Skip to main content
PMC home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 2003 Feb;58(2):175–182. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.2.175

Multiple roles of nitric oxide in the airways

F Ricciardolo 1
PMCID: PMC1746564  PMID: 12554905

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (133.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abu-Soud H. M., Stuehr D. J. Nitric oxide synthases reveal a role for calmodulin in controlling electron transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10769–10772. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10769. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adler K. B., Fischer B. M., Li H., Choe N. H., Wright D. T. Hypersecretion of mucin in response to inflammatory mediators by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in vitro is blocked by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Nov;13(5):526–530. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.13.5.7576687. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Adnot S., Raffestin B., Eddahibi S., Braquet P., Chabrier P. E. Loss of endothelium-dependent relaxant activity in the pulmonary circulation of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. J Clin Invest. 1991 Jan;87(1):155–162. doi: 10.1172/JCI114965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Agustí A. G., Villaverde J. M., Togores B., Bosch M. Serial measurements of exhaled nitric oxide during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1999 Sep;14(3):523–528. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14c08.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alving K., Fornhem C., Lundberg J. M. Pulmonary effects of endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide in the pig: relation to cigarette smoke inhalation. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Oct;110(2):739–746. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13874.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Alving K., Weitzberg E., Lundberg J. M. Increased amount of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics. Eur Respir J. 1993 Oct;6(9):1368–1370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Alving K., Weitzberg E., Lundberg J. M. Increased amount of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics. Eur Respir J. 1993 Oct;6(9):1368–1370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Archer S. Measurement of nitric oxide in biological models. FASEB J. 1993 Feb 1;7(2):349–360. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.7.2.8440411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Baile E. M., McKay K., Wang L., Bai T. R., Paré P. D. NO does not mediate inhibitory neural responses in sheep airway and bronchial vascular smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998 Mar;84(3):809–814. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.3.809. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Barnes P. J., Belvisi M. G. Nitric oxide and lung disease. Thorax. 1993 Oct;48(10):1034–1043. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.10.1034. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Barnes P. J., Liew F. Y. Nitric oxide and asthmatic inflammation. Immunol Today. 1995 Mar;16(3):128–130. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80128-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Belvisi M. G., Stretton C. D., Yacoub M., Barnes P. J. Nitric oxide is the endogenous neurotransmitter of bronchodilator nerves in humans. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Jan 14;210(2):221–222. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90676-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Belvisi M. G., Stretton D., Barnes P. J. Nitric oxide as an endogenous modulator of cholinergic neurotransmission in guinea-pig airways. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Jun 6;198(2-3):219–221. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90626-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bisgaard H., Loland L., Oj J. A. NO in exhaled air of asthmatic children is reduced by the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Oct;160(4):1227–1231. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.4.9903004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Black P. N., Brodie S. M. Nitric oxide and response to inhaled bradykinin in severe asthma. Lancet. 1998 Feb 7;351(9100):449–450. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78399-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bratton D. L., Lanz M. J., Miyazawa N., White C. W., Silkoff P. E. Exhaled nitric oxide before and after montelukast sodium therapy in school-age children with chronic asthma: a preliminary study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999 Dec;28(6):402–407. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199912)28:6<402::aid-ppul3>3.0.co;2-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bredt D. S., Hwang P. M., Snyder S. H. Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide. Nature. 1990 Oct 25;347(6295):768–770. doi: 10.1038/347768a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chan J., Xing Y., Magliozzo R. S., Bloom B. R. Killing of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by activated murine macrophages. J Exp Med. 1992 Apr 1;175(4):1111–1122. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.4.1111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chang R. H., Feng M. H., Liu W. H., Lai M. Z. Nitric oxide increased interleukin-4 expression in T lymphocytes. Immunology. 1997 Mar;90(3):364–369. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.1997.00364.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Charan N. B., Johnson S. R., Lakshminarayan S., Thompson W. H., Carvalho P. Nitric oxide and beta-adrenergic agonist-induced bronchial arterial vasodilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997 Feb;82(2):686–692. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.686. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Clini E., Bianchi L., Pagani M., Ambrosino N. Endogenous nitric oxide in patients with stable COPD: correlates with severity of disease. Thorax. 1998 Oct;53(10):881–883. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.10.881. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cockcroft D. W., Ruffin R. E., Dolovich J., Hargreave F. E. Allergen-induced increase in non-allergic bronchial reactivity. Clin Allergy. 1977 Nov;7(6):503–513. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01481.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Corradi M., Majori M., Cacciani G. C., Consigli G. F., de'Munari E., Pesci A. Increased exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999 Jul;54(7):572–575. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.7.572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cremona G., Dinh Xuan A. T., Higenbottam T. W. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor and the pulmonary circulation. Lung. 1991;169(4):185–202. doi: 10.1007/BF02714154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Culotta E., Koshland D. E., Jr NO news is good news. Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1862–1865. doi: 10.1126/science.1361684. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Denis M. Interferon-gamma-treated murine macrophages inhibit growth of tubercle bacilli via the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Cell Immunol. 1991 Jan;132(1):150–157. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90014-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Dinh-Xuan A. T., Higenbottam T. W., Clelland C. A., Pepke-Zaba J., Cremona G., Butt A. Y., Large S. R., Wells F. C., Wallwork J. Impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary-artery relaxation in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med. 1991 May 30;324(22):1539–1547. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199105303242203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Dupont L. J., Rochette F., Demedts M. G., Verleden G. M. Exhaled nitric oxide correlates with airway hyperresponsiveness in steroid-naive patients with mild asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Mar;157(3 Pt 1):894–898. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9709064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Dupuy P. M., Shore S. A., Drazen J. M., Frostell C., Hill W. A., Zapol W. M. Bronchodilator action of inhaled nitric oxide in guinea pigs. J Clin Invest. 1992 Aug;90(2):421–428. doi: 10.1172/JCI115877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Duszyk M., Radomski M. W. The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of ion channels in airway epithelium: implications for diseases of the lung. Free Radic Res. 2000 Nov;33(5):449–459. doi: 10.1080/10715760000300991. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dötsch J., Demirakça S., Terbrack H. G., Hüls G., Rascher W., Kühl P. G. Airway nitric oxide in asthmatic children and patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 1996 Dec;9(12):2537–2540. doi: 10.1183/09031936.96.09122537. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Ellis J. L., Undem B. J. Inhibition by L-NG-nitro-L-arginine of nonadrenergic-noncholinergic-mediated relaxations of human isolated central and peripheral airway. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Dec;146(6):1543–1547. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.6.1543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Emanueli C., Ricciardolo F., Vergnani L., Bertrand C., Ricci F., Manzoli N., Folkerts G., Nijkamp F. P., Geppetti P. Characterization of the endothelin receptor subtype mediating epithelium-derived relaxant nitric oxide release from guinea-pig trachea. Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Nov;125(5):963–968. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702174. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Figini M., Emanueli C., Bertrand C., Javdan P., Geppetti P. Evidence that tachykinins relax the guinea-pig trachea via nitric oxide release and by stimulation of a septide-insensitive NK1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Mar;117(6):1270–1276. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16725.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Figini M., Ricciardolo F. L., Javdan P., Nijkamp F. P., Emanueli C., Pradelles P., Folkerts G., Geppetti P. Evidence that epithelium-derived relaxing factor released by bradykinin in the guinea pig trachea is nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;153(3):918–923. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.3.8630573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Filep J. G., Battistini B., Sirois P. Induction by endothelin-1 of epithelium-dependent relaxation of guinea-pig trachea in vitro: role for nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Jul;109(3):637–644. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13620.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fischer A., Mayer B., Kummer W. Nitric oxide synthase in vagal sensory and sympathetic neurons innervating the guinea-pig trachea. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1996 Jan 5;56(3):157–160. doi: 10.1016/0165-1838(95)00085-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fischer A., Mundel P., Mayer B., Preissler U., Philippin B., Kummer W. Nitric oxide synthase in guinea pig lower airway innervation. Neurosci Lett. 1993 Jan 12;149(2):157–160. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90760-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Folkerts G., Busse W. W., Nijkamp F. P., Sorkness R., Gern J. E. Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jun;157(6 Pt 1):1708–1720. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.9707163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Folkerts G., van der Linde H. J., Nijkamp F. P. Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs is related to a deficiency in nitric oxide. J Clin Invest. 1995 Jan;95(1):26–30. doi: 10.1172/JCI117649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Förstermann U., Schmidt H. H., Pollock J. S., Sheng H., Mitchell J. A., Warner T. D., Nakane M., Murad F. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Characterization and purification from different cell types. Biochem Pharmacol. 1991 Oct 24;42(10):1849–1857. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90581-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gaston B., Drazen J. M., Jansen A., Sugarbaker D. A., Loscalzo J., Richards W., Stamler J. S. Relaxation of human bronchial smooth muscle by S-nitrosothiols in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994 Feb;268(2):978–984. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Gaston B., Drazen J. M., Loscalzo J., Stamler J. S. The biology of nitrogen oxides in the airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb;149(2 Pt 1):538–551. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.7508323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Gaston B., Reilly J., Drazen J. M., Fackler J., Ramdev P., Arnelle D., Mullins M. E., Sugarbaker D. J., Chee C., Singel D. J. Endogenous nitrogen oxides and bronchodilator S-nitrosothiols in human airways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):10957–10961. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.23.10957. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gaston B., Sears S., Woods J., Hunt J., Ponaman M., McMahon T., Stamler J. S. Bronchodilator S-nitrosothiol deficiency in asthmatic respiratory failure. Lancet. 1998 May 2;351(9112):1317–1319. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07485-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Giaid A., Saleh D. Reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 27;333(4):214–221. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199507273330403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gibson P. G., Henry R. L., Thomas P. Noninvasive assessment of airway inflammation in children: induced sputum, exhaled nitric oxide, and breath condensate. Eur Respir J. 2000 Nov;16(5):1008–1015. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Grasemann H., Michler E., Wallot M., Ratjen F. Decreased concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997 Sep;24(3):173–177. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199709)24:3<173::aid-ppul2>3.0.co;2-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gratziou C., Lignos M., Dassiou M., Roussos C. Influence of atopy on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma and rhinitis. Eur Respir J. 1999 Oct;14(4):897–901. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14d28.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Green S. J., Meltzer M. S., Hibbs J. B., Jr, Nacy C. A. Activated macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes by an L-arginine-dependent killing mechanism. J Immunol. 1990 Jan 1;144(1):278–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Gruetter C. A., Childers C. E., Bosserman M. K., Lemke S. M., Ball J. G., Valentovic M. A. Comparison of relaxation induced by glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, and sodium nitroprusside in bovine airways. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 May;139(5):1192–1197. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.5.1192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Gustafsson L. E., Leone A. M., Persson M. G., Wiklund N. P., Moncada S. Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Dec 16;181(2):852–857. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91268-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gustafsson L. E., Leone A. M., Persson M. G., Wiklund N. P., Moncada S. Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Dec 16;181(2):852–857. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91268-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Henriksen A. H., Sue-Chu M., Holmen T. L., Langhammer A., Bjermer L. Exhaled and nasal NO levels in allergic rhinitis: relation to sensitization, pollen season and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Eur Respir J. 1999 Feb;13(2):301–306. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13b14.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Henry Y., Ducrocq C., Drapier J. C., Servent D., Pellat C., Guissani A. Nitric oxide, a biological effector. Electron paramagnetic resonance detection of nitrosyl-iron-protein complexes in whole cells. Eur Biophys J. 1991;20(1):1–15. doi: 10.1007/BF00183275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hibbs J. B., Jr, Taintor R. R., Vavrin Z., Rachlin E. M. Nitric oxide: a cytotoxic activated macrophage effector molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Nov 30;157(1):87–94. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80015-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Huang F. P., Niedbala W., Wei X. Q., Xu D., Feng G. J., Robinson J. H., Lam C., Liew F. Y. Nitric oxide regulates Th1 cell development through the inhibition of IL-12 synthesis by macrophages. Eur J Immunol. 1998 Dec;28(12):4062–4070. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199812)28:12<4062::AID-IMMU4062>3.0.CO;2-K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Högman M., Frostell C. G., Hedenström H., Hedenstierna G. Inhalation of nitric oxide modulates adult human bronchial tone. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Dec;148(6 Pt 1):1474–1478. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.6_Pt_1.1474. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Högman M., Frostell C., Arnberg H., Hedenstierna G. Inhalation of nitric oxide modulates methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in the rabbit. Eur Respir J. 1993 Feb;6(2):177–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Ignarro L. J. Biological actions and properties of endothelium-derived nitric oxide formed and released from artery and vein. Circ Res. 1989 Jul;65(1):1–21. doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ignarro L. J., Buga G. M., Wood K. S., Byrns R. E., Chaudhuri G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(24):9265–9269. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Ignarro L. J., Fukuto J. M., Griscavage J. M., Rogers N. E., Byrns R. E. Oxidation of nitric oxide in aqueous solution to nitrite but not nitrate: comparison with enzymatically formed nitric oxide from L-arginine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 1;90(17):8103–8107. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.8103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Ignarro L. J., Kadowitz P. J. The pharmacological and physiological role of cyclic GMP in vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1985;25:171–191. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.25.040185.001131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Jain B., Rubinstein I., Robbins R. A., Leise K. L., Sisson J. H. Modulation of airway epithelial cell ciliary beat frequency by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Feb 26;191(1):83–88. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Jansen A., Drazen J., Osborne J. A., Brown R., Loscalzo J., Stamler J. S. The relaxant properties in guinea pig airways of S-nitrosothiols. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Apr;261(1):154–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Jatakanon A., Kharitonov S., Lim S., Barnes P. J. Effect of differing doses of inhaled budesonide on markers of airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma. Thorax. 1999 Feb;54(2):108–114. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.2.108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Jatakanon A., Lim S., Barnes P. J. Changes in sputum eosinophils predict loss of asthma control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jan;161(1):64–72. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.1.9809100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Jatakanon A., Lim S., Kharitonov S. A., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax. 1998 Feb;53(2):91–95. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.2.91. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Jorens P. G., Vermeire P. A., Herman A. G. L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase: a new metabolic pathway in the lung and airways. Eur Respir J. 1993 Feb;6(2):258–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Kageyama N., Miura M., Ichinose M., Tomaki M., Ishikawa J., Ohuchi Y., Endoh N., Shirato K. Role of endogenous nitric oxide in airway microvascular leakage induced by inflammatory mediators. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jan;10(1):13–19. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10010013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Karupiah G., Xie Q. W., Buller R. M., Nathan C., Duarte C., MacMicking J. D. Inhibition of viral replication by interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide synthase. Science. 1993 Sep 10;261(5127):1445–1448. doi: 10.1126/science.7690156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Kharitonov S. A., Chung K. F., Evans D., O'Connor B. J., Barnes P. J. Increased exhaled nitric oxide in asthma is mainly derived from the lower respiratory tract. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jun;153(6 Pt 1):1773–1780. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.6.8665033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kharitonov S. A., O'Connor B. J., Evans D. J., Barnes P. J. Allergen-induced late asthmatic reactions are associated with elevation of exhaled nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;151(6):1894–1899. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767537. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kharitonov S. A., Wells A. U., O'Connor B. J., Cole P. J., Hansell D. M., Logan-Sinclair R. B., Barnes P. J. Elevated levels of exhaled nitric oxide in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;151(6):1889–1893. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Kharitonov S. A., Yates D. H., Barnes P. J. Inhaled glucocorticoids decrease nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jan;153(1):454–457. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Kharitonov S. A., Yates D. H., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. Changes in the dose of inhaled steroid affect exhaled nitric oxide levels in asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J. 1996 Feb;9(2):196–201. doi: 10.1183/09031936.96.09020196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Kharitonov S. A., Yates D., Robbins R. A., Logan-Sinclair R., Shinebourne E. A., Barnes P. J. Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Lancet. 1994 Jan 15;343(8890):133–135. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90931-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Kubes P. Nitric oxide and microvascular permeability: a continuing dilemma. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jan;10(1):4–5. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10010004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Kwon N. S., Stuehr D. J., Nathan C. F. Inhibition of tumor cell ribonucleotide reductase by macrophage-derived nitric oxide. J Exp Med. 1991 Oct 1;174(4):761–767. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.4.761. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Lee Y. C., Cheon K. T., Lee H. B., Kim W., Rhee Y. K., Kim D. S. Gene polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and angiotensin-converting enzyme in patients with asthma. Allergy. 2000 Oct;55(10):959–963. doi: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00724.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Lei Y. H., Barnes P. J., Rogers D. F. Regulation of NANC neural bronchoconstriction in vivo in the guinea-pig: involvement of nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and soluble guanylyl cyclase. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Jan;108(1):228–235. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13467.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Leone A. M., Gustafsson L. E., Francis P. L., Persson M. G., Wiklund N. P., Moncada S. Nitric oxide is present in exhaled breath in humans: direct GC-MS confirmation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jun 15;201(2):883–887. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1784. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Li C. G., Rand M. J. Evidence that part of the NANC relaxant response of guinea-pig trachea to electrical field stimulation is mediated by nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Jan;102(1):91–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12137.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Lim S., Jatakanon A., John M., Gilbey T., O'connor B. J., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. Effect of inhaled budesonide on lung function and airway inflammation. Assessment by various inflammatory markers in mild asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jan;159(1):22–30. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9706006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Lim S., Jatakanon A., Meah S., Oates T., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and mucosal eosinophilic inflammation in mild to moderately severe asthma. Thorax. 2000 Mar;55(3):184–188. doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.3.184. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Liu S., Adcock I. M., Old R. W., Barnes P. J., Evans T. W. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vivo induces widespread tissue expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Nov 15;196(3):1208–1213. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Lúdvíksdóttir D., Janson C., Högman M., Hedenström H., Björnsson E., Boman G. Exhaled nitric oxide and its relationship to airway responsiveness and atopy in asthma. BHR-Study Group. Respir Med. 1999 Aug;93(8):552–556. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(99)90154-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Malerba M., Clini E., Cremona G., Radaeli A., Bianchi L., Corda L., Pini L., Ricciardolo F., Grassi V., Ambrosino N. Exhaled nitric oxide in patients with PiZZ phenotype-related alpha1-anti-trypsin deficiency. Respir Med. 2001 Jun;95(6):520–525. doi: 10.1053/rmed.2001.1082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Marletta M. A. Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jun 15;268(17):12231–12234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Massaro A. F., Gaston B., Kita D., Fanta C., Stamler J. S., Drazen J. M. Expired nitric oxide levels during treatment of acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Aug;152(2):800–803. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.2.7633745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Massaro A. F., Mehta S., Lilly C. M., Kobzik L., Reilly J. J., Drazen J. M. Elevated nitric oxide concentrations in isolated lower airway gas of asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 May;153(5):1510–1514. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.5.8630594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Mattes J., Storm van's Gravesande K., Reining U., Alving K., Ihorst G., Henschen M., Kuehr J. NO in exhaled air is correlated with markers of eosinophilic airway inflammation in corticosteroid-dependent childhood asthma. Eur Respir J. 1999 Jun;13(6):1391–1395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Mehta S., Drazen J. M., Lilly C. M. Endogenous nitric oxide and allergic bronchial hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Am J Physiol. 1997 Sep;273(3 Pt 1):L656–L662. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1997.273.3.L656. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Meurs H., Schuurman F. E., Duyvendak M., Zaagsma J. Deficiency of nitric oxide in polycation-induced airway hyperreactivity. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Feb;126(3):559–562. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702372. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Michel T., Feron O. Nitric oxide synthases: which, where, how, and why? J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 1;100(9):2146–2152. doi: 10.1172/JCI119750. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Mills C. D., Kincaid K., Alt J. M., Heilman M. J., Hill A. M. M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm. J Immunol. 2000 Jun 15;164(12):6166–6173. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Miura M., Yamauchi H., Ichinose M., Ohuchi Y., Kageyama N., Tomaki M., Endoh N., Shirato K. Impairment of neural nitric oxide-mediated relaxation after antigen exposure in guinea pig airways in vitro. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):217–222. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9606040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Moncada S., Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 30;329(27):2002–2012. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199312303292706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Morris S. M., Jr, Billiar T. R. New insights into the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jun;266(6 Pt 1):E829–E839. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.6.E829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Mosmann T. R., Coffman R. L. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:145–173. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Nagaki M., Shimura M. N., Irokawa T., Sasaki T., Shirato K. Nitric oxide regulation of glycoconjugate secretion from feline and human airways in vitro. Respir Physiol. 1995 Oct;102(1):89–95. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(95)00042-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Nijkamp F. P., van der Linde H. J., Folkerts G. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors induce airway hyperresponsiveness in the guinea pig in vivo and in vitro. Role of the epithelium. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Sep;148(3):727–734. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.3.727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Ninomiya H., Uchida Y., Endo T., Ohtsuka M., Nomura A., Saotome M., Hasegawa S. The effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on tracheal smooth muscle of guinea-pigs in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Dec;119(7):1341–1346. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16044.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. O'Garra A., Arai N. The molecular basis of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell differentiation. Trends Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;10(12):542–550. doi: 10.1016/s0962-8924(00)01856-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Ozaki M., Kawashima S., Yamashita T., Ohashi Y., Rikitake Y., Inoue N., Hirata K. I., Hayashi Y., Itoh H., Yokoyama M. Reduced hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling by nitric oxide from the endothelium. Hypertension. 2001 Feb;37(2):322–327. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.37.2.322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Palmer R. M., Ferrige A. G., Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 1987 Jun 11;327(6122):524–526. doi: 10.1038/327524a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Patel H. J., Belvisi M. G., Donnelly L. E., Yacoub M. H., Chung K. F., Mitchell J. A. Constitutive expressions of type I NOS in human airway smooth muscle cells: evidence for an antiproliferative role. FASEB J. 1999 Oct;13(13):1810–1816. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.13.13.1810. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Persson M. G., Friberg S. G., Gustafsson L. E., Hedqvist P. The promotion of patent airways and inhibition of antigen-induced bronchial obstruction by endogenous nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;116(7):2957–2962. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15950.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Persson M. G., Gustafsson L. E., Wiklund N. P., Moncada S., Hedqvist P. Endogenous nitric oxide as a probable modulator of pulmonary circulation and hypoxic pressor response in vivo. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990 Dec;140(4):449–457. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1990.tb09021.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. REID L. Measurement of the bronchial mucous gland layer: a diagnostic yardstick in chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 1960 Jun;15:132–141. doi: 10.1136/thx.15.2.132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Radi R., Beckman J. S., Bush K. M., Freeman B. A. Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991 Aug 1;288(2):481–487. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90224-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Ricciardolo F. L., Di Maria G. U., Mistretta A., Sapienza M. A., Geppetti P. Impairment of bronchoprotection by nitric oxide in severe asthma. Lancet. 1997 Nov 1;350(9087):1297–1298. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62474-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Ricciardolo F. L., Geppetti P., Mistretta A., Nadel J. A., Sapienza M. A., Bellofiore S., Di Maria G. U. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in bradykinin-induced asthma. Lancet. 1996 Aug 10;348(9024):374–377. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)04450-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Ricciardolo F. L., Nadel J. A., Yoshihara S., Geppetti P., Yoishihara S. Evidence for reduction of bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs by release of nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Dec;113(4):1147–1152. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17117.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Ricciardolo F. L., Rado V., Fabbri L. M., Sterk P. J., Di Maria G. U., Geppetti P. Bronchoconstriction induced by citric acid inhalation in guinea pigs: role of tachykinins, bradykinin, and nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Feb;159(2):557–562. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9804022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Ricciardolo F. L., Steinhoff M., Amadesi S., Guerrini R., Tognetto M., Trevisani M., Creminon C., Bertrand C., Bunnett N. W., Fabbri L. M. Presence and bronchomotor activity of protease-activated receptor-2 in guinea pig airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1672–1680. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9907133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Ricciardolo F. L., Timmers M. C., Geppetti P., van Schadewijk A., Brahim J. J., Sont J. K., de Gouw H. W., Hiemstra P. S., van Krieken J. H., Sterk P. J. Allergen-induced impairment of bronchoprotective nitric oxide synthesis in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Aug;108(2):198–204. doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.116572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Ricciardolo F. L., Trevisani M., Geppetti P., Nadel J. A., Amadesi S., Bertrand C. Role of nitric oxide and septide-insensitive NK(1) receptors in bronchoconstriction induced by aerosolised neurokinin A in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;129(5):915–920. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Ricciardolo F. L., Vergnani L., Wiegand S., Ricci F., Manzoli N., Fischer A., Amadesi S., Fellin R., Geppetti P. Detection of nitric oxide release induced by bradykinin in guinea pig trachea and main bronchi using a porphyrinic microsensor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Jan;22(1):97–104. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.1.3706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Riley M. S., Pórszász J., Miranda J., Engelen M. P., Brundage B., Wasserman K. Exhaled nitric oxide during exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 1997 Jan;111(1):44–50. doi: 10.1378/chest.111.1.44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Romagnani S. Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more. Immunol Today. 1991 Aug;12(8):256–257. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90120-I. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Rutgers S. R., van der Mark T. W., Coers W., Moshage H., Timens W., Kauffman H. F., Koëter G. H., Postma D. S. Markers of nitric oxide metabolism in sputum and exhaled air are not increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999 Jul;54(7):576–580. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.7.576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Saleh D., Ernst P., Lim S., Barnes P. J., Giaid A. Increased formation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite in the airways of asthmatic patients is associated with induction of nitric oxide synthase: effect of inhaled glucocorticoid. FASEB J. 1998 Aug;12(11):929–937. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Sasaki F., Paré P., Ernest D., Bai T., Verburgt L., March R., Baile E. Endogenous nitric oxide influences acetylcholine-induced bronchovascular dilation in sheep. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1995 Feb;78(2):539–545. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1995.78.2.539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Schuiling M., Meurs H., Zuidhof A. B., Venema N., Zaagsma J. Dual action of iNOS-derived nitric oxide in allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity in conscious, unrestrained guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Nov;158(5 Pt 1):1442–1449. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9803027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Schuiling M., Zuidhof A. B., Bonouvrie M. A., Venema N., Zaagsma J., Meurs H. Role of nitric oxide in the development and partial reversal of allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity in conscious, unrestrained guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Apr;123(7):1450–1456. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701738. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Silkoff P. E., Caramori M., Tremblay L., McClean P., Chaparro C., Kesten S., Hutcheon M., Slutsky A. S., Zamel N., Keshavjee S. Exhaled nitric oxide in human lung transplantation. A noninvasive marker of acute rejection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jun;157(6 Pt 1):1822–1828. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.9707159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Silvestri M., Spallarossa D., Frangova Yourukova V., Battistini E., Fregonese B., Rossi G. A. Orally exhaled nitric oxide levels are related to the degree of blood eosinophilia in atopic children with mild-intermittent asthma. Eur Respir J. 1999 Feb;13(2):321–326. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13b17.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Stamler J. S., Simon D. I., Osborne J. A., Mullins M. E., Jaraki O., Michel T., Singel D. J., Loscalzo J. S-nitrosylation of proteins with nitric oxide: synthesis and characterization of biologically active compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jan 1;89(1):444–448. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.1.444. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Sterk P. J., De Gouw H. W., Ricciardolo F. L., Rabe K. F. Exhaled nitric oxide in COPD: glancing through a smoke screen. Thorax. 1999 Jul;54(7):565–567. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.7.565. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Stirling R. G., Kharitonov S. A., Campbell D., Robinson D. S., Durham S. R., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. Increase in exhaled nitric oxide levels in patients with difficult asthma and correlation with symptoms and disease severity despite treatment with oral and inhaled corticosteroids. Asthma and Allergy Group. Thorax. 1998 Dec;53(12):1030–1034. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.12.1030. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Tamaoki J., Kondo M., Sakai N., Nakata J., Takemura H., Nagai A., Takizawa T., Konno K. Leukotriene antagonist prevents exacerbation of asthma during reduction of high-dose inhaled corticosteroid. The Tokyo Joshi-Idai Asthma Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Apr;155(4):1235–1240. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.4.9105060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Taylor-Robinson A. W., Liew F. Y., Severn A., Xu D., McSorley S. J., Garside P., Padron J., Phillips R. S. Regulation of the immune response by nitric oxide differentially produced by T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 cells. Eur J Immunol. 1994 Apr;24(4):980–984. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830240430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Taylor-Robinson A. W., Phillips R. S., Severn A., Moncada S., Liew F. Y. The role of TH1 and TH2 cells in a rodent malaria infection. Science. 1993 Jun 25;260(5116):1931–1934. doi: 10.1126/science.8100366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Taylor D. A., McGrath J. L., O'Connor B. J., Barnes P. J. Allergen-induced early and late asthmatic responses are not affected by inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1):99–106. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9709091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Taylor D. A., McGrath J. L., Orr L. M., Barnes P. J., O'Connor B. J. Effect of endogenous nitric oxide inhibition on airway responsiveness to histamine and adenosine-5'-monophosphate in asthma. Thorax. 1998 Jun;53(6):483–489. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.6.483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Toward T. J., Broadley K. J. Airway reactivity, inflammatory cell influx and nitric oxide in guinea-pig airways after lipopolysaccharide inhalation. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep;131(2):271–281. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703589. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Ward J. K., Barnes P. J., Springall D. R., Abelli L., Tadjkarimi S., Yacoub M. H., Polak J. M., Belvisi M. G. Distribution of human i-NANC bronchodilator and nitric oxide-immunoreactive nerves. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Aug;13(2):175–184. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.13.2.7542897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Ward J. K., Belvisi M. G., Fox A. J., Miura M., Tadjkarimi S., Yacoub M. H., Barnes P. J. Modulation of cholinergic neural bronchoconstriction by endogenous nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in human airways in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1993 Aug;92(2):736–742. doi: 10.1172/JCI116644. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Wink D. A., Kasprzak K. S., Maragos C. M., Elespuru R. K., Misra M., Dunams T. M., Cebula T. A., Koch W. H., Andrews A. W., Allen J. S. DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors. Science. 1991 Nov 15;254(5034):1001–1003. doi: 10.1126/science.1948068. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Xiong Y., Karupiah G., Hogan S. P., Foster P. S., Ramsay A. J. Inhibition of allergic airway inflammation in mice lacking nitric oxide synthase 2. J Immunol. 1999 Jan 1;162(1):445–452. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. de Boer J., Meurs H., Coers W., Koopal M., Bottone A. E., Visser A. C., Timens W., Zaagsma J. Deficiency of nitric oxide in allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity to contractile agonists after the early asthmatic reaction: an ex vivo study. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;119(6):1109–1116. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16011.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. van Rensen E. L., Straathof K. C., Veselic-Charvat M. A., Zwinderman A. H., Bel E. H., Sterk P. J. Effect of inhaled steroids on airway hyperresponsiveness, sputum eosinophils, and exhaled nitric oxide levels in patients with asthma. Thorax. 1999 May;54(5):403–408. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.5.403. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES