Skip to main content
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry logoLink to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
. 2005 Sep;76(9):1188–1193. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.065334

The effect of deep brain stimulation on quality of life in movement disorders

A Diamond 1, J Jankovic 1
PMCID: PMC1739801  PMID: 16107348

Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a viable treatment alternative for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), dystonia, and cerebellar outflow tremors. When poorly controlled, these disorders have detrimental effects on the patient's health related quality of life (HRQoL). Instruments that measure HRQoL are useful tools to assess burden of disease and the impact of therapeutic interventions on activities of daily living, employment, and other functions. We systematically and critically reviewed the literature on the effects of DBS on HRQoL in PD, ET, dystonia, and cerebellar outflow tremor related to multiple sclerosis.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (84.4 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alusi S. H., Glickman S., Aziz T. Z., Bain P. G. Tremor in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 Feb;66(2):131–134. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.66.2.131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alusi S. H., Worthington J., Glickman S., Bain P. G. A study of tremor in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2001 Apr;124(Pt 4):720–730. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.4.720. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Amato M. P., Ponziani G., Rossi F., Liedl C. L., Stefanile C., Rossi L. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the impact of depression, fatigue and disability. Mult Scler. 2001 Oct;7(5):340–344. doi: 10.1177/135245850100700511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Ben-Shlomo Y., Camfield L., Warner T., ESDE collaborative group What are the determinants of quality of life in people with cervical dystonia? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 May;72(5):608–614. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.72.5.608. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Benabid A. L., Pollak P., Gervason C., Hoffmann D., Gao D. M., Hommel M., Perret J. E., de Rougemont J. Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. Lancet. 1991 Feb 16;337(8738):403–406. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91175-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Benito-León J., Morales J. M., Rivera-Navarro J. Health-related quality of life and its relationship to cognitive and emotional functioning in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol. 2002 Sep;9(5):497–502. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00450.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bereznai Benjamin, Steude Ulrich, Seelos Klaus, Bötzel Kai. Chronic high-frequency globus pallidus internus stimulation in different types of dystonia: a clinical, video, and MRI report of six patients presenting with segmental, cervical, and generalized dystonia. Mov Disord. 2002 Jan;17(1):138–144. doi: 10.1002/mds.1250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Berk Caglar, Carr Jason, Sinden Marci, Martzke Jeff, Honey Christopher R. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of tremor due to multiple sclerosis: a prospective study of tremor and quality of life. J Neurosurg. 2002 Oct;97(4):815–820. doi: 10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brice J., McLellan L. Suppression of intention tremor by contingent deep-brain stimulation. Lancet. 1980 Jun 7;1(8180):1221–1222. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)91680-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Busenbark K. L., Nash J., Nash S., Hubble J. P., Koller W. C. Is essential tremor benign? Neurology. 1991 Dec;41(12):1982–1983. doi: 10.1212/wnl.41.12.1982. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Capelle Hans-Holger, Weigel Ralf, Krauss Joachim K. Bilateral pallidal stimulation for blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia (Meige syndrome). Neurology. 2003 Jun 24;60(12):2017–2018. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000068527.25191.78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Capus L., Melatini A., Zorzon M., Torre P., Carraro N., Moretti D., Gioulis M., Moretti R., Sarra M. V., Marsala S. Z. Chronic bilateral electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2001 Feb;22(1):57–58. doi: 10.1007/s100720170045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cella D. F., Dineen K., Arnason B., Reder A., Webster K. A., karabatsos G., Chang C., Lloyd S., Steward J., Stefoski D. Validation of the functional assessment of multiple sclerosis quality of life instrument. Neurology. 1996 Jul;47(1):129–139. doi: 10.1212/wnl.47.1.129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chrischilles E. A., Rubenstein L. M., Voelker M. D., Wallace R. B., Rodnitzky R. L. The health burdens of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1998 May;13(3):406–413. doi: 10.1002/mds.870130306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Coubes Philippe, Cif Laura, El Fertit Hassan, Hemm Simone, Vayssiere Nathalie, Serrat Stephanie, Picot Marie Christine, Tuffery Sylvie, Claustres Mireille, Echenne Bernard. Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in patients with primary generalized dystonia: long-term results. J Neurosurg. 2004 Aug;101(2):189–194. doi: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.2.0189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Damiano A. M., McGrath M. M., Willian M. K., Snyder C. F., LeWitt P. A., Reyes P. F., Richter R. R., Means E. D. Evaluation of a measurement strategy for Parkinson's disease: assessing patient health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2000 Feb;9(1):87–100. doi: 10.1023/a:1008928321652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Damiano A. M., Snyder C., Strausser B., Willian M. K. A review of health-related quality-of-life concepts and measures for Parkinson's disease. Qual Life Res. 1999 May;8(3):235–243. doi: 10.1023/a:1008823222574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dodel R. C., Singer M., Köhne-Volland R., Szucs T., Rathay B., Scholz E., Oertel W. H. The economic impact of Parkinson's disease. An estimation based on a 3-month prospective analysis. Pharmacoeconomics. 1998 Sep;14(3):299–312. doi: 10.2165/00019053-199814030-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Drapier Sophie, Raoul Sylvie, Drapier Dominique, Leray Emmanuelle, Lallement François, Rivier Isabelle, Sauleau Paul, Lajat Youen, Edan Gilles, Vérin Marc. Only physical aspects of quality of life are significantly improved by bilateral subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2005 Mar 23;252(5):583–588. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0704-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Erola Tuomo, Karinen Petri, Heikkinen Esa, Tuominen Juho, Haapaniemi Tarja, Koivukangas John, Myllylä Vilho. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation improves health-related quality of life in Parkinsonian patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2005 Mar;11(2):89–94. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.08.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Esselink R. A. J., de Bie R. M. A., de Haan R. J., Lenders M. W. P. M., Nijssen P. C. G., Staal M. J., Smeding H. M. M., Schuurman P. R., Bosch D. A., Speelman J. D. Unilateral pallidotomy versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in PD: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2004 Jan 27;62(2):201–207. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000103235.12621.c3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fields J. A., Tröster A. I., Woods S. P., Higginson C. I., Wilkinson S. B., Lyons K. E., Koller W. C., Pahwa R. Neuropsychological and quality of life outcomes 12 months after unilateral thalamic stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Mar;74(3):305–311. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.3.305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fukunaga H., Kasai T., Yoshidome H. Clinical findings, status of care, comprehensive quality of life, daily life therapy and treatment at home in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur Neurol. 1997;38 (Suppl 2):64–69. doi: 10.1159/000113494. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. George M. S., Lydiard R. B. Social phobia secondary to physical disability. A review of benign essential tremor (BET) and stuttering. Psychosomatics. 1994 Nov-Dec;35(6):520–523. doi: 10.1016/s0033-3182(94)71720-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Goetz C. G., Stebbins G. T. Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993 Nov;43(11):2227–2229. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.11.2227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gray Alastair, McNamara Iain, Aziz Tipu, Gregory Ralph, Bain Peter, Wilson Joanna, Scott Richard. Quality of life outcomes following surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2002 Jan;17(1):68–75. doi: 10.1002/mds.1259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gudex C. M., Hawthorne M. R., Butler A. G., Duffey P. Effect of dystonia and botulinum toxin treatment on health-related quality of life. Mov Disord. 1998 Nov;13(6):941–946. doi: 10.1002/mds.870130613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hariz G-M, Lindberg M., Bergenheim A. T. Impact of thalamic deep brain stimulation on disability and health-related quality of life in patients with essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;72(1):47–52. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.72.1.47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hariz Gun-Marie, Lindberg Margareta, Hariz Marwan I., Bergenheim A. Tommy. Gender differences in disability and health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with stereotactic surgery. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Jul;108(1):28–37. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00092.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hilker R., Schischniaschvili M., Ghaemi M., Jacobs A., Rudolf J. Health related quality of life is improved by botulinum neurotoxin type A in long term treated patients with focal dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;71(2):193–199. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.71.2.193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hooper J., Whittle I. R. Costs of thalamic deep brain stimulation for movement disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. Br J Neurosurg. 2003 Feb;17(1):40–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Jankovic Joseph. Essential tremor: a heterogenous disorder. Mov Disord. 2002 Jul;17(4):638–644. doi: 10.1002/mds.10221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Just Helle, Ostergaard Karen. Health-related quality of life in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease treated with deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nuclei. Mov Disord. 2002 May;17(3):539–545. doi: 10.1002/mds.10111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kiss Zelma H., Doig Kristina, Eliasziw Michael, Ranawaya Ranjiit, Suchowersky Oksana. The Canadian multicenter trial of pallidal deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia: preliminary results in three patients. Neurosurg Focus. 2004 Jul 15;17(1):E5–E5. doi: 10.3171/foc.2004.17.1.5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Koller W. C., Busenbark K., Miner K. The relationship of essential tremor to other movement disorders: report on 678 patients. Essential Tremor Study Group. Ann Neurol. 1994 Jun;35(6):717–723. doi: 10.1002/ana.410350613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Krack P., Vercueil L. Review of the functional surgical treatment of dystonia. Eur J Neurol. 2001 Sep;8(5):389–399. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00231.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Krauss Joachim K. Deep brain stimulation for dystonia in adults. Overview and developments. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2002;78(3-4):168–182. doi: 10.1159/000068963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Krauss Joachim K., Yianni John, Loher Thomas J., Aziz Tipu Z. Deep brain stimulation for dystonia. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Jan-Feb;21(1):18–30. doi: 10.1097/00004691-200401000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kuehler A., Henrich G., Schroeder U., Conrad B., Herschbach P., Ceballos-Baumann A. A novel quality of life instrument for deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;74(8):1023–1030. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.8.1023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kumar R., Dagher A., Hutchison W. D., Lang A. E., Lozano A. M. Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation for generalized dystonia: clinical and PET investigation. Neurology. 1999 Sep 11;53(4):871–874. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.4.871. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kupsch A., Klaffke S., Kühn A. A., Meissner W., Arnold G., Schneider G. H., Maier-Hauff K., Trottenberg T. The effects of frequency in pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary dystonia. J Neurol. 2003 Oct;250(10):1201–1205. doi: 10.1007/s00415-003-0179-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Lagrange E., Krack P., Moro E., Ardouin C., Van Blercom N., Chabardes S., Benabid A. L., Pollak P. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation improves health-related quality of life in PD. Neurology. 2002 Dec 24;59(12):1976–1978. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000037486.82390.1c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Lezcano E., Gómez-Esteban J. C., Zarranz J. J., Lambarri I., Madoz P., Bilbao G., Pomposo I., Garibi J. Improvement in quality of life in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease following bilateral deep-brain stimulation in subthalamic nucleus. Eur J Neurol. 2004 Jul;11(7):451–454. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00804.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Lezcano E., Gómez J. C., Lambarri I., Bilbao G., Pomposo I., Rodríguez O., Villoria R., Zarranz J. J., Madoz P., Garibi J. Estimulación bilateral del núcelo subtalámico en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Experiencia inicial en el Hospital de Cruces. Neurologia. 2003 May;18(4):187–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Lou J. S., Jankovic J. Essential tremor: clinical correlates in 350 patients. Neurology. 1991 Feb;41(2 ):234–238. doi: 10.1212/wnl.41.2_part_1.234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Louis E. D., Ottman R., Hauser W. A. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? estimates of the prevalence of essential tremor throughout the world. Mov Disord. 1998 Jan;13(1):5–10. doi: 10.1002/mds.870130105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Marinus J., Ramaker C., van Hilten J. J., Stiggelbout A. M. Health related quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of disease specific instruments. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;72(2):241–248. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.72.2.241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Martínez-Martín Pablo, Valldeoriola Francesc, Tolosa Eduardo, Pilleri Manuela, Molinuevo José Luis, Rumià Jordi, Ferrer Enric. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and quality of life in advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2002 Mar;17(2):372–377. doi: 10.1002/mds.10044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Matsumoto J., Morrow D., Kaufman K., Davis D., Ahlskog J. E., Walker A., Sneve D., Noseworthy J., Rodriguez M. Surgical therapy for tremor in multiple sclerosis: an evaluation of outcome measures. Neurology. 2001 Nov 27;57(10):1876–1882. doi: 10.1212/wnl.57.10.1876. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Meyers A. R., Gage H., Hendricks A. Health-related quality of life in neurology. Arch Neurol. 2000 Aug;57(8):1224–1227. doi: 10.1001/archneur.57.8.1224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Modrego P. J., Pina M. A., Simón A., Azuara M. C. The interrelations between disability and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis in the area of Bajo Aragon, Spain: a geographically based survey. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2001;15(1):69–73. doi: 10.1177/154596830101500109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Muta D., Goto S., Nishikawa S., Hamasaki T., Ushio Y., Inoue N., Mita S. Bilateral pallidal stimulation for idiopathic segmental axial dystonia advanced from Meige syndrome refractory to bilateral thalamotomy. Mov Disord. 2001 Jul;16(4):774–777. doi: 10.1002/mds.1122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Ondo W., Almaguer M., Jankovic J., Simpson R. K. Thalamic deep brain stimulation: comparison between unilateral and bilateral placement. Arch Neurol. 2001 Feb;58(2):218–222. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.2.218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Patel N. K., Plaha P., O'Sullivan K., McCarter R., Heywood P., Gill S. S. MRI directed bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;74(12):1631–1637. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.12.1631. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Riazi A., Hobart J. C., Lamping D. L., Fitzpatrick R., Freeman J. A., Jenkinson C., Peto V., Thompson A. J. Using the SF-36 measure to compare the health impact of multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease with normal population health profiles. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;74(6):710–714. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.6.710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Riazi A., Hobart J. C., Lamping D. L., Fitzpatrick R., Thompson A. J. Evidence-based measurement in multiple sclerosis: the psychometric properties of the physical and psychological dimensions of three quality of life rating scales. Mult Scler. 2003 Aug;9(4):411–419. doi: 10.1191/1352458503ms929oa. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Riazi A., Hobart J. C., Lamping D. L., Fitzpatrick R., Thompson A. J. Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29): reliability and validity in hospital based samples. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;73(6):701–704. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.73.6.701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Rothwell P. M., McDowell Z., Wong C. K., Dorman P. J. Doctors and patients don't agree: cross sectional study of patients' and doctors' perceptions and assessments of disability in multiple sclerosis. BMJ. 1997 May 31;314(7094):1580–1583. doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7094.1580. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Scheife R. T., Schumock G. T., Burstein A., Gottwald M. D., Luer M. S. Impact of Parkinson's disease and its pharmacologic treatment on quality of life and economic outcomes. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000 May 15;57(10):953–962. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/57.10.953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Schulder Michael, Sernas Thomas J., Karimi Reza. Thalamic stimulation in patients with multiple sclerosis: long-term follow-up. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2003;80(1-4):48–55. doi: 10.1159/000075160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Schuurman P. R., Bosch D. A., Bossuyt P. M., Bonsel G. J., van Someren E. J., de Bie R. M., Merkus M. P., Speelman J. D. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 17;342(7):461–468. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200002173420703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Smith P. F., Darlington C. L. Recent developments in drug therapy for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 1999 Apr;5(2):110–120. doi: 10.1177/135245859900500208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Spottke E. A., Volkmann J., Lorenz D., Krack P., Smala A. M., Sturm V., Gerstner A., Berger K., Hellwig D., Deuschl G. Evaluation of healthcare utilization and health status of patients with Parkinson's disease treated with deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurol. 2002 Jun;249(6):759–766. doi: 10.1007/s00415-002-0711-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Stolp-Smith K. A., Carter J. L., Rohe D. E., Knowland D. P., 3rd Management of impairment, disability, and handicap due to multiple sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997 Dec;72(12):1184–1196. doi: 10.4065/72.12.1184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Straits-Tröster K., Fields J. A., Wilkinson S. B., Pahwa R., Lyons K. E., Koller W. C., Tröster A. I. Health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease after pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation. Brain Cogn. 2000 Apr;42(3):399–416. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1999.1112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Trottenberg T., Meissner W., Kabus C., Arnold G., Funk T., Einhaupl K. M., Kupsch A. Neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in inherited myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Mov Disord. 2001 Jul;16(4):769–771. doi: 10.1002/mds.1119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Trottenberg T., Paul G., Meissner W., Maier-Hauff K., Taschner C., Kupsch A. Pallidal and thalamic neurostimulation in severe tardive dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Apr;70(4):557–559. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.70.4.557. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Tröster A. I., Fields J. A., Pahwa R., Wilkinson S. B., Strait-Tröster K. A., Lyons K., Kieltyka J., Koller W. C. Neuropsychological and quality of life outcome after thalamic stimulation for essential tremor. Neurology. 1999 Nov 10;53(8):1774–1780. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.8.1774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Tröster Alexander I., Fields Julie A., Wilkinson Steven, Pahwa Rajesh, Koller William C., Lyons Kelly E. Effect of motor improvement on quality of life following subthalamic stimulation is mediated by changes in depressive symptomatology. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2003;80(1-4):43–47. doi: 10.1159/000075159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Vercueil L., Pollak P., Fraix V., Caputo E., Moro E., Benazzouz A., Xie J., Koudsie A., Benabid A. L. Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of severe dystonia. J Neurol. 2001 Aug;248(8):695–700. doi: 10.1007/s004150170116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Vidailhet Marie, Vercueil Laurent, Houeto Jean-Luc, Krystkowiak Pierre, Benabid Alim-Louis, Cornu Philippe, Lagrange Christelle, Tézenas du Montcel Sophie, Dormont Didier, Grand Sylvie. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 3;352(5):459–467. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Wishart H. A., Roberts D. W., Roth R. M., McDonald B. C., Coffey D. J., Mamourian A. C., Hartley C., Flashman L. A., Fadul C. E., Saykin A. J. Chronic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis: review and case reports. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;74(10):1392–1397. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.10.1392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Woods S. P., Fields J. A., Lyons K. E., Koller W. C., Wilkinson S. B., Pahwa R., Tröster A. I. Neuropsychological and quality of life changes following unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a one-year follow-up. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001 Dec;143(12):1273–1278. doi: 10.1007/s007010100024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Wöhrle J. C., Weigel R., Grips E., Blahak C., Capelle H. H., Krauss J. K. Risperidone-responsive segmental dystonia and pallidal deep brain stimulation. Neurology. 2003 Aug 26;61(4):546–548. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000078032.71703.44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES