Skip to main content
Quality & Safety in Health Care logoLink to Quality & Safety in Health Care
. 2002 Mar;11(1):69–75. doi: 10.1136/qhc.11.1.69

Decision support and safety of clinical environments

A Morris 1
PMCID: PMC1743567  PMID: 12078374

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (140.4 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abramson N. S., Wald K. S., Grenvik A. N., Robinson D., Snyder J. V. Adverse occurrences in intensive care units. JAMA. 1980 Oct 3;244(14):1582–1584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Audet A. M., Greenfield S., Field M. Medical practice guidelines: current activities and future directions. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Nov 1;113(9):709–714. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-9-709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Avorn J. Putting adverse drug events into perspective. JAMA. 1997 Jan 22;277(4):341–342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barach P., Small S. D. Reporting and preventing medical mishaps: lessons from non-medical near miss reporting systems. BMJ. 2000 Mar 18;320(7237):759–763. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7237.759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bates D. W., Spell N., Cullen D. J., Burdick E., Laird N., Petersen L. A., Small S. D., Sweitzer B. J., Leape L. L. The costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Adverse Drug Events Prevention Study Group. JAMA. 1997 Jan 22;277(4):307–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Berman S. The AMA clinical quality improvement forum on addressing patient safety. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2000 Jul;26(7):428–433. doi: 10.1016/s1070-3241(00)26036-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Browner W. S., Newman T. B. Are all significant P values created equal? The analogy between diagnostic tests and clinical research. JAMA. 1987 May 8;257(18):2459–2463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chan L. S., Schonfeld N. How much information is lost during processing? A case study of pediatric emergency department records. Comput Biomed Res. 1993 Dec;26(6):582–591. doi: 10.1006/cbmr.1993.1041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Christensen C. M., Bohmer R., Kenagy J. Will disruptive innovations cure health care? Harv Bus Rev. 2000 Sep-Oct;78(5):102-12, 199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Classen D. C., Evans R. S., Pestotnik S. L., Horn S. D., Menlove R. L., Burke J. P. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 30;326(5):281–286. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199201303260501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Classen D. C., Pestotnik S. L., Evans R. S., Burke J. P. Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients. JAMA. 1991 Nov 27;266(20):2847–2851. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Classen D. C., Pestotnik S. L., Evans R. S., Burke J. P. Intensive surveillance of midazolam use in hospitalized patients and the occurrence of cardiorespiratory arrest. Pharmacotherapy. 1992;12(3):213–216. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Classen D. C., Pestotnik S. L., Evans R. S., Lloyd J. F., Burke J. P. Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA. 1997 Jan 22;277(4):301–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Clemmer T. P. Nutrition support teams: role in the new health care environment. Nutr Clin Pract. 1994 Dec;9(6):217–220. doi: 10.1177/0115426594009006217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Clemmer T. P., Spuhler V. J., Berwick D. M., Nolan T. W. Cooperation: the foundation of improvement. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jun 15;128(12 Pt 1):1004–1009. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-12_part_1-199806150-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Clemmer T. P., Spuhler V. J., Oniki T. A., Horn S. D. Results of a collaborative quality improvement program on outcomes and costs in a tertiary critical care unit. Crit Care Med. 1999 Sep;27(9):1768–1774. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199909000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dawes R. M., Faust D., Meehl P. E. Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science. 1989 Mar 31;243(4899):1668–1674. doi: 10.1126/science.2648573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dexter P. R., Perkins S., Overhage J. M., Maharry K., Kohler R. B., McDonald C. J. A computerized reminder system to increase the use of preventive care for hospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 27;345(13):965–970. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa010181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dickerson J. E., Hingorani A. D., Ashby M. J., Palmer C. R., Brown M. J. Optimisation of antihypertensive treatment by crossover rotation of four major classes. Lancet. 1999 Jun 12;353(9169):2008–2013. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07614-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. East T. D., Böhm S. H., Wallace C. J., Clemmer T. P., Weaver L. K., Orme J. F., Jr, Morris A. H. A successful computerized protocol for clinical management of pressure control inverse ratio ventilation in ARDS patients. Chest. 1992 Mar;101(3):697–710. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.3.697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. East T. D., Heermann L. K., Bradshaw R. L., Lugo A., Sailors R. M., Ershler L., Wallace C. J., Morris A. H., McKinley B., Marquez A. Efficacy of computerized decision support for mechanical ventilation: results of a prospective multi-center randomized trial. Proc AMIA Symp. 1999:251–255. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Evans R. S., Burke J. P., Classen D. C., Gardner R. M., Menlove R. L., Goodrich K. M., Stevens L. E., Pestotnik S. L. Computerized identification of patients at high risk for hospital-acquired infection. Am J Infect Control. 1992 Feb;20(1):4–10. doi: 10.1016/s0196-6553(05)80117-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Evans R. S., Pestotnik S. L., Burke J. P., Gardner R. M., Larsen R. A., Classen D. C. Reducing the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use through computer monitoring of surgical patients. DICP. 1990 Apr;24(4):351–354. doi: 10.1177/106002809002400401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Evans R. S., Pestotnik S. L., Classen D. C., Bass S. B., Burke J. P. Prevention of adverse drug events through computerized surveillance. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1992:437–441. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Evans R. S., Pestotnik S. L., Classen D. C., Clemmer T. P., Weaver L. K., Orme J. F., Jr, Lloyd J. F., Burke J. P. A computer-assisted management program for antibiotics and other antiinfective agents. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 22;338(4):232–238. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199801223380406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Fletcher R. H., Fletcher S. W. Clinical practice guidelines. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Nov 1;113(9):645–646. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-9-645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Fridsma D. B., Gennari J. H., Musen M. A. Making generic guidelines site-specific. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1996:597–601. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Galletly D. C., Mushet N. N. Anaesthesia system errors. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1991 Feb;19(1):66–73. doi: 10.1177/0310057X9101900112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Galuska D. A., Will J. C., Serdula M. K., Ford E. S. Are health care professionals advising obese patients to lose weight? JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1576–1578. doi: 10.1001/jama.282.16.1576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gardner R. M., West B. J., Pryor T. A., Larsen K. G., Warner H. R., Clemmer T. P., Orme J. F., Jr Computer-based ICU data acquisition as an aid to clinical decision-making. Crit Care Med. 1982 Dec;10(12):823–830. doi: 10.1097/00003246-198212000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gay P. C. Of pundits, professors, and pollsters. Crit Care Med. 1993 Jul;21(7):959–960. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199307000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gnaegi A., Feihl F., Perret C. Intensive care physicians' insufficient knowledge of right-heart catheterization at the bedside: time to act? Crit Care Med. 1997 Feb;25(2):213–220. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199702000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Greco P. J., Eisenberg J. M. Changing physicians' practices. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 21;329(17):1271–1273. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199310213291714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Greene H. L., Roden D. M., Katz R. J., Woosley R. L., Salerno D. M., Henthorn R. W. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial: first CAST ... then CAST-II. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Apr;19(5):894–898. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90267-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Grimm R. H., Jr, Shimoni K., Harlan W. R., Jr, Estes E. H., Jr Evaluation of patient-care protocol use by various providers. N Engl J Med. 1975 Mar 6;292(10):507–511. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197503062921005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Grimshaw J. M., Russell I. T. Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet. 1993 Nov 27;342(8883):1317–1322. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92244-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hadorn D. C., McCormick K., Diokno A. An annotated algorithm approach to clinical guideline development. JAMA. 1992 Jun 24;267(24):3311–3314. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Henderson S., Crapo R. O., Wallace C. J., East T. D., Morris A. H., Gardner R. M. Performance of computerized protocols for the management of arterial oxygenation in an intensive care unit. Int J Clin Monit Comput. 1991;8(4):271–280. doi: 10.1007/BF01739128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hirsh J. Oral anticoagulant drugs. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 27;324(26):1865–1875. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199106273242606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hulse R. K., Clark S. J., Jackson J. C., Warner H. R., Gardner R. M. Computerized medication monitoring system. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1976 Oct;33(10):1061–1064. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Iberti T. J., Daily E. K., Leibowitz A. B., Schecter C. B., Fischer E. P., Silverstein J. H. Assessment of critical care nurses' knowledge of the pulmonary artery catheter. The Pulmonary Artery Catheter Study Group. Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct;22(10):1674–1678. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Iberti T. J., Fischer E. P., Leibowitz A. B., Panacek E. A., Silverstein J. H., Albertson T. E. A multicenter study of physicians' knowledge of the pulmonary artery catheter. Pulmonary Artery Catheter Study Group. JAMA. 1990 Dec 12;264(22):2928–2932. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Johnson J. A., Bootman J. L. Drug-related morbidity and mortality. A cost-of-illness model. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Oct 9;155(18):1949–1956. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Johnston M. E., Langton K. B., Haynes R. B., Mathieu A. Effects of computer-based clinical decision support systems on clinician performance and patient outcome. A critical appraisal of research. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jan 15;120(2):135–142. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-120-2-199401150-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Jones J. K., Fife D., Curkendall S., Goehring E., Jr, Guo J. J., Shannon M. Coprescribing and codispensing of cisapride and contraindicated drugs. JAMA. 2001 Oct 3;286(13):1607–1609. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.13.1607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Jones P. W. Testing health status ("quality of life") questionnaires for asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J. 1998 Jan;11(1):5–6. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.11010005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kiefe C. I., Allison J. J., Williams O. D., Person S. D., Weaver M. T., Weissman N. W. Improving quality improvement using achievable benchmarks for physician feedback: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2871–2879. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.22.2871. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kiernan M., King A. C., Kraemer H. C., Stefanick M. L., Killen J. D. Characteristics of successful and unsuccessful dieters: an application of signal detection methodology. Ann Behav Med. 1998 Winter;20(1):1–6. doi: 10.1007/BF02893802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Krizek T. J. Surgical error: ethical issues of adverse events. Arch Surg. 2000 Nov;135(11):1359–1366. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.11.1359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kuperman G. J., Teich J. M., Gandhi T. K., Bates D. W. Patient safety and computerized medication ordering at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2001 Oct;27(10):509–521. doi: 10.1016/s1070-3241(01)27045-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Leape L. L. Error in medicine. JAMA. 1994 Dec 21;272(23):1851–1857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Leiner G. C., Abrowitz S., Small M. J. Pulmonary function testing in laboratories associated with residency training programs in pulmonary diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 Aug;100(2):240–244. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1969.100.2.240. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Lesar T. S., Briceland L., Stein D. S. Factors related to errors in medication prescribing. JAMA. 1997 Jan 22;277(4):312–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Lo B. Improving care near the end of life. Why is it so hard? JAMA. 1995 Nov 22;274(20):1634–1636. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Lomas J., Anderson G. M., Domnick-Pierre K., Vayda E., Enkin M. W., Hannah W. J. Do practice guidelines guide practice? The effect of a consensus statement on the practice of physicians. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 9;321(19):1306–1311. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911093211906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Mc Donald C. J. Use of a computer to detect and respond to clinical events: its effect on clinician behavior. Ann Intern Med. 1976 Feb;84(2):162–167. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-84-2-162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. McDonald C. J. Medical heuristics: the silent adjudicators of clinical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jan 1;124(1 Pt 1):56–62. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-1_part_1-199601010-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. McDonald C. J. Protocol-based computer reminders, the quality of care and the non-perfectability of man. N Engl J Med. 1976 Dec 9;295(24):1351–1355. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197612092952405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. McDonald C. J., Tierney W. M. Computer-stored medical records. Their future role in medical practice. JAMA. 1988 Jun 17;259(23):3433–3440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. McDonald C. J., Wilson G. A., McCabe G. P., Jr Physician response to computer reminders. JAMA. 1980 Oct 3;244(14):1579–1581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. McNeil B. J. Use of claims data to monitor patients over time: acute myocardial infarction as a case study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Dec 31;703:63–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26336.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Miller P. L., Frawley S. J. Trade-offs in producing patient-specific recommendations from a computer-based clinical guideline: a case study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1995 Jul-Aug;2(4):238–242. doi: 10.1136/jamia.1995.96010392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Morris A. H., Chapman R. H., Gardner R. M. Frequency of technical problems encountered in the measurement of pulmonary artery wedge pressure. Crit Care Med. 1984 Mar;12(3):164–170. doi: 10.1097/00003246-198403000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Morris A. H. Developing and implementing computerized protocols for standardization of clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Mar 7;132(5):373–383. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Morris A. H. Elimination of pulmonary wedge pressure errors commonly encountered in the ICU. Cardiologia. 1985 Oct;30(10):941–943. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Morris A. H. Hemodynamic guidelines. Crit Care Med. 1993 Jul;21(7):1096–1096. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199307000-00029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Morris A. H. Protocol management of adult respiratory distress syndrome. New Horiz. 1993 Nov;1(4):593–602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Morris A. H. Rational use of computerized protocols in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2001 Sep 13;5(5):249–254. doi: 10.1186/cc1041. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Morris A. H., Wallace C. J., Menlove R. L., Clemmer T. P., Orme J. F., Jr, Weaver L. K., Dean N. C., Thomas F., East T. D., Pace N. L. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb;149(2 Pt 1):295–305. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Nakhleh R. E., Zarbo R. J. Amended reports in surgical pathology and implications for diagnostic error detection and avoidance: a College of American Pathologists Q-probes study of 1,667,547 accessioned cases in 359 laboratories. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998 Apr;122(4):303–309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Nelson E. C., Splaine M. E., Batalden P. B., Plume S. K. Building measurement and data collection into medical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Mar 15;128(6):460–466. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. O'Connor G. T., Plume S. K., Wennberg J. E. Regional organization for outcomes research. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Dec 31;703:44–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26334.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Oniki T. A., Clemmer T. P., Arthur L. K., Linford L. H. Using statistical quality control techniques to monitor blood glucose levels. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1995:586–590. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Palevsky P. M., Bhagrath R., Greenberg A. Hypernatremia in hospitalized patients. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jan 15;124(2):197–203. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-2-199601150-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Pestotnik S. L., Classen D. C., Evans R. S., Burke J. P. Implementing antibiotic practice guidelines through computer-assisted decision support: clinical and financial outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 1996 May 15;124(10):884–890. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-10-199605150-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Pratt C. M., Brater D. C., Harrell F. E., Jr, Kowey P. R., Leier C. V., Lowenthal D. T., Messerli F., Packer M., Pritchett E. L., Ruskin J. N. Clinical and regulatory implications of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Jan 1;65(1):103–105. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90034-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Pritchard R. S., Fisher E. S., Teno J. M., Sharp S. M., Reding D. J., Knaus W. A., Wennberg J. E., Lynn J. Influence of patient preferences and local health system characteristics on the place of death. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Risks and Outcomes of Treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998 Oct;46(10):1242–1250. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb04540.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Prochaska J. O., DiClemente C. C., Norcross J. C. In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992 Sep;47(9):1102–1114. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.47.9.1102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Pryor T. A. The HELP medical record system. MD Comput. 1988 Sep-Oct;5(5):22–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Rao S. N., Mookerjee A. L., Obasanjo O. O., Chaisson R. E. Errors in the treatment of tuberculosis in Baltimore. Chest. 2000 Mar;117(3):734–737. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.3.734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Reason J. Human error: models and management. BMJ. 2000 Mar 18;320(7237):768–770. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7237.768. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Safran C., Rind D. M., Davis R. B., Ives D., Sands D. Z., Currier J., Slack W. V., Cotton D. J., Makadon H. J. Effects of a knowledge-based electronic patient record in adherence to practice guidelines. MD Comput. 1996 Jan-Feb;13(1):55–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Schacker T., Collier A. C., Hughes J., Shea T., Corey L. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Aug 15;125(4):257–264. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-125-4-199608150-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Schulz E. B., Barrett J. W., Price C. Read Code quality assurance: from simple syntax to semantic stability. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1998 Jul-Aug;5(4):337–346. doi: 10.1136/jamia.1998.0050337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Singer M. V., Haft R., Barlam T., Aronson M., Shafer A., Sands K. E. Vancomycin control measures at a tertiary-care hospital: impact of interventions on volume and patterns of use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998 Apr;19(4):248–253. doi: 10.1086/647803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Staender S., Davies J., Helmreich B., Sexton B., Kaufmann M. The anaesthesia critical incident reporting system: an experience based database. Int J Med Inform. 1997 Nov;47(1-2):87–90. doi: 10.1016/s1386-5056(97)00087-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Teno J. M., Licks S., Lynn J., Wenger N., Connors A. F., Jr, Phillips R. S., O'Connor M. A., Murphy D. P., Fulkerson W. J., Desbiens N. Do advance directives provide instructions that direct care? SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Apr;45(4):508–512. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb05179.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Teno J., Lynn J., Connors A. F., Jr, Wenger N., Phillips R. S., Alzola C., Murphy D. P., Desbiens N., Knaus W. A. The illusion of end-of-life resource savings with advance directives. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Apr;45(4):513–518. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb05180.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Tierney W. M., McDonald C. J., Hui S. L., Martin D. K. Computer predictions of abnormal test results. Effects on outpatient testing. JAMA. 1988 Feb 26;259(8):1194–1198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Tierney W. M., McDonald C. J., Martin D. K., Rogers M. P. Computerized display of past test results. Effect on outpatient testing. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Oct;107(4):569–574. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-569. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Tierney W. M., Miller M. E., McDonald C. J. The effect on test ordering of informing physicians of the charges for outpatient diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 24;322(21):1499–1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199005243222105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Tierney W. M., Miller M. E., Overhage J. M., McDonald C. J. Physician inpatient order writing on microcomputer workstations. Effects on resource utilization. JAMA. 1993 Jan 20;269(3):379–383. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Tierney W. M., Overhage J. M., McDonald C. J. Computerizing guidelines: factors for success. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1996:459–462. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Tierney W. M., Overhage J. M., Takesue B. Y., Harris L. E., Murray M. D., Vargo D. L., McDonald C. J. Computerizing guidelines to improve care and patient outcomes: the example of heart failure. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1995 Sep-Oct;2(5):316–322. doi: 10.1136/jamia.1995.96073834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Warner H. R., Olmsted C. M., Rutherford B. D. HELP--a program for medical decision-making. Comput Biomed Res. 1972 Feb;5(1):65–74. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(72)90007-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Weed L. L. New connections between medical knowledge and patient care. BMJ. 1997 Jul 26;315(7102):231–235. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7102.231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Weed L. L. Sounding Boards. Physicians of the future. N Engl J Med. 1981 Apr 9;304(15):903–907. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198104093041511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Wennberg J. E., Barry M. J., Fowler F. J., Mulley A. Outcomes research, PORTs, and health care reform. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Dec 31;703:52–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26335.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Wennberg J. E. Dealing with medical practice variations: a proposal for action. Health Aff (Millwood) 1984 Summer;3(2):6–32. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.3.2.6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Wennberg J. E. Variations in medical practice and hospital costs. Conn Med. 1985 Jul;49(7):444–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Wennberg J., Gittelsohn Small area variations in health care delivery. Science. 1973 Dec 14;182(4117):1102–1108. doi: 10.1126/science.182.4117.1102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. West J. G. An autopsy method for evaluating trauma care. J Trauma. 1981 Jan;21(1):32–34. doi: 10.1097/00005373-198101000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Wirtschafter D. D., Scalise M., Henke C., Gams R. A. Do information systems improve the quality of clinical research? Results of a randomized trial in a cooperative multi-institutional cancer group. Comput Biomed Res. 1981 Feb;14(1):78–90. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(81)90042-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Wu A. W., Folkman S., McPhee S. J., Lo B. Do house officers learn from their mistakes? JAMA. 1991 Apr 24;265(16):2089–2094. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Quality & safety in health care are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES