Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 2003 Mar;58(3):266–271. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.3.266

Lung cancer • 3: Fluorescence bronchoscopy: clinical dilemmas and research opportunities

A Banerjee 1, P Rabbitts 1, J George 1
PMCID: PMC1746611  PMID: 12612310

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (189.4 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. AUERBACH O., FORMAN J. B., GERE J. B., KASSOUNY D. Y., MUEHSAM G. E., PETRICK T. G., SMOLIN H. J., STOUT A. P. Changes in the bronchial epithelium in relation to smoking and cancer of the lung; a report of progress. N Engl J Med. 1957 Jan 17;256(3):97–104. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195701172560301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. AUERBACH O., GERE J. B., PAWLOWSKI J. M., MUEHSAM G. E., SMOLIN H. J., STOUT A. P. Carcinoma-in-situ and early invasive carcinoma occurring in the tracheobronchial trees in cases of bronchial carcinoma. J Thorac Surg. 1957 Sep;34(3):298–309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. AUERBACH O., PETRICK T. G., STOUT A. P., STATSINGER A. L., MUEHSAM G. E., FORMAN J. B., GERE J. B. The anatomical approach to the study of smoking and bronchogenic carcinoma; a preliminary report of forty-one cases. Cancer. 1956 Jan-Feb;9(1):76–83. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(195601/02)9:1<76::aid-cncr2820090106>3.0.co;2-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Auerbach O., Hammond E. C., Garfinkel L. Changes in bronchial epithelium in relation to cigarette smoking, 1955-1960 vs. 1970-1977. N Engl J Med. 1979 Feb 22;300(8):381–385. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197902223000801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Benfield J. R., Hammond W. G., Paladugu R. R., Pak H. Y., Azumi N., Teplitz R. L. Endobronchial carcinogenesis in dogs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986 Nov;92(5):880–889. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bosatra A., Bussani R., Silvestri F. From epithelial dysplasia to squamous carcinoma in the head and neck region: an epidemiological assessment. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997;527:47–48. doi: 10.3109/00016489709124033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bota S., Auliac J. B., Paris C., Métayer J., Sesboü R., Nouvet G., Thiberville L. Follow-up of bronchial precancerous lesions and carcinoma in situ using fluorescence endoscopy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 1;164(9):1688–1693. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2012147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brambilla E., Gazzeri S., Lantuejoul S., Coll J. L., Moro D., Negoescu A., Brambilla C. p53 mutant immunophenotype and deregulation of p53 transcription pathway (Bcl2, Bax, and Waf1) in precursor bronchial lesions of lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 1998 Jul;4(7):1609–1618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bülzebruck H., Bopp R., Drings P., Bauer E., Krysa S., Probst G., van Kaick G., Müller K. M., Vogt-Moykopf I. New aspects in the staging of lung cancer. Prospective validation of the International Union Against Cancer TNM classification. Cancer. 1992 Sep 1;70(5):1102–1110. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5<1102::aid-cncr2820700514>3.0.co;2-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cavaliere S., Venuta F., Foccoli P., Toninelli C., La Face B. Endoscopic treatment of malignant airway obstructions in 2,008 patients. Chest. 1996 Dec;110(6):1536–1542. doi: 10.1378/chest.110.6.1536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chung G. T., Sundaresan V., Hasleton P., Rudd R., Taylor R., Rabbitts P. H. Sequential molecular genetic changes in lung cancer development. Oncogene. 1995 Dec 21;11(12):2591–2598. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cortese D. A., Edell E. S., Kinsey J. H. Photodynamic therapy for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997 Jul;72(7):595–602. doi: 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63563-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dhanasekaran S. M., Barrette T. R., Ghosh D., Shah R., Varambally S., Kurachi K., Pienta K. J., Rubin M. A., Chinnaiyan A. M. Delineation of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer. Nature. 2001 Aug 23;412(6849):822–826. doi: 10.1038/35090585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Edell E. S., Cortese D. A. Photodynamic therapy in the management of early superficial squamous cell carcinoma as an alternative to surgical resection. Chest. 1992 Nov;102(5):1319–1322. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.5.1319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Forozan F., Mahlamäki E. H., Monni O., Chen Y., Veldman R., Jiang Y., Gooden G. C., Ethier S. P., Kallioniemi A., Kallioniemi O. P. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of 38 breast cancer cell lines: a basis for interpreting complementary DNA microarray data. Cancer Res. 2000 Aug 15;60(16):4519–4525. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Frost J. K., Ball W. C., Jr, Levin M. L., Tockman M. S., Baker R. R., Carter D., Eggleston J. C., Erozan Y. S., Gupta P. K., Khouri N. F. Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Johns Hopkins study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Oct;130(4):549–554. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.4.549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gauden S., Ramsay J., Tripcony L. The curative treatment by radiotherapy alone of stage I non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Chest. 1995 Nov;108(5):1278–1282. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.5.1278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hirsch F. R., Franklin W. A., Gazdar A. F., Bunn P. A., Jr Early detection of lung cancer: clinical perspectives of recent advances in biology and radiology. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Jan;7(1):5–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hirsch F. R., Prindiville S. A., Miller Y. E., Franklin W. A., Dempsey E. C., Murphy J. R., Bunn P. A., Jr, Kennedy T. C. Fluorescence versus white-light bronchoscopy for detection of preneoplastic lesions: a randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Sep 19;93(18):1385–1391. doi: 10.1093/jnci/93.18.1385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hung J., Kishimoto Y., Sugio K., Virmani A., McIntire D. D., Minna J. D., Gazdar A. F. Allele-specific chromosome 3p deletions occur at an early stage in the pathogenesis of lung carcinoma. JAMA. 1995 Feb 15;273(7):558–563. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hung J., Lam S., LeRiche J. C., Palcic B. Autofluorescence of normal and malignant bronchial tissue. Lasers Surg Med. 1991;11(2):99–105. doi: 10.1002/lsm.1900110203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kan T., Shimada Y., Sato F., Maeda M., Kawabe A., Kaganoi J., Itami A., Yamasaki S., Imamura M. Gene expression profiling in human esophageal cancers using cDNA microarray. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Aug 31;286(4):792–801. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kato H., Okunaka T., Shimatani H. Photodynamic therapy for early stage bronchogenic carcinoma. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996 Oct;14(5):235–238. doi: 10.1089/clm.1996.14.235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kato H. Photodynamic therapy for lung cancer--a review of 19 years' experience. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998 Feb;42(2):96–99. doi: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00128-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kennedy T. C., Lam S., Hirsch F. R. Review of recent advances in fluorescence bronchoscopy in early localization of central airway lung cancer. Oncologist. 2001;6(3):257–262. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.6-3-257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kishimoto Y., Sugio K., Hung J. Y., Virmani A. K., McIntire D. D., Minna J. D., Gazdar A. F. Allele-specific loss in chromosome 9p loci in preneoplastic lesions accompanying non-small-cell lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Aug 16;87(16):1224–1229. doi: 10.1093/jnci/87.16.1224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kurie J. M., Lee J. S., Morice R. C., Walsh G. L., Khuri F. R., Broxson A., Ro J. Y., Franklin W. A., Yu R., Hong W. K. Autofluorescence bronchoscopy in the detection of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia in current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Jul 1;90(13):991–995. doi: 10.1093/jnci/90.13.991. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lam S., Kennedy T., Unger M., Miller Y. E., Gelmont D., Rusch V., Gipe B., Howard D., LeRiche J. C., Coldman A. Localization of bronchial intraepithelial neoplastic lesions by fluorescence bronchoscopy. Chest. 1998 Mar;113(3):696–702. doi: 10.1378/chest.113.3.696. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lam S., MacAulay C., Hung J., LeRiche J., Profio A. E., Palcic B. Detection of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ with a lung imaging fluorescence endoscope device. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993 Jun;105(6):1035–1040. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lam S., MacAulay C., leRiche J. C., Palcic B. Detection and localization of early lung cancer by fluorescence bronchoscopy. Cancer. 2000 Dec 1;89(11 Suppl):2468–2473. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(20001201)89:11+<2468::aid-cncr25>3.3.co;2-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lengauer C., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature. 1998 Dec 17;396(6712):643–649. doi: 10.1038/25292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Licker M., Spiliopoulos A., Frey J. G., De Perrot M., Chevalley C., Tschopp J. M. Management and outcome of patients undergoing thoracic surgery in a regional chest medical centre. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2001 Aug;18(8):540–547. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.2001.00890.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Mao L., Lee J. S., Kurie J. M., Fan Y. H., Lippman S. M., Lee J. J., Ro J. Y., Broxson A., Yu R., Morice R. C. Clonal genetic alterations in the lungs of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Jun 18;89(12):857–862. doi: 10.1093/jnci/89.12.857. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Mountain C. F. The new International Staging System for Lung Cancer. Surg Clin North Am. 1987 Oct;67(5):925–935. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)44330-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Nacht M., Dracheva T., Gao Y., Fujii T., Chen Y., Player A., Akmaev V., Cook B., Dufault M., Zhang M. Molecular characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 18;98(26):15203–15208. doi: 10.1073/pnas.261414598. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Nettesheim P., Griesemer R. A., Martin D. H., Caton J. E., Jr Induction of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in grafted rat tracheas continuously exposed to benzo(a)pyrene. Cancer Res. 1977 May;37(5):1272–1278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. O'Neil K. M., Johnson B. E. Lights flicker on fluorescence bronchoscopy in patients at risk for lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Jul 1;90(13):953–955. doi: 10.1093/jnci/90.13.953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Pairolero P. C., Williams D. E., Bergstralh E. J., Piehler J. M., Bernatz P. E., Payne W. S. Postsurgical stage I bronchogenic carcinoma: morbid implications of recurrent disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984 Oct;38(4):331–338. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)62281-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Ponticiello A., Barra E., Giani U., Bocchino M., Sanduzzi A. P53 immunohistochemistry can identify bronchial dysplastic lesions proceeding to lung cancer: a prospective study. Eur Respir J. 2000 Mar;15(3):547–552. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15.20.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Porter D. A., Krop I. E., Nasser S., Sgroi D., Kaelin C. M., Marks J. R., Riggins G., Polyak K. A SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) view of breast tumor progression. Cancer Res. 2001 Aug 1;61(15):5697–5702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Pérol M., Caliandro R., Pommier P., Malet C., Montbarbon X., Carrie C., Ardiet J. M. Curative irradiation of limited endobronchial carcinomas with high-dose rate brachytherapy. Results of a pilot study. Chest. 1997 May;111(5):1417–1423. doi: 10.1378/chest.111.5.1417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Saccomanno G., Archer V. E., Auerbach O., Saunders R. P., Brennan L. M. Development of carcinoma of the lung as reflected in exfoliated cells. Cancer. 1974 Jan;33(1):256–270. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197401)33:1<256::aid-cncr2820330139>3.0.co;2-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Saccomanno G., Saunders R. P., Archer V. E., Auerbach O., Kuschner M., Beckler P. A. Cancer of the lung: the cytology of sputum prior to the development of carcinoma. Acta Cytol. 1965 Nov-Dec;9(6):413–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Saito Y., Nagamoto N., Ota S., Sato M., Sagawa M., Kamma K., Takahashi S., Usuda K., Endo C., Imai T. Results of surgical treatment for roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992 Aug;104(2):401–407. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Sato M., Sakurada A., Sagawa M., Minowa M., Takahashi H., Oyaizu T., Okada Y., Matsumura Y., Tanita T., Kondo T. Diagnostic results before and after introduction of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in patients suspected of having lung cancer detected by sputum cytology in lung cancer mass screening. Lung Cancer. 2001 Jun;32(3):247–253. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00229-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Satoh Y., Ishikawa Y., Nakagawa K., Hirano T., Tsuchiya E. A follow-up study of progression from dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma with immunohistochemical examination of p53 protein overexpression in the bronchi of ex-chromate workers. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(5):678–683. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1997.121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Sgroi D. C., Teng S., Robinson G., LeVangie R., Hudson J. R., Jr, Elkahloun A. G. In vivo gene expression profile analysis of human breast cancer progression. Cancer Res. 1999 Nov 15;59(22):5656–5661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Sundaresan V., Ganly P., Hasleton P., Rudd R., Sinha G., Bleehen N. M., Rabbitts P. p53 and chromosome 3 abnormalities, characteristic of malignant lung tumours, are detectable in preinvasive lesions of the bronchus. Oncogene. 1992 Oct;7(10):1989–1997. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Sutedja T. G., Venmans B. J., Smit E. F., Postmus P. E. Fluorescence bronchoscopy for early detection of lung cancer: a clinical perspective. Lung Cancer. 2001 Nov;34(2):157–168. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5002(01)00242-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Thiberville L., Payne P., Vielkinds J., LeRiche J., Horsman D., Nouvet G., Palcic B., Lam S. Evidence of cumulative gene losses with progression of premalignant epithelial lesions to carcinoma of the bronchus. Cancer Res. 1995 Nov 15;55(22):5133–5139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Thurer R. J. Cryotherapy in early lung cancer. Chest. 2001 Jul;120(1):3–5. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.1.3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Venmans B. J., van Boxem T. J., Smit E. F., Postmus P. E., Sutedja T. G. Outcome of bronchial carcinoma in situ. Chest. 2000 Jun;117(6):1572–1576. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.6.1572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Vermylen P., Pierard P., Roufosse C., Bosschaerts T., Verhest A., Sculier J. P., Ninane V. Detection of bronchial preneoplastic lesions and early lung cancer with fluorescence bronchoscopy: a study about its ambulatory feasibility under local anaesthesis. Lung Cancer. 1999 Sep;25(3):161–168. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5002(99)00058-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Wistuba I. I., Behrens C., Milchgrub S., Bryant D., Hung J., Minna J. D., Gazdar A. F. Sequential molecular abnormalities are involved in the multistage development of squamous cell lung carcinoma. Oncogene. 1999 Jan 21;18(3):643–650. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202349. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Wistuba I. I., Lam S., Behrens C., Virmani A. K., Fong K. M., LeRiche J., Samet J. M., Srivastava S., Minna J. D., Gazdar A. F. Molecular damage in the bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Sep 17;89(18):1366–1373. doi: 10.1093/jnci/89.18.1366. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Xie Wen, Mertens Joachim C., Reiss Daniel J., Rimm David L., Camp Robert L., Haffty Bruce G., Reiss Michael. Alterations of Smad signaling in human breast carcinoma are associated with poor outcome: a tissue microarray study. Cancer Res. 2002 Jan 15;62(2):497–505. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Yajima A., Sato A., Mori T., Wakisaka T., Sato S., Suzuki M., Teshima K., Noda K. Progression of malignancy of severe dysplasia of the uterine cervix. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1982 Apr;136(4):433–438. doi: 10.1620/tjem.136.433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. van Boxem A. J., Westerga J., Venmans B. J., Postmus P. E., Sutedja G. Photodynamic therapy, Nd-YAG laser and electrocautery for treating early-stage intraluminal cancer: which to choose? Lung Cancer. 2001 Jan;31(1):31–36. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00154-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. van Boxem T. J., Venmans B. J., Schramel F. M., van Mourik J. C., Golding R. P., Postmus P. E., Sutedja T. G. Radiographically occult lung cancer treated with fibreoptic bronchoscopic electrocautery: a pilot study of a simple and inexpensive technique. Eur Respir J. 1998 Jan;11(1):169–172. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.11010169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES