Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (108.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aarvak T., Chabaud M., Miossec P., Natvig J. B. IL-17 is produced by some proinflammatory Th1/Th0 cells but not by Th2 cells. J Immunol. 1999 Feb 1;162(3):1246–1251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beatty W. L., Belanger T. A., Desai A. A., Morrison R. P., Byrne G. I. Tryptophan depletion as a mechanism of gamma interferon-mediated chlamydial persistence. Infect Immun. 1994 Sep;62(9):3705–3711. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.9.3705-3711.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beatty W. L., Morrison R. P., Byrne G. I. Persistent chlamydiae: from cell culture to a paradigm for chlamydial pathogenesis. Microbiol Rev. 1994 Dec;58(4):686–699. doi: 10.1128/mr.58.4.686-699.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bobo L. D., Novak N., Muñoz B., Hsieh Y. H., Quinn T. C., West S. Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Infect Dis. 1997 Dec;176(6):1524–1530. doi: 10.1086/514151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Branigan P. J., Gérard H. C., Hudson A. P., Schumacher H. R., Jr, Pando J. Comparison of synovial tissue and synovial fluid as the source of nucleic acids for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Oct;39(10):1740–1746. doi: 10.1002/art.1780391018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown M. A., Pile K. D., Kennedy L. G., Campbell D., Andrew L., March R., Shatford J. L., Weeks D. E., Calin A., Wordsworth B. P. A genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Apr;41(4):588–595. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199804)41:4<588::AID-ART5>3.0.CO;2-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen W., Syldath U., Bellmann K., Burkart V., Kolb H. Human 60-kDa heat-shock protein: a danger signal to the innate immune system. J Immunol. 1999 Mar 15;162(6):3212–3219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chopra I., Storey C., Falla T. J., Pearce J. H. Antibiotics, peptidoglycan synthesis and genomics: the chlamydial anomaly revisited. Microbiology. 1998 Oct;144(Pt 10):2673–2678. doi: 10.1099/00221287-144-10-2673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cotter T. W., Ramsey K. H., Miranpuri G. S., Poulsen C. E., Byrne G. I. Dissemination of Chlamydia trachomatis chronic genital tract infection in gamma interferon gene knockout mice. Infect Immun. 1997 Jun;65(6):2145–2152. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2145-2152.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Deane K. H., Jecock R. M., Pearce J. H., Gaston J. S. Identification and characterization of a DR4-restricted T cell epitope within chlamydia heat shock protein 60. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Sep;109(3):439–445. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.4711371.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Furr P. M., Taylor-Robinson D., Webster A. D. Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia and their role in arthritis: microbiological observations over twenty years. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Mar;53(3):183–187. doi: 10.1136/ard.53.3.183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gaston J. S., Cox C., Granfors K. Clinical and experimental evidence for persistent Yersinia infection in reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Oct;42(10):2239–2242. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199910)42:10<2239::AID-ANR29>3.0.CO;2-L. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gaston J. S., Deane K. H., Jecock R. M., Pearce J. H. Identification of 2 Chlamydia trachomatis antigens recognized by synovial fluid T cells from patients with Chlamydia induced reactive arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1996 Jan;23(1):130–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gaston J. S. Heat shock proteins and arthritis--new readers start here. Autoimmunity. 1997;26(1):33–42. doi: 10.3109/08916939709009548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gaston J. S., Life P. F., Granfors K., Merilahti-Palo R., Bailey L., Consalvey S., Toivanen A., Bacon P. A. Synovial T lymphocyte recognition of organisms that trigger reactive arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1989 Jun;76(3):348–353. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Granfors K., Jalkanen S., Lindberg A. A., Mäki-Ikola O., von Essen R., Lahesmaa-Rantala R., Isomäki H., Saario R., Arnold W. J., Toivanen A. Salmonella lipopolysaccharide in synovial cells from patients with reactive arthritis. Lancet. 1990 Mar 24;335(8691):685–688. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90804-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Granfors K., Jalkanen S., von Essen R., Lahesmaa-Rantala R., Isomäki O., Pekkola-Heino K., Merilahti-Palo R., Saario R., Isomäki H., Toivanen A. Yersinia antigens in synovial-fluid cells from patients with reactive arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jan 26;320(4):216–221. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198901263200404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grayston J. T. Design of future intervention studies for Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 1999 Nov;138(5 Pt 2):S556–S557. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70302-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gross D. M., Forsthuber T., Tary-Lehmann M., Etling C., Ito K., Nagy Z. A., Field J. A., Steere A. C., Huber B. T. Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science. 1998 Jul 31;281(5377):703–706. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5377.703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gérard H. C., Branigan P. J., Schumacher H. R., Jr, Hudson A. P. Synovial Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome are viable but show aberrant gene expression. J Rheumatol. 1998 Apr;25(4):734–742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gérard H. C., Köhler L., Branigan P. J., Zeidler H., Schumacher H. R., Hudson A. P. Viability and gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis during persistent infection of cultured human monocytes. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1998 Oct;187(2):115–120. doi: 10.1007/s004300050082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hassell A. B., Reynolds D. J., Deacon M., Gaston J. S., Pearce J. H. Identification of T-cell stimulatory antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis using synovial fluid-derived T-cell clones. Immunology. 1993 Aug;79(4):513–519. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horowitz S., Horowitz J., Taylor-Robinson D., Sukenik S., Apte R. N., Bar-David J., Thomas B., Gilroy C. Ureaplasma urealyticum in Reiter's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1994 May;21(5):877–882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Keat A. C., Maini R. N., Nkwazi G. C., Pegrum G. D., Ridgway G. L., Scott J. T. Role of Chlamydia trachomatis and HLA-B27 in sexually acquired reactive arthritis. Br Med J. 1978 Mar 11;1(6113):605–607. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6113.605. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Keat A., Thomas B., Dixey J., Osborn M., Sonnex C., Taylor-Robinson D. Chlamydia trachomatis and reactive arthritis: the missing link. Lancet. 1987 Jan 10;1(8524):72–74. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91910-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim S. K., Angevine M., Demick K., Ortiz L., Rudersdorf R., Watkins D., DeMars R. Induction of HLA class I-restricted CD8+ CTLs specific for the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis in human genital tract infections. J Immunol. 1999 Jun 1;162(11):6855–6866. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kol A., Bourcier T., Lichtman A. H., Libby P. Chlamydial and human heat shock protein 60s activate human vascular endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1999 Feb;103(4):571–577. doi: 10.1172/JCI5310. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kol A., Lichtman A. H., Finberg R. W., Libby P., Kurt-Jones E. A. Cutting edge: heat shock protein (HSP) 60 activates the innate immune response: CD14 is an essential receptor for HSP60 activation of mononuclear cells. J Immunol. 2000 Jan 1;164(1):13–17. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kotake S., Schumacher H. R., Jr, Arayssi T. K., Gérard H. C., Branigan P. J., Hudson A. P., Yarboro C. H., Klippel J. H., Wilder R. L. Gamma interferon and interleukin-10 gene expression in synovial tissues from patients with early stages of Chlamydia-associated arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis and from healthy volunteers. Infect Immun. 1999 May;67(5):2682–2686. doi: 10.1128/iai.67.5.2682-2686.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kotake S., Udagawa N., Takahashi N., Matsuzaki K., Itoh K., Ishiyama S., Saito S., Inoue K., Kamatani N., Gillespie M. T. IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1999 May;103(9):1345–1352. doi: 10.1172/JCI5703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kuipers J. G., Jürgens-Saathoff B., Bialowons A., Wollenhaupt J., Köhler L., Zeidler H. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in peripheral blood leukocytes of reactive arthritis patients by polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Oct;41(10):1894–1895. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1894::AID-ART24>3.0.CO;2-E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lauhio A., Leirisalo-Repo M., Lähdevirta J., Saikku P., Repo H. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of three-month treatment with lymecycline in reactive arthritis, with special reference to Chlamydia arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Jan;34(1):6–14. doi: 10.1002/art.1780340103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leirisalo-Repo M. Prognosis, course of disease, and treatment of the spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998 Nov;24(4):737-51, viii. doi: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70039-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maeda S., Tamaki M., Nakano M., Uno M., Deguchi T., Kawada Y. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients with urethritis. J Urol. 1998 Feb;159(2):405–407. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63933-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Melnick S. L., Shahar E., Folsom A. R., Grayston J. T., Sorlie P. D., Wang S. P., Szklo M. Past infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Am J Med. 1993 Nov;95(5):499–504. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90332-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morrison R. P., Belland R. J., Lyng K., Caldwell H. D. Chlamydial disease pathogenesis. The 57-kD chlamydial hypersensitivity antigen is a stress response protein. J Exp Med. 1989 Oct 1;170(4):1271–1283. doi: 10.1084/jem.170.4.1271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mosmann T. R., Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today. 1996 Mar;17(3):138–146. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(96)80606-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perry L. L., Hughes S. Chlamydial colonization of multiple mucosae following infection by any mucosal route. Infect Immun. 1999 Jul;67(7):3686–3689. doi: 10.1128/iai.67.7.3686-3689.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rahman M. U., Cheema M. A., Schumacher H. R., Hudson A. P. Molecular evidence for the presence of chlamydia in the synovium of patients with Reiter's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1992 May;35(5):521–529. doi: 10.1002/art.1780350506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ramsey K. H., Soderberg L. S., Rank R. G. Resolution of chlamydial genital infection in B-cell-deficient mice and immunity to reinfection. Infect Immun. 1988 May;56(5):1320–1325. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.5.1320-1325.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rasmussen S. J., Eckmann L., Quayle A. J., Shen L., Zhang Y. X., Anderson D. J., Fierer J., Stephens R. S., Kagnoff M. F. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1997 Jan 1;99(1):77–87. doi: 10.1172/JCI119136. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rödel J., Straube E., Lungershausen W., Hartmann M., Groh A. Secretion of cytokines by human synoviocytes during in vitro infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. J Rheumatol. 1998 Nov;25(11):2161–2168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schumacher H. R., Jr, Arayssi T., Crane M., Lee J., Gerard H., Hudson A. P., Klippel J. Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acids can be found in the synovium of some asymptomatic subjects. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jun;42(6):1281–1284. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1281::AID-ANR27>3.0.CO;2-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schumacher H. R., Jr, Gérard H. C., Arayssi T. K., Pando J. A., Branigan P. J., Saaibi D. L., Hudson A. P. Lower prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA compared with Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in synovial tissue of arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Sep;42(9):1889–1893. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199909)42:9<1889::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-W. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schumacher H. R., Jr, Magge S., Cherian P. V., Sleckman J., Rothfuss S., Clayburne G., Sieck M. Light and electron microscopic studies on the synovial membrane in Reiter's syndrome. Immunocytochemical identification of chlamydial antigen in patients with early disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Aug;31(8):937–946. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sieper J., Fendler C., Laitko S., Sörensen H., Gripenberg-Lerche C., Hiepe F., Alten R., Keitel W., Groh A., Uksila J. No benefit of long-term ciprofloxacin treatment in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis: a three-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jul;42(7):1386–1396. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1386::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simon A. K., Seipelt E., Sieper J. Divergent T-cell cytokine patterns in inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Aug 30;91(18):8562–8566. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8562. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sohaeverbeke T., Gilroy C. B., Bébéar C., Dehais J., Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma fermentans in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other joint disorders. Lancet. 1996 May 18;347(9012):1418–1418. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91065-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stagg A. J., Hughes R. A., Keat A. C., Elsley W. A., Knight S. C. Antigen-presenting cells but not lymphocytes in the joint may indicate the cause of reactive arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1996 Nov;35(11):1082–1090. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/35.11.1082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stagg A. J., Tuffrey M., Woods C., Wunderink E., Knight S. C. Protection against ascending infection of the genital tract by Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with recruitment of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-presenting cells into uterine tissue. Infect Immun. 1998 Aug;66(8):3535–3544. doi: 10.1128/iai.66.8.3535-3544.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Starnbach M. N., Bevan M. J., Lampe M. F. Murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced following Chlamydia trachomatis intraperitoneal or genital tract infection respond to cells infected with multiple serovars. Infect Immun. 1995 Sep;63(9):3527–3530. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.9.3527-3530.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Su H., Caldwell H. D. CD4+ T cells play a significant role in adoptive immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the mouse genital tract. Infect Immun. 1995 Sep;63(9):3302–3308. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.9.3302-3308.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Taylor-Robinson D., Gilroy C. B., Horowitz S., Horowitz J. Mycoplasma genitalium in the joints of two patients with arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994 Dec;13(12):1066–1069. doi: 10.1007/BF02111830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Taylor-Robinson D., Gilroy C. B., Thomas B. J., Keat A. C. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in joints of reactive arthritis patients by polymerase chain reaction. Lancet. 1992 Jul 11;340(8811):81–82. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90399-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thom D. H., Grayston J. T., Siscovick D. S., Wang S. P., Weiss N. S., Daling J. R. Association of prior infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. JAMA. 1992 Jul 1;268(1):68–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tully J. G., Rose D. L., Baseman J. B., Dallo S. F., Lazzell A. L., Davis C. P. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Jul;33(7):1851–1855. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.7.1851-1855.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Voorhis W. C., Barrett L. K., Sweeney Y. T., Kuo C. C., Patton D. L. Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection of Macaca nemestrina fallopian tubes produces a Th1-like cytokine response associated with fibrosis and scarring. Infect Immun. 1997 Jun;65(6):2175–2182. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2175-2182.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wakefield D., McCluskey P., Verma M., Aziz K., Gatus B., Carr G. Ciprofloxacin treatment does not influence course or relapse rate of reactive arthritis and anterior uveitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Sep;42(9):1894–1897. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199909)42:9<1894::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-V. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Webster A. D., Taylor-Robinson D., Furr P. M., Asherson G. L. Mycoplasmal (ureaplasma) septic arthritis in hypogammaglobulinaemia. Br Med J. 1978 Feb 25;1(6111):478–479. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6111.478. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wollenhaupt J., Kolbus F., Weissbrodt H., Schneider C., Krech T., Zeidler H. Manifestations of Chlamydia induced arthritis in patients with silent versus symptomatic urogenital chlamydial infection. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 Jul-Aug;13(4):453–458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yang X., Gartner J., Zhu L., Wang S., Brunham R. C. IL-10 gene knockout mice show enhanced Th1-like protective immunity and absent granuloma formation following Chlamydia trachomatis lung infection. J Immunol. 1999 Jan 15;162(2):1010–1017. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yang X., Hayglass K. T., Brunham R. C. Different roles are played by alpha beta and gamma delta T cells in acquired immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis pulmonary infection. Immunology. 1998 Aug;94(4):469–475. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00549.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yao Z., Painter S. L., Fanslow W. C., Ulrich D., Macduff B. M., Spriggs M. K., Armitage R. J. Human IL-17: a novel cytokine derived from T cells. J Immunol. 1995 Dec 15;155(12):5483–5486. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhang Y., Gripenberg-Lerche C., Söderström K. O., Toivanen A., Toivanen P. Antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment of reactive arthritis. Lessons from an animal model. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Jul;39(7):1238–1243. doi: 10.1002/art.1780390725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]