N. E., Newell K. A seroepidemiological study of the prevalence of hepatitis B infections in a hyperendemic New Zealand community. Int J Epidemiol. 1987 Mar;16(1):84–90. doi: 10.1093/ije/16.1.84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Mitchell Richard, Blane David, Bartley Mel. Elevated risk of high blood pressure: climate and the inverse housing law. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Aug;31(4):831–838. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.4.831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Morgan R., Blair A., King D. A winter survey of domestic heating among elderly patients. J R Soc Med. 1996 Feb;89(2):85–86. doi: 10.1177/014107689608900207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Needleman H. L., Gatsonis C. A. Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children. A meta-analysis of modern studies. JAMA. 1990 Feb 2;263(5):673–678. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Newman S. J. Housing attributes and serious mental illness: implications for research and practice. Psychiatr Serv. 2001 Oct;52(10):1309–1317. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.52.10.1309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Peat J. K., Dickerson J., Li J. Effects of damp and mould in the home on respiratory health: a review of the literature. Allergy. 1998 Feb;53(2):120–128. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03859.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Pickett K. E., Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001 Feb;55(2):111–122. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.2.111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Platt S. D., Martin C. J., Hunt S. M., Lewis C. W. Damp housing, mould growth, and symptomatic health state. BMJ. 1989 Jun 24;298(6689):1673–1678. doi: 10.1136/bmj.298.6689.1673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Roberts I. Deaths of children in house fires. BMJ. 1995 Nov 25;311(7017):1381–1382. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7017.1381. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Roberts I., Norton R., Jackson R. Driveway-related child pedestrian injuries: a case-control study. Pediatrics. 1995 Mar;95(3):405–408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Runyan C. W., Bangdiwala S. I., Linzer M. A., Sacks J. J., Butts J. Risk factors for fatal residential fires. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 17;327(12):859–863. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209173271207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Ryan D., Levy B., Levy B. S., Pollack S., Walker B., Jr Protecting children from lead poisoning and building healthy communities. Am J Public Health. 1999 Jun;89(6):822–824. doi: 10.2105/ajph.89.6.822. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Sabry J. H., Hedley M. R., Kirstine M. L. Nutrition applications in public health nursing: a survey of needs and preferences of public health nurses for continuing education in nutrition. Can J Public Health. 1987 Jan-Feb;78(1):51–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Saegert Susan C., Klitzman Susan, Freudenberg Nicholas, Cooperman-Mroczek Jana, Nassar Salwa. Healthy housing: a structured review of published evaluations of US interventions to improve health by modifying housing in the United States, 1990-2001. Am J Public Health. 2003 Sep;93(9):1471–1477. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.9.1471. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Salmond C., Crampton P., Sutton F. NZDep91: A New Zealand index of deprivation. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998 Dec;22(7):835–837. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.1998.tb01505.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Sampson R. J., Raudenbush S. W., Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):918–924. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5328.918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Sargent J. D., Brown M. J., Freeman J. L., Bailey A., Goodman D., Freeman D. H., Jr Childhood lead poisoning in Massachusetts communities: its association with sociodemographic and housing characteristics. Am J Public Health. 1995 Apr;85(4):528–534. doi: 10.2105/ajph.85.4.528. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sargent J. D., Dalton M., Demidenko E., Simon P., Klein R. Z. The association between state housing policy and lead poisoning in children. Am J Public Health. 1999 Nov;89(11):1690–1695. doi: 10.2105/ajph.89.11.1690. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Sharfstein J., Sandel M., Kahn R., Bauchner H. Is child health at risk while families wait for housing vouchers? Am J Public Health. 2001 Aug;91(8):1191–1192. doi: 10.2105/ajph.91.8.1191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Smith C. A., Smith C. J., Kearns R. A., Abbott M. W. Housing stressors, social support and psychological distress. Soc Sci Med. 1993 Sep;37(5):603–612. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(93)90099-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Somerville M., Mackenzie I., Owen P., Miles D. Housing and health: does installing heating in their homes improve the health of children with asthma? Public Health. 2000 Nov;114(6):434–439. doi: 10.1038/sj.ph.1900687. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Thomson H., Petticrew M., Douglas M. Health impact assessment of housing improvements: incorporating research evidence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Jan;57(1):11–16. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.1.11. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Thomson H., Petticrew M., Morrison D. Health effects of housing improvement: systematic review of intervention studies. BMJ. 2001 Jul 28;323(7306):187–190. doi: 10.1136/bmj.323.7306.187. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Verhoeff A. P., Burge H. A. Health risk assessment of fungi in home environments. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997 Jun;78(6):544–556. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63214-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. WILNER D. M., WALKLEY R. P., SCHRAM J. M., PINKERTON T. C., TAYBACK M. Housing as an environmental factor in mental health: the Johsn Hopkins longitudinal study. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1960 Jan;50:55–63. doi: 10.2105/ajph.50.1.55. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. WILNER D. M., WALKLEY R. P., SCHRAM J. M., PINKERTON T. C., TAYBACK M. Housing as an environmental factor in mental health: the Johsn Hopkins longitudinal study. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1960 Jan;50:55–63. doi: 10.2105/ajph.50.1.55. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Wickens K., Pearce N., Siebers R., Ellis I., Patchett K., Sawyer G., Stone L., Tohill S., Kennedy J., Slater T. Indoor environment, atopy and the risk of the asthma in children in New Zealand. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1999 Aug;10(3):199–208. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.1999.00033.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Zock Jan-Paul, Jarvis Deborah, Luczynska Christina, Sunyer Jordi, Burney Peter, European Community Respiratory Health Survey Housing characteristics, reported mold exposure, and asthma in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Aug;110(2):285–292. doi: 10.1067/mai.2002.126383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES