Skip to main content
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1998 Aug;53(8):703–712. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.8.703

Current role of positron emission tomography in thoracic oncology

V Lowe 1, K Naunheim 1
PMCID: PMC1745286  PMID: 9828860

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (171.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adler L. P., Crowe J. P., al-Kaisi N. K., Sunshine J. L. Evaluation of breast masses and axillary lymph nodes with [F-18] 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose PET. Radiology. 1993 Jun;187(3):743–750. doi: 10.1148/radiology.187.3.8497624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Avril N., Dose J., Jänicke F., Ziegler S., Römer W., Weber W., Herz M., Nathrath W., Graeff H., Schwaiger M. Assessment of axillary lymph node involvement in breast cancer patients with positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 2-(fluorine-18)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996 Sep 4;88(17):1204–1209. doi: 10.1093/jnci/88.17.1204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Beets G., Penninckx F., Schiepers C., Filez L., Mortelmans L., Kerremans R., Aerts R., De Roo M. Clinical value of whole-body positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in recurrent colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1994 Nov;81(11):1666–1670. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800811136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Boland G. W., Goldberg M. A., Lee M. J., Mayo-Smith W. W., Dixon J., McNicholas M. M., Mueller P. R. Indeterminate adrenal mass in patients with cancer: evaluation at PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology. 1995 Jan;194(1):131–134. doi: 10.1148/radiology.194.1.7997539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bury T., Dowlati A., Paulus P., Corhay J. L., Benoit T., Kayembe J. M., Limet R., Rigo P., Radermecker M. Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule by positron emission tomography imaging. Eur Respir J. 1996 Mar;9(3):410–414. doi: 10.1183/09031936.96.09030410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bury T., Dowlati A., Paulus P., Hustinx R., Radermecker M., Rigo P. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer by whole-body fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med. 1996 Feb;23(2):204–206. doi: 10.1007/BF01731846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Böni R. Whole-body positron emission tomography: an accurate staging modality for metastatic melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 1996 Jul;132(7):833–834. doi: 10.1001/archderm.1996.03890310121024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chin R., Jr, Ward R., Keyes J. W., Choplin R. H., Reed J. C., Wallenhaupt S., Hudspeth A. S., Haponik E. F. Mediastinal staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Dec;152(6 Pt 1):2090–2096. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520780. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Daly B. D., Faling L. J., Diehl J. T., Bankoff M. S., Gale M. E. Computed tomography-guided minithoracotomy for the resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991 Mar;51(3):465–469. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90868-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Damian D. L., Fulham M. J., Thompson E., Thompson J. F. Positron emission tomography in the detection and management of metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 1996 Aug;6(4):325–329. doi: 10.1097/00008390-199608000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Dewan N. A., Gupta N. C., Redepenning L. S., Phalen J. J., Frick M. P. Diagnostic efficacy of PET-FDG imaging in solitary pulmonary nodules. Potential role in evaluation and management. Chest. 1993 Oct;104(4):997–1002. doi: 10.1378/chest.104.4.997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dewan N. A., Reeb S. D., Gupta N. C., Gobar L. S., Scott W. J. PET-FDG imaging and transthoracic needle lung aspiration biopsy in evaluation of pulmonary lesions. A comparative risk-benefit analysis. Chest. 1995 Aug;108(2):441–446. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.2.441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Duhaylongsod F. G., Lowe V. J., Patz E. F., Jr, Vaughn A. L., Coleman R. E., Wolfe W. G. Detection of primary and recurrent lung cancer by means of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995 Jul;110(1):130–140. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(05)80018-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Duhaylongsod F. G., Lowe V. J., Patz E. F., Jr, Vaughn A. L., Coleman R. E., Wolfe W. G. Lung tumor growth correlates with glucose metabolism measured by fluoride-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 Nov;60(5):1348–1352. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00754-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Erasmus J. J., Patz E. F., Jr, McAdams H. P., Murray J. G., Herndon J., Coleman R. E., Goodman P. C. Evaluation of adrenal masses in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 May;168(5):1357–1360. doi: 10.2214/ajr.168.5.9129444. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Flanagan F. L., Dehdashti F., Siegel B. A., Trask D. D., Sundaresan S. R., Patterson G. A., Cooper J. D. Staging of esophageal cancer with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Feb;168(2):417–424. doi: 10.2214/ajr.168.2.9016218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Frank A., Lefkowitz D., Jaeger S., Gobar L., Sunderland J., Gupta N., Scott W., Mailliard J., Lynch H., Bishop J. Decision logic for retreatment of asymptomatic lung cancer recurrence based on positron emission tomography findings. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jul 30;32(5):1495–1512. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(94)00622-R. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gallagher B. M., Fowler J. S., Gutterson N. I., MacGregor R. R., Wan C. N., Wolf A. P. Metabolic trapping as a principle of oradiopharmaceutical design: some factors resposible for the biodistribution of [18F] 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. J Nucl Med. 1978 Oct;19(10):1154–1161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Garcia R., Kim E. E., Wong F. C., Korkmaz M., Wong W. H., Yang D. J., Podoloff D. A. Comparison of fluorine-18-FDG PET and technetium-99m-MIBI SPECT in evaluation of musculoskeletal sarcomas. J Nucl Med. 1996 Sep;37(9):1476–1479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gdeedo A., Van Schil P., Corthouts B., Van Mieghem F., Van Meerbeeck J., Van Marck E. Prospective evaluation of computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in mediastinal lymph node staging. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jul;10(7):1547–1551. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10071547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gupta N. C., Maloof J., Gunel E. Probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules using fluorine-18-FDG and PET. J Nucl Med. 1996 Jun;37(6):943–948. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gurney J. W. Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis. Part I. Theory. Radiology. 1993 Feb;186(2):405–413. doi: 10.1148/radiology.186.2.8421743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gurney J. W., Lyddon D. M., McKay J. A. Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis. Part II. Application. Radiology. 1993 Feb;186(2):415–422. doi: 10.1148/radiology.186.2.8421744. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hebert M. E., Lowe V. J., Hoffman J. M., Patz E. F., Anscher M. S. Positron emission tomography in the pretreatment evaluation and follow-up of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy: preliminary findings. Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Aug;19(4):416–421. doi: 10.1097/00000421-199608000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ichiya Y., Kuwabara Y., Otsuka M., Tahara T., Yoshikai T., Fukumura T., Jingu K., Masuda K. Assessment of response to cancer therapy using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med. 1991 Sep;32(9):1655–1660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Inoue T., Kim E. E., Komaki R., Wong F. C., Bassa P., Wong W. H., Yang D. J., Endo K., Podoloff D. A. Detecting recurrent or residual lung cancer with FDG-PET. J Nucl Med. 1995 May;36(5):788–793. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Knight S. B., Delbeke D., Stewart J. R., Sandler M. P. Evaluation of pulmonary lesions with FDG-PET. Comparison of findings in patients with and without a history of prior malignancy. Chest. 1996 Apr;109(4):982–988. doi: 10.1378/chest.109.4.982. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Kole A. C., Nieweg O. E., van Ginkel R. J., Pruim J., Hoekstra H. J., Paans A. M., Vaalburg W., Koops H. S. Detection of local recurrence of soft-tissue sarcoma with positron emission tomography using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997 Jan;4(1):57–63. doi: 10.1007/BF02316811. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Korobkin M., Brodeur F. J., Yutzy G. G., Francis I. R., Quint L. E., Dunnick N. R., Kazerooni E. A. Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT attenuation values. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996 Mar;166(3):531–536. doi: 10.2214/ajr.166.3.8623622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kubota K., Matsuzawa T., Fujiwara T., Ito M., Hatazawa J., Ishiwata K., Iwata R., Ido T. Differential diagnosis of lung tumor with positron emission tomography: a prospective study. J Nucl Med. 1990 Dec;31(12):1927–1932. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kubota K., Yamada S., Kondo T., Yamada K., Fukuda H., Fujiwara T., Ito M., Ido T. PET imaging of primary mediastinal tumours. Br J Cancer. 1996 Apr;73(7):882–886. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1996.157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Langen K. J., Braun U., Rota Kops E., Herzog H., Kuwert T., Nebeling B., Feinendegen L. E. The influence of plasma glucose levels on fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in bronchial carcinomas. J Nucl Med. 1993 Mar;34(3):355–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lapela M., Leskinen S., Minn H. R., Lindholm P., Klemi P. J., Söderström K. O., Bergman J., Haaparanta M., Ruotsalainen U., Solin O. Increased glucose metabolism in untreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a study with positron emission tomography and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. Blood. 1995 Nov 1;86(9):3522–3527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Lewis P., Griffin S., Marsden P., Gee T., Nunan T., Malsey M., Dussek J. Whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in preoperative evaluation of lung cancer. Lancet. 1994 Nov 5;344(8932):1265–1266. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90753-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Linos D. A., Stylopoulos N. How accurate is computed tomography in predicting the real size of adrenal tumors? A retrospective study. Arch Surg. 1997 Jul;132(7):740–743. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430310054009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Liu R. S., Yeh S. H., Huang M. H., Wang L. S., Chu L. S., Chang C. P., Chu Y. K., Wu L. C. Use of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the detection of thymoma: a preliminary report. Eur J Nucl Med. 1995 Dec;22(12):1402–1407. doi: 10.1007/BF01791148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Lowe V. J., DeLong D. M., Hoffman J. M., Coleman R. E. Optimum scanning protocol for FDG-PET evaluation of pulmonary malignancy. J Nucl Med. 1995 May;36(5):883–887. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lowe V. J., Duhaylongsod F. G., Patz E. F., Delong D. M., Hoffman J. M., Wolfe W. G., Coleman R. E. Pulmonary abnormalities and PET data analysis: a retrospective study. Radiology. 1997 Feb;202(2):435–439. doi: 10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lowe V. J., Fletcher J. W., Gobar L., Lawson M., Kirchner P., Valk P., Karis J., Hubner K., Delbeke D., Heiberg E. V. Prospective investigation of positron emission tomography in lung nodules. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):1075–1084. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.3.1075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Luketich J. D., Schauer P. R., Meltzer C. C., Landreneau R. J., Urso G. K., Townsend D. W., Ferson P. F., Keenan R. J., Belani C. P. Role of positron emission tomography in staging esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Sep;64(3):765–769. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(97)00624-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Mack M. J., Hazelrigg S. R., Landreneau R. J., Acuff T. E. Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of the indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993 Oct;56(4):825–832. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(93)90339-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. McLoud T. C., Bourgouin P. M., Greenberg R. W., Kosiuk J. P., Templeton P. A., Shepard J. A., Moore E. H., Wain J. C., Mathisen D. J., Grillo H. C. Bronchogenic carcinoma: analysis of staging in the mediastinum with CT by correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology. 1992 Feb;182(2):319–323. doi: 10.1148/radiology.182.2.1732943. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Newman J. S., Francis I. R., Kaminski M. S., Wahl R. L. Imaging of lymphoma with PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: correlation with CT. Radiology. 1994 Jan;190(1):111–116. doi: 10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Nieweg O. E., Pruim J., van Ginkel R. J., Hoekstra H. J., Paans A. M., Molenaar W. M., Koops H. S., Vaalburg W. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging of soft-tissue sarcoma. J Nucl Med. 1996 Feb;37(2):257–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Nolop K. B., Rhodes C. G., Brudin L. H., Beaney R. P., Krausz T., Jones T., Hughes J. M. Glucose utilization in vivo by human pulmonary neoplasms. Cancer. 1987 Dec 1;60(11):2682–2689. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19871201)60:11<2682::aid-cncr2820601118>3.0.co;2-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Parkin D. M., Pisani P., Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int J Cancer. 1993 Jun 19;54(4):594–606. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910540413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Patterson G. A., Ginsberg R. J., Poon P. Y., Cooper J. D., Goldberg M., Jones D., Pearson F. G., Todd T. R., Waters P., Bull S. A prospective evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and mediastinoscopy in the preoperative assessment of mediastinal node status in bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987 Nov;94(5):679–684. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Patz E. F., Jr, Lowe V. J., Goodman P. C., Herndon J. Thoracic nodal staging with PET imaging with 18FDG in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest. 1995 Dec;108(6):1617–1621. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.6.1617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Patz E. F., Jr, Lowe V. J., Hoffman J. M., Paine S. S., Burrowes P., Coleman R. E., Goodman P. C. Focal pulmonary abnormalities: evaluation with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning. Radiology. 1993 Aug;188(2):487–490. doi: 10.1148/radiology.188.2.8327702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Patz E. F., Jr, Lowe V. J., Hoffman J. M., Paine S. S., Harris L. K., Goodman P. C. Persistent or recurrent bronchogenic carcinoma: detection with PET and 2-[F-18]-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology. 1994 May;191(2):379–382. doi: 10.1148/radiology.191.2.8153309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Paul R. Comparison of fluorine-18-2-fluorodeoxyglucose and gallium-67 citrate imaging for detection of lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 1987 Mar;28(3):288–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Polák J., Kubik A. Percutaneous thin needle biopsy of malignant and nonmalignant thoracic lesions. Radiol Diagn (Berl) 1989;30(2):177–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Recine D., Rowland K., Reddy S., Lee M. S., Bonomi P., Taylor S., 4th, Faber L. P., Warren W., Kittle C. F., Hendrickson F. R. Combined modality therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 1990 Dec 1;66(11):2270–2278. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19901201)66:11<2270::aid-cncr2820661104>3.0.co;2-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Salathé M., Solèr M., Bolliger C. T., Dalquen P., Perruchoud A. P. Transbronchial needle aspiration in routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Respiration. 1992;59(1):5–8. doi: 10.1159/000196016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Sasaki M., Ichiya Y., Kuwabara Y., Akashi Y., Yoshida T., Fukumura T., Murayama S., Ishida T., Sugio K., Masuda K. The usefulness of FDG positron emission tomography for the detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a comparative study with X-ray computed tomography. Eur J Nucl Med. 1996 Jul;23(7):741–747. doi: 10.1007/BF00843701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Sazon D. A., Santiago S. M., Soo Hoo G. W., Khonsary A., Brown C., Mandelkern M., Blahd W., Williams A. J. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the detection and staging of lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jan;153(1):417–421. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Schenk D. A., Bryan C. L., Bower J. H., Myers D. L. Transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest. 1987 Jul;92(1):83–85. doi: 10.1378/chest.92.1.83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Schwartz L. H., Panicek D. M., Doyle M. V., Ginsberg M. S., Herman S. K., Koutcher J. A., Brown K. T., Getrajdman G. I., Burt M. Comparison of two algorithms and their associated charges when evaluating adrenal masses in patients with malignancies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Jun;168(6):1575–1578. doi: 10.2214/ajr.168.6.9168729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Scott W. J., Gobar L. S., Terry J. D., Dewan N. A., Sunderland J. J. Mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: a prospective comparison of computed tomography and positron emission tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Mar;111(3):642–648. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5223(96)70317-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Shiomi S., Kuroki T., Kuriyama M., Takeda T., Nishiguchi S., Nakajima S., Tanaka T., Ochi H. Evaluation of fulminant hepatic failure by scintigraphy with technetium-99m-GSA. J Nucl Med. 1997 Jan;38(1):79–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Steinert H. C., Hauser M., Allemann F., Engel H., Berthold T., von Schulthess G. K., Weder W. Non-small cell lung cancer: nodal staging with FDG PET versus CT with correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology. 1997 Feb;202(2):441–446. doi: 10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Torizuka T., Clavo A. C., Wahl R. L. Effect of hyperglycemia on in vitro tumor uptake of tritiated FDG, thymidine, L-methionine and L-leucine. J Nucl Med. 1997 Mar;38(3):382–386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Utech C. I., Young C. S., Winter P. F. Prospective evaluation of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyclucose positron emission tomography in breast cancer for staging of the axilla related to surgery and immunocytochemistry. Eur J Nucl Med. 1996 Dec;23(12):1588–1593. doi: 10.1007/BF01249621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Valk P. E., Pounds T. R., Hopkins D. M., Haseman M. K., Hofer G. A., Greiss H. B., Myers R. W., Lutrin C. L. Staging non-small cell lung cancer by whole-body positron emission tomographic imaging. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 Dec;60(6):1573–1582. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00752-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Van Schil P. E., Van Hee R. H., Schoofs E. L. The value of mediastinoscopy in preoperative staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989 Feb;97(2):240–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Wahl R. L., Quint L. E., Greenough R. L., Meyer C. R., White R. I., Orringer M. B. Staging of mediastinal non-small cell lung cancer with FDG PET, CT, and fusion images: preliminary prospective evaluation. Radiology. 1994 May;191(2):371–377. doi: 10.1148/radiology.191.2.8153308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Wang K. P., Kelly S. J., Britt J. E. Percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy of chest lesions. New instrument and new technique. Chest. 1988 May;93(5):993–997. doi: 10.1378/chest.93.5.993. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Webb W. R., Gatsonis C., Zerhouni E. A., Heelan R. T., Glazer G. M., Francis I. R., McNeil B. J. CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology. 1991 Mar;178(3):705–713. doi: 10.1148/radiology.178.3.1847239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Weber G. Enzymology of cancer cells (second of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1977 Mar 10;296(10):541–551. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197703102961005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Whittlesey D. Prospective computed tomographic scanning in the staging of bronchogenic cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988 May;95(5):876–882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Williams A. J., Santiago S., Lehrman S., Popper R. Transcutaneous needle aspiration of solitary pulmonary masses: how many passes? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Aug;136(2):452–454. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.2.452. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Winning A. J., McIvor J., Seed W. A., Husain O. A., Metaxas N. Interpretation of negative results in fine needle aspiration of discrete pulmonary lesions. Thorax. 1986 Nov;41(11):875–879. doi: 10.1136/thx.41.11.875. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Wittens C. H., Bollen E. C., van Duin C. J., Versteege C. W. Accuracy of computed tomography of the mediastinum in bronchogenic carcinoma. Neth J Surg. 1991;43(6):240–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES