Abstract
Objectives: To characterise all isolates with reduced susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin received by the Scottish Neisseria gonorrhoeae Reference Laboratory (SNGRL) in 2002 using N gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST); to compare NG-MAST with conventional typing and to describe the epidemiology of ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhoea in Scotland in 2002.
Methods: Isolates were characterised on receipt by auxotyping and serotyping (A/S typing), and antibiotic susceptibility testing, and retrospectively by NG-MAST. Epidemiological data were requested for all isolates in the study.
Results: The 106 isolates were separated into more sequence types (ST) than A/S classes (44 versus 17). All isolates within a sequence type had the same serotype, were homogeneous with respect to ciprofloxacin resistance category, but were sometimes heterogeneous with respect to auxotype or plasmid borne resistance to penicillin. Combined NG-MAST and epidemiological data revealed sustained transmission of several gonococcal strains predominantly within Greater Glasgow and Lothian. Clusters of isolates were associated with transmission within the United Kingdom, whereas isolates with unique STs were associated with foreign travel (p<0.0001).
Conclusions: NG-MAST is more discriminatory than A/S typing. Ciprofloxacin resistant gonococcal isolates in Scotland are heterogeneous, with endemic spread of some strains occurring predominantly in Greater Glasgow and Lothian.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (143.8 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Arreaza L., Salcedo C., Alcalá B., Berrón S., Martín E., Vázquez J. A. Antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Spain: trends over the last two decades. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Jan;51(1):153–156. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkg034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coghill D. V., Young H. Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with monoclonal antibody coagglutination reagents. Genitourin Med. 1987 Aug;63(4):225–232. doi: 10.1136/sti.63.4.225. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Copley C. G., Egglestone S. I. Auxotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in the United Kingdom. J Med Microbiol. 1983 Aug;16(3):295–302. doi: 10.1099/00222615-16-3-295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fenton Kevin A., Ison Catherine, Johnson Alan P., Rudd Elizabeth, Soltani Mehnam, Martin Iona, Nichols Tom, Livermore David M., GRASP collaboration Ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales in 2002. Lancet. 2003 May 31;361(9372):1867–1869. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13489-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herida Magid, Sednaoui Patrice, Goulet Veronique. Gonorrhoea surveillance system in France: 1986-2000. Sex Transm Dis. 2004 Apr;31(4):209–214. doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000118426.66742.9e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hobbs M. M., Alcorn T. M., Davis R. H., Fischer W., Thomas J. C., Martin I., Ison C., Sparling P. F., Cohen M. S. Molecular typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae causing repeated infections: evolution of porin during passage within a community. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179(2):371–381. doi: 10.1086/314608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kam K. M., Lo K. K., Ho N. K., Cheung M. M. Rapid decline in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hong Kong associated with emerging 4-fluoroquinolone resistance. Genitourin Med. 1995 Jun;71(3):141–144. doi: 10.1136/sti.71.3.141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martin Iona M. C., Ison Catherine A., Aanensen David M., Fenton Kevin A., Spratt Brian G. Rapid sequence-based identification of gonococcal transmission clusters in a large metropolitan area. J Infect Dis. 2004 Mar 31;189(8):1497–1505. doi: 10.1086/383047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Viscidi Raphael P., Demma James C. Genetic diversity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae housekeeping genes. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jan;41(1):197–204. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.1.197-204.2003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Young H., Paterson I. C., McDonald D. R. Rapid carbohydrate utilization test for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Br J Vener Dis. 1976 Jun;52(3):172–175. doi: 10.1136/sti.52.3.172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]