Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry logoLink to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
. 2000 Apr;68(4):405–415. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.68.4.405

Japanese encephalitis

T Solomon 1, N M Dung 1, R Kneen 1, M Gainsborough 1, D Vaughn 1, V T Khanh 1
PMCID: PMC1736874  PMID: 10727474

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (249.2 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aihara H., Takasaki T., Matsutani T., Suzuki R., Kurane I. Establishment and characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus-specific, human CD4(+) T-cell clones: flavivirus cross-reactivity, protein recognition, and cytotoxic activity. J Virol. 1998 Oct;72(10):8032–8036. doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.8032-8036.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BUESCHER E. L., SCHERER W. F. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. IX. Epidemiologic correlations and conclusions. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1959 Nov;8:719–722. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1959.8.719. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Briese T., Jia X. Y., Huang C., Grady L. J., Lipkin W. I. Identification of a Kunjin/West Nile-like flavivirus in brains of patients with New York encephalitis. Lancet. 1999 Oct 9;354(9186):1261–1262. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)04576-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bukowski J. F., Kurane I., Lai C. J., Bray M., Falgout B., Ennis F. A. Dengue virus-specific cross-reactive CD8+ human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol. 1989 Dec;63(12):5086–5091. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5086-5091.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bundo K., Igarashi A. Antibody-capture ELISA for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies in sera from Japanese encephalitis and dengue hemorrhagic fever patients. J Virol Methods. 1985 May;11(1):15–22. doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(85)90120-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Burke D. S., Morill J. C. Levels of interferon in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute Japanese encephalitis. J Infect Dis. 1987 Apr;155(4):797–799. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.4.797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Burke D. S., Nisalak A., Ussery M. A., Laorakpongse T., Chantavibul S. Kinetics of IgM and IgG responses to Japanese encephalitis virus in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect Dis. 1985 Jun;151(6):1093–1099. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.6.1093. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. CLARKE D. H., CASALS J. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1958 Sep;7(5):561–573. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Camenga D. L., Nathanson N., Cole G. A. Cyclophosphamide-potentiated West Nile viral encephalitis: relative influence of cellular and humoral factors. J Infect Dis. 1974 Dec;130(6):634–641. doi: 10.1093/infdis/130.6.634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cecilia D., Gould E. A. Nucleotide changes responsible for loss of neuroinvasiveness in Japanese encephalitis virus neutralization-resistant mutants. Virology. 1991 Mar;181(1):70–77. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90471-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chan Y. C., Loh T. F. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from the blood of a child in Singapore. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1966 Jul;15(4):567–572. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chen W. R., Rico-Hesse R., Tesh R. B. A new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus from Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Jul;47(1):61–69. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chen W. R., Tesh R. B., Rico-Hesse R. Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature. J Gen Virol. 1990 Dec;71(Pt 12):2915–2922. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-12-2915. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen Y., Maguire T., Hileman R. E., Fromm J. R., Esko J. D., Linhardt R. J., Marks R. M. Dengue virus infectivity depends on envelope protein binding to target cell heparan sulfate. Nat Med. 1997 Aug;3(8):866–871. doi: 10.1038/nm0897-866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Chua K. B., Goh K. J., Wong K. T., Kamarulzaman A., Tan P. S., Ksiazek T. G., Zaki S. R., Paul G., Lam S. K., Tan C. T. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet. 1999 Oct 9;354(9186):1257–1259. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04299-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. DICKERSON R. B., NEWTON J. R., HANSEN J. E. Diagnosis and immediate prognosis of Japanese B encephalitis; observations based on more than 200 patients with detailed analysis of 65 serologically confirmed cases. Am J Med. 1952 Mar;12(3):277–288. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(52)90356-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Davidson M. M., Williams H., Macleod J. A. Louping ill in man: a forgotten disease. J Infect. 1991 Nov;23(3):241–249. doi: 10.1016/0163-4453(91)92756-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Desai A., Shankar S. K., Ravi V., Chandramuki A., Gourie-Devi M. Japanese encephalitis virus antigen in the human brain and its topographic distribution. Acta Neuropathol. 1995;89(4):368–373. doi: 10.1007/BF00309631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dropulić B., Masters C. L. Entry of neurotropic arboviruses into the central nervous system: an in vitro study using mouse brain endothelium. J Infect Dis. 1990 Apr;161(4):685–691. doi: 10.1093/infdis/161.4.685. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gambel J. M., DeFraites R., Hoke C., Jr, Brown A., Sanchez J., Karabatsos N., Tsai T., Meschievitz C. Japanese encephalitis vaccine: persistence of antibody up to 3 years after a three-dose primary series. J Infect Dis. 1995 Apr;171(4):1074–1074. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.4.1074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ghosh S. N., Goverdhan M. K., Sathe P. S., Chelliah S. C., Naik S. V., Godbole P. V., Banerjee K. Protective effect of 6-MFA, a fungal interferon inducer against Japanese encephalitis virus in bonnet macaques. Indian J Med Res. 1990 Nov;91:408–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Grossman R. A., Edelman R., Chiewanich P., Voodhikul P., Siriwan C. Study of Japanese encephalitis virus in Chiangmai valley, Thailand. II. Human clinical infections. Am J Epidemiol. 1973 Aug;98(2):121–132. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121537. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. HALSTEAD S. B., GROSZ C. R. Subclinical Japanese encephalitis. I. Infection of Americans with limited residence in Korea. Am J Hyg. 1962 Mar;75:190–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. HAMMON W. M., TIGERTT W. D., SATHER G. E., BERGE T. O., MEIKLEJOHN G. Epidemiologic studies of concurrent virgin epidemics of Japanese B encephalitis and of mumps on Guam, 1947-1948, with subsequent observations including dengue, through 1957. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1958 Jul;7(4):441–467. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hall I. H., Wong O. T., Chapman J. M. Cytotoxicity of imides-N-alkyl semicarbazones, thiosemicarbazones, acetylhydrazones and related derivatives. Anticancer Drugs. 1995 Feb;6(1):147–153. doi: 10.1097/00001813-199502000-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hammon W. M., Sather G. E. Passive immunity for arbovirus infection. I. Artificially induced prophylaxis in man and mouse for Japanese (B) encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1973 Jul;22(4):524–534. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1973.22.524. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hanna J. N., Ritchie S. A., Phillips D. A., Lee J. M., Hills S. L., van den Hurk A. F., Pyke A. T., Johansen C. A., Mackenzie J. S. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998. Med J Aust. 1999 Jun 7;170(11):533–536. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127878.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hanna J. N., Ritchie S. A., Phillips D. A., Shield J., Bailey M. C., Mackenzie J. S., Poidinger M., McCall B. J., Mills P. J. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Med J Aust. 1996 Sep 2;165(5):256–260. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb124960.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Harinasuta C., Nimmanitya S., Titsyakorn U. The effect of interferon-alpha A on two cases of Japanese encephalitis in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1985 Jun;16(2):332–336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Harinasuta C., Wasi C., Vithanomsat S. The effect of interferon on Japanese encephalitis virus in vitro. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1984 Dec;15(4):564–568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hase T., Summers P. L., Dubois D. R. Ultrastructural changes of mouse brain neurons infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Exp Pathol. 1990 Aug;71(4):493–505. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hasegawa H., Yoshida M., Shiosaka T., Fujita S., Kobayashi Y. Mutations in the envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus affect entry into cultured cells and virulence in mice. Virology. 1992 Nov;191(1):158–165. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90177-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Heinz F. X. Epitope mapping of flavivirus glycoproteins. Adv Virus Res. 1986;31:103–168. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60263-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hennessy S., Liu Z., Tsai T. F., Strom B. L., Wan C. M., Liu H. L., Wu T. X., Yu H. J., Liu Q. M., Karabatsos N. Effectiveness of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (SA14-14-2): a case-control study. Lancet. 1996 Jun 8;347(9015):1583–1586. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91075-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hoke C. H., Jr, Vaughn D. W., Nisalak A., Intralawan P., Poolsuppasit S., Jongsawas V., Titsyakorn U., Johnson R. T. Effect of high-dose dexamethasone on the outcome of acute encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus. J Infect Dis. 1992 Apr;165(4):631–637. doi: 10.1093/infdis/165.4.631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hoke C. H., Nisalak A., Sangawhipa N., Jatanasen S., Laorakapongse T., Innis B. L., Kotchasenee S., Gingrich J. B., Latendresse J., Fukai K. Protection against Japanese encephalitis by inactivated vaccines. N Engl J Med. 1988 Sep 8;319(10):608–614. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198809083191004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Huang C. H. Studies of Japanese encephalitis in China. Adv Virus Res. 1982;27:71–101. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60433-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Huong V. T., Ha D. Q., Deubel V. Genetic study of Japanese encephalitis viruses from Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 Nov;49(5):538–544. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.538. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Huy B. V., Tu H. C., Luan T. V., Lindqvist R. Early mental and neurological sequelae after Japanese B encephalitis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994 Sep;25(3):549–553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Igarashi A., Tanaka M., Morita K., Takasu T., Ahmed A., Ahmed A., Akram D. S., Waqar M. A. Detection of west Nile and Japanese encephalitis viral genome sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from acute encephalitis cases in Karachi, Pakistan. Microbiol Immunol. 1994;38(10):827–830. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01866.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Innis B. L., Nisalak A., Nimmannitya S., Kusalerdchariya S., Chongswasdi V., Suntayakorn S., Puttisri P., Hoke C. H. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to characterize dengue infections where dengue and Japanese encephalitis co-circulate. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Apr;40(4):418–427. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Johnson R. T., Burke D. S., Elwell M., Leake C. J., Nisalak A., Hoke C. H., Lorsomrudee W. Japanese encephalitis: immunocytochemical studies of viral antigen and inflammatory cells in fatal cases. Ann Neurol. 1985 Nov;18(5):567–573. doi: 10.1002/ana.410180510. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kedarnath N., Prasad S. R., Dandawate C. N., Koshy A. A., George S., Ghosh S. N. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis & West Nile viruses from peripheral blood of encephalitis patients. Indian J Med Res. 1984 Jan;79:1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ketel W. B., Ognibene A. J. Japanese B encephalitis in Vietnam. Am J Med Sci. 1971 May;261(5):271–279. doi: 10.1097/00000441-197105000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kimura-Kuroda J., Yasui K. Protection of mice against Japanese encephalitis virus by passive administration with monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol. 1988 Nov 15;141(10):3606–3610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kimura K., Dosaka A., Hashimoto Y., Yasunaga T., Uchino M., Ando M. Single-photon emission CT findings in acute Japanese encephalitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997 Mar;18(3):465–469. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Konishi E., Kurane I., Mason P. W., Innis B. L., Ennis F. A. Japanese encephalitis virus-specific proliferative responses of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995 Sep;53(3):278–283. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1995.53.278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kumar R., Agarwal S. P., Wakhlu I., Mishra K. L. Japanese encephalitis--an encephalomyelitis. Indian Pediatr. 1991 Dec;28(12):1525–1528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kumar R., Mathur A., Kumar A., Sharma S., Chakraborty S., Chaturvedi U. C. Clinical features & prognostic indicators of Japanese encephalitis in children in Lucknow (India). Indian J Med Res. 1990 Sep;91:321–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kumar R., Mathur A., Singh K. B., Sitholey P., Prasad M., Shukla R., Agarwal S. P., Arockiasamy J. Clinical sequelae of Japanese encephalitis in children. Indian J Med Res. 1993 Jan;97:9–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Kumar S., Misra U. K., Kalita J., Salwani V., Gupta R. K., Gujral R. MRI in Japanese encephalitis. Neuroradiology. 1997 Mar;39(3):180–184. doi: 10.1007/s002340050388. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. LINCOLN A. F., SIVERTSON S. E. Acute phase of Japanese B encephalitis; two hundred and one cases in American soldiers, Korea, 1950. J Am Med Assoc. 1952 Sep 27;150(4):268–273. doi: 10.1001/jama.1952.03680040010003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. LIU Y. F., TENG C. L., LIU K. Cerebral cysticercosis as a factor aggravating Japanese B encephalitis. Chin Med J. 1957 Dec;75(12):1010–1017. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Leake C. J., Burke D. S., Nisalak A., Hoke C. H. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from clinical specimens using a continuous mosquito cell line. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986 Sep;35(5):1045–1050. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.1045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Li Z. S., Hong S. F., Gong N. L. Immunohistochemical study on Japanese B encephalitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 1988 Oct;101(10):768–771. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Liou M. L., Hsu C. Y. Japanese encephalitis virus is transported across the cerebral blood vessels by endocytosis in mouse brain. Cell Tissue Res. 1998 Sep;293(3):389–394. doi: 10.1007/s004410051130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Liu J. L. Protective effect of interferon on mice experimentally infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi. 1972 Jun;5(1):1–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Liu Z. L., Hennessy S., Strom B. L., Tsai T. F., Wan C. M., Tang S. C., Xiang C. F., Bilker W. B., Pan X. P., Yao Y. J. Short-term safety of live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (SA14-14-2): results of a randomized trial with 26,239 subjects. J Infect Dis. 1997 Nov;176(5):1366–1369. doi: 10.1086/517323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. MIYAKE M. THE PATHOLOGY OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS. A REVIEW. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;30:153–160. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Mason P. W., Pincus S., Fournier M. J., Mason T. L., Shope R. E., Paoletti E. Japanese encephalitis virus-vaccinia recombinants produce particulate forms of the structural membrane proteins and induce high levels of protection against lethal JEV infection. Virology. 1991 Jan;180(1):294–305. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90034-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Mathur A., Kumar R., Sharma S., Kulshreshtha R., Kumar A., Chaturvedi U. C. Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by immunofluorescent examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Indian J Med Res. 1990 Jan;91:1–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. McMichael A. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for influenza virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1994;189:75–91. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-78530-6_5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. McMinn P. C. The molecular basis of virulence of the encephalitogenic flaviviruses. J Gen Virol. 1997 Nov;78(Pt 11):2711–2722. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-2711. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Meiyu F., Huosheng C., Cuihua C., Xiaodong T., Lianhua J., Yifei P., Weijun C., Huiyu G. Detection of flaviviruses by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with the universal primer set. Microbiol Immunol. 1997;41(3):209–213. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01192.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Misra U. K., Kalita J. A comparative study of Japanese and herpes simplex encephalitides. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Jan-Feb;38(1):41–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Misra U. K., Kalita J., Jain S. K., Mathur A. Radiological and neurophysiological changes in Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994 Dec;57(12):1484–1487. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.57.12.1484. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Misra U. K., Kalita J. Movement disorders in Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol. 1997 May;244(5):299–303. doi: 10.1007/s004150050090. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Monath T. P., Cropp C. B., Harrison A. K. Mode of entry of a neurotropic arbovirus into the central nervous system. Reinvestigation of an old controversy. Lab Invest. 1983 Apr;48(4):399–410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Nathanson N., Cole G. A. Fatal Japanese encephalitis virus infection in immunosuppresed spider monkeys. Clin Exp Immunol. 1970 Jan;6(1):161–166. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Ni H., Barrett A. D. Molecular differences between wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus strains of high and low mouse neuroinvasiveness. J Gen Virol. 1996 Jul;77(Pt 7):1449–1455. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-7-1449. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Okhuysen P. C., Crane J. K., Pappas J. St. Louis encephalitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Jul;17(1):140–141. doi: 10.1093/clinids/17.1.140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Paton N. I., Leo Y. S., Zaki S. R., Auchus A. P., Lee K. E., Ling A. E., Chew S. K., Ang B., Rollin P. E., Umapathi T. Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore. Lancet. 1999 Oct 9;354(9186):1253–1256. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04379-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Paul W. S., Moore P. S., Karabatsos N., Flood S. P., Yamada S., Jackson T., Tsai T. F. Outbreak of Japanese encephalitis on the island of Saipan, 1990. J Infect Dis. 1993 May;167(5):1053–1058. doi: 10.1093/infdis/167.5.1053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Peiris J. S., Amerasinghe F. P., Amerasinghe P. H., Ratnayake C. B., Karunaratne S. H., Tsai T. F. Japanese encephalitis in Sri Lanka--the study of an epidemic: vector incrimination, porcine infection and human disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992 May-Jun;86(3):307–313. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90325-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Plesner A. M., Rønne T. Allergic mucocutaneous reactions to Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Vaccine. 1997 Aug;15(11):1239–1243. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00020-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Poneprasert B. Japanese encephalitis in children in northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1989 Dec;20(4):599–603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. RICHTER R. W., SHIMOJYO S. Neurologic sequelae of Japanese B encephalitis. Neurology. 1961 Jul;11:553–559. doi: 10.1212/wnl.11.7.553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Ruff T. A., Eisen D., Fuller A., Kass R. Adverse reactions to Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Lancet. 1991 Oct 5;338(8771):881–882. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91531-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Schneider R. J., Firestone M. H., Edelman R., Chieowanich P., Pornpibul R. Clinical sequelae after japanese encephalitis: a one year follow-up study in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1974 Dec;5(4):560–568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Shankar S. K., Rao T. V., Mruthyunjayanna B. P., Gourie Devi M., Deshpande D. H. Autopsy study of brains during an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis in Karnataka. Indian J Med Res. 1983 Sep;78:431–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Shoji H., Murakami T., Murai I., Kida H., Sato Y., Kojima K., Abe T., Okudera T. A follow-up study by CT and MRI in 3 cases of Japanese encephalitis. Neuroradiology. 1990;32(3):215–219. doi: 10.1007/BF00589115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Solomon T., Kneen R., Dung N. M., Khanh V. C., Thuy T. T., Ha D. Q., Day N. P., Nisalak A., Vaughn D. W., White N. J. Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus. Lancet. 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094–1097. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07509-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Solomon T., Thao L. T., Dung N. M., Kneen R., Hung N. T., Nisalak A., Vaughn D. W., Farrar J., Hien T. T., White N. J. Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by using an immunoglobulin M dot enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Jul;36(7):2030–2034. doi: 10.1128/jcm.36.7.2030-2034.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Takegami T., Simamura E., Hirai K., Koyama J. Inhibitory effect of furanonaphthoquinone derivatives on the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus. Antiviral Res. 1998 Jan;37(1):37–45. doi: 10.1016/s0166-3542(97)00058-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Tsai T. F., Popovici F., Cernescu C., Campbell G. L., Nedelcu N. I. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet. 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767–771. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03538-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Tsai T. F., Yu Y. X., Jia L. L., Putvatana R., Zhang R., Wang S., Halstead S. B. Immunogenicity of live attenuated SA14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis vaccine--a comparison of 1- and 3-month immunization schedules. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jan;177(1):221–223. doi: 10.1086/517358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Umenai T., Krzysko R., Bektimirov T. A., Assaad F. A. Japanese encephalitis: current worldwide status. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63(4):625–631. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Vaughn D. W., Hoke C. H., Jr The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev. 1992;14:197–221. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Wuryadi S., Suroso T. Japanese encephalitis in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1989 Dec;20(4):575–580. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Zhang M. J., Wang M. J., Jiang S. Z., Ma W. Y. Passive protection of mice, goats, and monkeys against Japanese encephalitis with monoclonal antibodies. J Med Virol. 1989 Oct;29(2):133–138. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890290211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Zimmerman H. M. The Pathology of Japanese B Encephalitis. Am J Pathol. 1946 Sep;22(5):965–991. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Zimmerman M. D., Scott R. M., Vaughn D. W., Rajbhandari S., Nisalak A., Shrestha M. P. Short report: an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in Kathmandu, Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Sep;57(3):283–284. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES