Skip to main content
PMC home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 2000 Jun;55(6):511–517. doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.6.511

A persistent challenge: the diagnosis of respiratory disease in the non-AIDS immunocompromised host

C Mayaud 1, J Cadranel 1
PMCID: PMC1745772  PMID: 10817801

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (117.9 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Agustí C., Ramirez J., Picado C., Xaubet A., Carreras E., Ballester E., Torres A., Battochia C., Rodriguez-Roisin R. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A postmortem study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Apr;151(4):1006–1010. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/151.4.1006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Atzori C., Lu J. J., Jiang B., Bartlett M. S., Orlando G., Queener S. F., Smith J. W., Cargnel A., Lee C. H. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients by using polymerase chain reactions on serum specimens. J Infect Dis. 1995 Dec;172(6):1623–1626. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.6.1623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baron J. A., Gridley G., Weiderpass E., Nyrén O., Linet M. Venous thromboembolism and cancer. Lancet. 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1077–1080. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10018-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baughman R. P. Cytomegalovirus: the monster in the closet? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):1–2. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.ed08-97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baughman R. P., Rhodes J. C., Dohn M. N., Henderson H., Frame P. T. Detection of cryptococcal antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a prospective study of diagnostic utility. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 May;145(5):1226–1229. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/145.5.1226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bayle J. Y., Nesme P., Béjui-Thivolet F., Loire R., Guérin J. C., Cordier J. F. Migratory organizing pneumonitis "primed" by radiation therapy. Eur Respir J. 1995 Feb;8(2):322–326. doi: 10.1183/09031936.95.08020322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Blum U., Windfuhr M., Buitrago-Tellez C., Sigmund G., Herbst E. W., Langer M. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. MRI, CT, and plain radiographic findings and their contribution for early diagnosis. Chest. 1994 Oct;106(4):1156–1161. doi: 10.1378/chest.106.4.1156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Boivin G., Olson C. A., Quirk M. R., Kringstad B., Hertz M. I., Jordan M. C. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus DNA and characterization of viral gene expression in bronchoalveolar cells of infected patients with and without pneumonitis. J Infect Dis. 1996 Jun;173(6):1304–1312. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.6.1304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bretagne S., Costa J. M., Vidaud M., Tran J., Nhieu V., Fleury-Feith J. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii by competitive DNA amplification of bronchoalveolar lavage samples. J Infect Dis. 1993 Dec;168(6):1585–1588. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.6.1585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Browne M. J., Potter D., Gress J., Cotton D., Hiemenz J., Thaler M., Hathorn J., Brower S., Gill V., Glatstein E. A randomized trial of open lung biopsy versus empiric antimicrobial therapy in cancer patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. J Clin Oncol. 1990 Feb;8(2):222–229. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1990.8.2.222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brugière O., Vokurka M., Lecossier D., Mangiapan G., Amrane A., Milleron B., Mayaud C., Cadranel J., Hance A. J. Diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis using sequence capture polymerase chain reaction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Apr;155(4):1478–1481. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.4.9105098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cadranel J., Gillet-Juvin K., Antoine M., Carnot F., Reynaud P., Parrot A., Carette M. F., Mayaud C., Israël-Biet D. Site-directed bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy in HIV-infected patients with pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Sep;152(3):1103–1106. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Caillot D., Casasnovas O., Bernard A., Couaillier J. F., Durand C., Cuisenier B., Solary E., Piard F., Petrella T., Bonnin A. Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jan;15(1):139–147. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.1.139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cathomas G., Morris P., Pekle K., Cunningham I., Emanuel D. Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus pneumonia in marrow transplant recipients by bronchoalveolar lavage using the polymerase chain reaction, virus culture, and the direct immunostaining of alveolar cells. Blood. 1993 Apr 1;81(7):1909–1914. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cazzadori A., Di Perri G., Todeschini G., Luzzati R., Boschiero L., Perona G., Concia E. Transbronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients. Chest. 1995 Jan;107(1):101–106. doi: 10.1378/chest.107.1.101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cisneros J. M., Muñoz P., Torre-Cisneros J., Gurgui M., Rodriguez-Hernandez M. J., Aguado J. M., Echaniz A. Pneumonia after heart transplantation: a multi-institutional study. Spanish Transplantation Infection Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Aug;27(2):324–331. doi: 10.1086/514649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cordonnier C., Escudier E., Verra F., Brochard L., Bernaudin J. F., Fleury-Feith J. Bronchoalveolar lavage during neutropenic episodes: diagnostic yield and cellular pattern. Eur Respir J. 1994 Jan;7(1):114–120. doi: 10.1183/09031936.94.07010114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cordonnier C., Fleury-Feith J., Escudier E., Atassi K., Bernaudin J. F. Secondary alveolar proteinosis is a reversible cause of respiratory failure in leukemic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Mar;149(3 Pt 1):788–794. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. De Lassence A., Fleury-Feith J., Escudier E., Beaune J., Bernaudin J. F., Cordonnier C. Alveolar hemorrhage. Diagnostic criteria and results in 194 immunocompromised hosts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jan;151(1):157–163. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.1.7812547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Dey B., Sykes M., Spitzer T. R. Outcomes of recipients of both bone marrow and solid organ transplants. A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998 Sep;77(5):355–369. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199809000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ewig S., Torres A., Riquelme R., El-Ebiary M., Rovira M., Carreras E., Raño A., Xaubet A. Pulmonary complications in patients with haematological malignancies treated at a respiratory ICU. Eur Respir J. 1998 Jul;12(1):116–122. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.12010116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fishman J. A., Rubin R. H. Infection in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jun 11;338(24):1741–1751. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199806113382407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Foucher P., Biour M., Blayac J. P., Godard P., Sgro C., Kuhn M., Vergnon J. M., Vervloet D., Pfitzenmeyer P., Ollagnier M. Drugs that may injure the respiratory system. Eur Respir J. 1997 Feb;10(2):265–279. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10020265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Freifeld A., Marchigiani D., Walsh T., Chanock S., Lewis L., Hiemenz J., Hiemenz S., Hicks J. E., Gill V., Steinberg S. M. A double-blind comparison of empirical oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy for low-risk febrile patients with neutropenia during cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jul 29;341(5):305–311. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199907293410501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gaydos C. A., Fowler C. L., Gill V. J., Eiden J. J., Quinn T. C. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay in an immunocompromised population. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Oct;17(4):718–723. doi: 10.1093/clinids/17.4.718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gerard B., Aamdal S., Lee S. M., Leyvraz S., Lucas C., D'Incalci M., Bizzari J. P. Activity and unexpected lung toxicity of the sequential administration of two alkylating agents--dacarbazine and fotemustine--in patients with melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(5):711–719. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80352-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Helweg-Larsen J., Benfield T. L., Eugen-Olsen J., Lundgren J. D., Lundgren B. Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P. carinii pneumonia. Lancet. 1999 Oct 16;354(9187):1347–1351. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03320-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Herry I., Cadranel J., Antoine M., Meharzi J., Michelson S., Parrot A., Rozenbaum W., Mayaud C. Cytomegalovirus-induced alveolar hemorrhage in patients with AIDS: a new clinical entity? Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Apr;22(4):616–620. doi: 10.1093/clinids/22.4.616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Heym B., Honoré N., Truffot-Pernot C., Banerjee A., Schurra C., Jacobs W. R., Jr, van Embden J. D., Grosset J. H., Cole S. T. Implications of multidrug resistance for the future of short-course chemotherapy of tuberculosis: a molecular study. Lancet. 1994 Jul 30;344(8918):293–298. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91338-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hughes W. T., Armstrong D., Bodey G. P., Brown A. E., Edwards J. E., Feld R., Pizzo P., Rolston K. V., Shenep J. L., Young L. S. 1997 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Sep;25(3):551–573. doi: 10.1086/513764. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jabado N., Casanova J. L., Haddad E., Dulieu F., Fournet J. C., Dupont B., Fischer A., Hennequin C., Blanche S. Invasive pulmonary infection due to Scedosporium apiospermum in two children with chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Dec;27(6):1437–1441. doi: 10.1086/515015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kern W. V., Cometta A., De Bock R., Langenaeken J., Paesmans M., Gaya H. Oral versus intravenous empirical antimicrobial therapy for fever in patients with granulocytopenia who are receiving cancer chemotherapy. International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jul 29;341(5):312–318. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199907293410502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kiehl M. G., Ostermann H., Thomas M., Birkfellner T., Kienast J. Inflammatory mediators in BAL fluid as markers of evolving pneumonia in leukocytopenic patients. Chest. 1997 Nov 5;112(5):1214–1220. doi: 10.1378/chest.112.5.1214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Levendoglu-Tugal O., Munoz J., Brudnicki A., Fevzi Ozkaynak M., Sandoval C., Jayabose S. Infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria in children with leukemia. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Nov;27(5):1227–1230. doi: 10.1086/514981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Levine S. J., Walsh T. J., Martinez A., Eichacker P. Q., Lopez-Berestein G., Natanson C. Cardiopulmonary toxicity after liposomal amphotericin B infusion. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Apr 15;114(8):664–666. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-114-8-664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Lipschik G. Y., Gill V. J., Lundgren J. D., Andrawis V. A., Nelson N. A., Nielsen J. O., Ognibene F. P., Kovacs J. A. Improved diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection by polymerase chain reaction on induced sputum and blood. Lancet. 1992 Jul 25;340(8813):203–206. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90469-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Logan P. M., Primack S. L., Staples C., Miller R. R., Müller N. L. Acute lung disease in the immunocompromised host. Diagnostic accuracy of the chest radiograph. Chest. 1995 Nov;108(5):1283–1287. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.5.1283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Matthay K. K., Villablanca J. G., Seeger R. C., Stram D. O., Harris R. E., Ramsay N. K., Swift P., Shimada H., Black C. T., Brodeur G. M. Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children's Cancer Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 14;341(16):1165–1173. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199910143411601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Mayaud C., Cadranel J. Tuberculosis in AIDS: past or new problems? Thorax. 1999 Jul;54(7):567–571. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.7.567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Mayaud C., Mangiapan G., De Groote E., Parrot A., Cadranel J., Milleron B. Pneumopathies médicamenteuses s'accompagnant d'insuffisance respiratoire aiguë. Rev Mal Respir. 1996 Dec;13(6):559–574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Menéndez R., Córdoba J., de La Cuadra P., Cremades M. J., López-Hontagas J. L., Salavert M., Gobernado M. Value of the polymerase chain reaction assay in noninvasive respiratory samples for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jun;159(6):1868–1873. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9807070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Mera J. R., Whimbey E., Elting L., Preti A., Luna M. A., Bruner J. M., Williams T., Jr, Bodey G. P., Goodrich J. M. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in adult nontransplantation patients with cancer: review of 20 cases occurring from 1964 through 1990. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Jun;22(6):1046–1050. doi: 10.1093/clinids/22.6.1046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Myers T. J., Cole S. R., Klatsky A. U., Hild D. H. Respiratory failure due to pulmonary leukostasis following chemotherapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 1983 May 15;51(10):1808–1813. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19830515)51:10<1808::aid-cncr2820511009>3.0.co;2-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Nicolls M. R., Terada L. S., Tuder R. M., Prindiville S. A., Schwarz M. I. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with underlying pulmonary capillaritis in the retinoic acid syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Oct;158(4):1302–1305. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9709085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Noordhoek G. T., van Embden J. D., Kolk A. H. Reliability of nucleic acid amplification for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an international collaborative quality control study among 30 laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Oct;34(10):2522–2525. doi: 10.1128/jcm.34.10.2522-2525.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Ognibene F. P., Martin S. E., Parker M. M., Schlesinger T., Roach P., Burch C., Shelhamer J. H., Parrillo J. E. Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 1986 Aug 28;315(9):547–551. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198608283150904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Palmer L. B., Greenberg H. E., Schiff M. J. Corticosteroid treatment as a risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in patients with lung disease. Thorax. 1991 Jan;46(1):15–20. doi: 10.1136/thx.46.1.15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Paterson D. L., Singh N., Gayowski T., Marino I. R. Pulmonary nodules in liver transplant recipients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998 Jan;77(1):50–58. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199801000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Paterson D. L., Singh N. Invasive aspergillosis in transplant recipients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999 Mar;78(2):123–138. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199903000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Patterson T. F., Miniter P., Patterson J. E., Rappeport J. M., Andriole V. T. Aspergillus antigen detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jun;171(6):1553–1558. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.6.1553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Pavlakis N., Bell D. R., Millward M. J., Levi J. A. Fatal pulmonary toxicity resulting from treatment with gemcitabine. Cancer. 1997 Jul 15;80(2):286–291. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19970715)80:2<286::aid-cncr17>3.0.co;2-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Rees J. R., Pinner R. W., Hajjeh R. A., Brandt M. E., Reingold A. L. The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Francisco Bay area, 1992-1993: results of population-based laboratory active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Nov;27(5):1138–1147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Reichenberger F., Habicht J., Kaim A., Dalquen P., Bernet F., Schläpfer R., Stulz P., Perruchoud A. P., Tichelli A., Gratwohl A. Lung resection for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients with hematologic diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Sep;158(3):885–890. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9801056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Ribaud P., Chastang C., Latgé J. P., Baffroy-Lafitte L., Parquet N., Devergie A., Espérou H., Sélimi F., Rocha V., Espérou H. Survival and prognostic factors of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;28(2):322–330. doi: 10.1086/515116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Roach M., 3rd, Gandara D. R., Yuo H. S., Swift P. S., Kroll S., Shrieve D. C., Wara W. M., Margolis L., Phillips T. L. Radiation pneumonitis following combined modality therapy for lung cancer: analysis of prognostic factors. J Clin Oncol. 1995 Oct;13(10):2606–2612. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1995.13.10.2606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Saito H., Anaissie E. J., Morice R. C., Dekmezian R., Bodey G. P. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in patients with acute leukemia. Chest. 1988 Oct;94(4):745–749. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.4.745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Schluger N. W., Rom W. N. The polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jul;152(1):11–16. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Shearer P., Katz J., Bozeman P., Jenkins J., Laver J., Krance R., Hurwitz C., Mahmoud H., Mirro J. Pulmonary insufficiency complicating therapy with high dose cytosine arabinoside in five pediatric patients with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer. 1994 Oct 1;74(7):1953–1958. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19941001)74:7<1953::aid-cncr2820740721>3.0.co;2-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Shelhamer J. H., Gill V. J., Quinn T. C., Crawford S. W., Kovacs J. A., Masur H., Ognibene F. P. The laboratory evaluation of opportunistic pulmonary infections. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Mar 15;124(6):585–599. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-6-199603150-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Sickles E. A., Young V. M., Greene W. H., Wiernik P. H. Pneumonia in acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Oct;79(4):528–534. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-79-4-528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Singh N., Paterson D. L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in solid-organ transplant recipients: impact and implications for management. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Nov;27(5):1266–1277. doi: 10.1086/514993. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Slevin M. L., Lowes J. A., Bell R., Catto-Smith A. G., Ford J. M., Malpas J. S., Lister T. A. The role of transtracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of respiratory infection in neutropenic patients with acute leukaemia. Leuk Res. 1981;5(2):165–168. doi: 10.1016/0145-2126(81)90075-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Tang C. M., Holden D. W., Aufauvre-Brown A., Cohen J. The detection of Aspergillus spp. by the polymerase chain reaction and its evaluation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Nov;148(5):1313–1317. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.5.1313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Telenti A., Imboden P., Marchesi F., Lowrie D., Cole S., Colston M. J., Matter L., Schopfer K., Bodmer T. Detection of rifampicin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet. 1993 Mar 13;341(8846):647–650. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90417-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Toledo-Pereyra L. H., DeMeester T. R., Kinealey A., MacMahon H., Churg A., Golomb H. The benefits of open lung biopsy in patients with previous non-diagnostic transbronchial lung biopsy. A guide to appropriate therapy. Chest. 1980 May;77(5):647–650. doi: 10.1378/chest.77.5.647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Tryka A. F., Godleski J. J., Fanta C. H. Leukemic cell lysis pneumonopathy. A complication of treated myeloblastic leukemia. Cancer. 1982 Dec 15;50(12):2763–2770. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19821215)50:12<2763::aid-cncr2820501212>3.0.co;2-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Walker D. J., Wakefield A. E., Dohn M. N., Miller R. F., Baughman R. P., Hossler P. A., Bartlett M. S., Smith J. W., Kazanjian P., Meshnick S. R. Sequence polymorphisms in the Pneumocystis carinii cytochrome b gene and their association with atovaquone prophylaxis failure. J Infect Dis. 1998 Dec;178(6):1767–1775. doi: 10.1086/314509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Walsh T. J., Finberg R. W., Arndt C., Hiemenz J., Schwartz C., Bodensteiner D., Pappas P., Seibel N., Greenberg R. N., Dummer S. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 11;340(10):764–771. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199903113401004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Wheat L. J., Connolly-Stringfield P., Williams B., Connolly K., Blair R., Bartlett M., Durkin M. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Jun;145(6):1421–1424. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Wheeler J. H., Fishman E. K. Computed tomography in the management of chest infections: current status. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Aug;23(2):232–240. doi: 10.1093/clinids/23.2.232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Whimbey E., Couch R. B., Englund J. A., Andreeff M., Goodrich J. M., Raad I. I., Lewis V., Mirza N., Luna M. A., Baxter B. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients with leukemia. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Aug;21(2):376–379. doi: 10.1093/clinids/21.2.376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Yu V. L., Muder R. R., Poorsattar A. Significance of isolation of Aspergillus from the respiratory tract in diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Results from a three-year prospective study. Am J Med. 1986 Aug;81(2):249–254. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90259-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. el-Ebiary M., Torres A., Fàbregas N., de la Bellacasa J. P., González J., Ramirez J., del Baño D., Hernández C., Jiménez de Anta M. T. Significance of the isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients. An immediate postmortem histologic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Aug;156(2 Pt 1):583–590. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9612023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES