Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (141.8 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Barlaam B., Bird T. G., Lambert-Van Der Brempt C., Campbell D., Foster S. J., Maciewicz R. New alpha-substituted succinate-based hydroxamic acids as TNFalpha convertase inhibitors. J Med Chem. 1999 Nov 18;42(23):4890–4908. doi: 10.1021/jm990377j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Barnes P. J. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 27;343(4):269–280. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007273430407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Barnes P. J. Genetics and pulmonary medicine. 9. Molecular genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999 Mar;54(3):245–252. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.3.245. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Barnes P. J. Inhaled corticosteroids are not beneficial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Feb;161(2 Pt 1):342–344. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.16125_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Barnes P. J. New treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2001 Jun;1(3):217–222. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4892(01)00039-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Barnes P. J. Novel approaches and targets for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov;160(5 Pt 2):S72–S79. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.17. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Barnes Peter J. New concepts in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annu Rev Med. 2001 Dec 3;54:113–129. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Barnes Peter J. New treatments for COPD. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002 Jun;1(6):437–446. doi: 10.1038/nrd820. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Bundschuh D. S., Eltze M., Barsig J., Wollin L., Hatzelmann A., Beume R. In vivo efficacy in airway disease models of roflumilast, a novel orally active PDE4 inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):280–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Burge P. S., Calverley P. M., Jones P. W., Spencer S., Anderson J. A., Maslen T. K. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ. 2000 May 13;320(7245):1297–1303. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7245.1297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Carter A. B., Monick M. M., Hunninghake G. W. Both Erk and p38 kinases are necessary for cytokine gene transcription. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Apr;20(4):751–758. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.4.3420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Casaburi R., Briggs D. D., Jr, Donohue J. F., Serby C. W., Menjoge S. S., Witek T. J., Jr The spirometric efficacy of once-daily dosing with tiotropium in stable COPD: a 13-week multicenter trial. The US Tiotropium Study Group. Chest. 2000 Nov;118(5):1294–1302. doi: 10.1378/chest.118.5.1294. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Casaburi R., Mahler D. A., Jones P. W., Wanner A., San Pedro G., ZuWallack R. L., Menjoge S. S., Serby C. W., Witek T., Jr A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2002 Feb;19(2):217–224. doi: 10.1183/09031936.02.00269802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Compton C. H., Gubb J., Nieman R., Edelson J., Amit O., Bakst A., Ayres J. G., Creemers J. P., Schultze-Werninghaus G., Brambilla C. Cilomilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, dose-ranging study. Lancet. 2001 Jul 28;358(9278):265–270. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05481-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Crooks S. W., Bayley D. L., Hill S. L., Stockley R. A. Bronchial inflammation in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the role of leukotriene B4. Eur Respir J. 2000 Feb;15(2):274–280. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15b09.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Culpitt S. V., Maziak W., Loukidis S., Nightingale J. A., Matthews J. L., Barnes P. J. Effect of high dose inhaled steroid on cells, cytokines, and proteases in induced sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov;160(5 Pt 1):1635–1639. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9811058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Cuzzocrea S., Riley D. P., Caputi A. P., Salvemini D. Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Rev. 2001 Mar;53(1):135–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Davenpeck K. L., Berens K. L., Dixon R. A., Dupre B., Bochner B. S. Inhibition of adhesion of human neutrophils and eosinophils to P-selectin by the sialyl Lewis antagonist TBC1269: preferential activity against neutrophil adhesion in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Apr;105(4):769–775. doi: 10.1067/mai.2000.105121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Dawkins P. A., Stockley R. A. Animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2001 Dec;56(12):972–977. doi: 10.1136/thorax.56.12.972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Delhase M., Li N., Karin M. Kinase regulation in inflammatory response. Nature. 2000 Jul 27;406(6794):367–368. doi: 10.1038/35019154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Disse B., Speck G. A., Rominger K. L., Witek T. J., Jr, Hammer R. Tiotropium (Spiriva): mechanistical considerations and clinical profile in obstructive lung disease. Life Sci. 1999;64(6-7):457–464. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00588-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Fedorak R. N., Gangl A., Elson C. O., Rutgeerts P., Schreiber S., Wild G., Hanauer S. B., Kilian A., Cohard M., LeBeaut A. Recombinant human interleukin 10 in the treatment of patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's disease. The Interleukin 10 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cooperative Study Group. Gastroenterology. 2000 Dec;119(6):1473–1482. doi: 10.1053/gast.2000.20229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Fujie K., Shinguh Y., Yamazaki A., Hatanaka H., Okamoto M., Okuhara M. Inhibition of elastase-induced acute inflammation and pulmonary emphysema in hamsters by a novel neutrophil elastase inhibitor FR901277. Inflamm Res. 1999 Mar;48(3):160–167. doi: 10.1007/s000110050440. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Grandjean E. M., Berthet P., Ruffmann R., Leuenberger P. Efficacy of oral long-term N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of published double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2000 Feb;22(2):209–221. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88479-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Hay D. W., Sarau H. M. Interleukin-8 receptor antagonists in pulmonary diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2001 Jun;1(3):242–247. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4892(01)00043-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Hill A. T., Bayley D., Stockley R. A. The interrelationship of sputum inflammatory markers in patients with chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Sep;160(3):893–898. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9901091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Hobbs A. J., Higgs A., Moncada S. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase as a potential therapeutic target. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1999;39:191–220. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Hogg J. C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an overview of pathology and pathogenesis. Novartis Found Symp. 2001;234:4–26. doi: 10.1002/0470868678.ch2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Holm K. J., Spencer C. M. Bupropion: a review of its use in the management of smoking cessation. Drugs. 2000 Apr;59(4):1007–1024. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200059040-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Ichinose M., Sugiura H., Yamagata S., Koarai A., Shirato K. Increase in reactive nitrogen species production in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Aug;162(2 Pt 1):701–706. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.2.9908132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Jarvis B., Faulds D. Etanercept: a review of its use in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs. 1999 Jun;57(6):945–966. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199957060-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Jorenby D. E., Leischow S. J., Nides M. A., Rennard S. I., Johnston J. A., Hughes A. R., Smith S. S., Muramoto M. L., Daughton D. M., Doan K. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 4;340(9):685–691. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199903043400903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Kawabata K., Suzuki M., Sugitani M., Imaki K., Toda M., Miyamoto T. ONO-5046, a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Jun 14;177(2):814–820. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91862-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Keatings V. M., Collins P. D., Scott D. M., Barnes P. J. Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Feb;153(2):530–534. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Keatings V. M., Jatakanon A., Worsdell Y. M., Barnes P. J. Effects of inhaled and oral glucocorticoids on inflammatory indices in asthma and COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Feb;155(2):542–548. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Kharitonov S. A., Barnes P. J. Exhaled markers of pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;163(7):1693–1722. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2009041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Kuschner W. G. What exactly is flock worker's lung? Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):10–13. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.1.10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Lancaster T., Stead L., Silagy C., Sowden A. Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library. BMJ. 2000 Aug 5;321(7257):355–358. doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Lee J. C., Kumar S., Griswold D. E., Underwood D. C., Votta B. J., Adams J. L. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase as a therapeutic strategy. Immunopharmacology. 2000 May;47(2-3):185–201. doi: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00206-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Leung-Toung Regis, Li Wanren, Tam Tim F., Karimian Khashayar. Thiol-dependent enzymes and their inhibitors: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2002 May;9(9):979–1002. doi: 10.2174/0929867024606704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Littner M. R., Ilowite J. S., Tashkin D. P., Friedman M., Serby C. W., Menjoge S. S., Witek T. J., Jr Long-acting bronchodilation with once-daily dosing of tiotropium (Spiriva) in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;161(4 Pt 1):1136–1142. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.9903044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Lomas D. A., Silverman E. K. The genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2001 Jan 11;2(1):20–26. doi: 10.1186/rr34. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Mao Jenny T., Goldin Jonathan G., Dermand John, Ibrahim Grace, Brown Mathew S., Emerick Aletha, McNitt-Gray Michael F., Gjertson David W., Estrada Francine, Tashkin Donald P. A pilot study of all-trans-retinoic acid for the treatment of human emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Mar 1;165(5):718–723. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.5.2106123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Markham A., Lamb H. M. Infliximab: a review of its use in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs. 2000 Jun;59(6):1341–1359. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200059060-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Massaro G. D., Massaro D. Retinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Nat Med. 1997 Jun;3(6):675–677. doi: 10.1038/nm0697-675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Meagher L. C., Cousin J. M., Seckl J. R., Haslett C. Opposing effects of glucocorticoids on the rate of apoptosis in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes. J Immunol. 1996 Jun 1;156(11):4422–4428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Meja K. K., Seldon P. M., Nasuhara Y., Ito K., Barnes P. J., Lindsay M. A., Giembycz M. A. p38 MAP kinase and MKK-1 co-operate in the generation of GM-CSF from LPS-stimulated human monocytes by an NF-kappa B-independent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;131(6):1143–1153. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Montuschi P., Collins J. V., Ciabattoni G., Lazzeri N., Corradi M., Kharitonov S. A., Barnes P. J. Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Sep;162(3 Pt 1):1175–1177. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.2001063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Nasuhara Y., Adcock I. M., Catley M., Barnes P. J., Newton R. Differential IkappaB kinase activation and IkappaBalpha degradation by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human U937 monocytic cells. Evidence for additional regulatory steps in kappaB-dependent transcription. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 9;274(28):19965–19972. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.28.19965. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Nightingale J. A., Rogers D. F., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. No effect of inhaled budesonide on the response to inhaled ozone in normal subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Feb;161(2 Pt 1):479–486. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9905031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Noguera A., Batle S., Miralles C., Iglesias J., Busquets X., MacNee W., Agustí A. G. Enhanced neutrophil response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2001 Jun;56(6):432–437. doi: 10.1136/thorax.56.6.432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Paredi P., Kharitonov S. A., Leak D., Ward S., Cramer D., Barnes P. J. Exhaled ethane, a marker of lipid peroxidation, is elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Aug;162(2 Pt 1):369–373. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.2.9909025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Pauwels R. A., Löfdahl C. G., Laitinen L. A., Schouten J. P., Postma D. S., Pride N. B., Ohlsson S. V. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 24;340(25):1948–1953. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199906243402503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Poole P. J., Black P. N. Oral mucolytic drugs for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review. BMJ. 2001 May 26;322(7297):1271–1274. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7297.1271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Punturieri A., Filippov S., Allen E., Caras I., Murray R., Reddy V., Weiss S. J. Regulation of elastinolytic cysteine proteinase activity in normal and cathepsin K-deficient human macrophages. J Exp Med. 2000 Sep 18;192(6):789–799. doi: 10.1084/jem.192.6.789. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Rabinowitz M. H., Andrews R. C., Becherer J. D., Bickett D. M., Bubacz D. G., Conway J. G., Cowan D. J., Gaul M., Glennon K., Lambert M. H. Design of selective and soluble inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). J Med Chem. 2001 Nov 22;44(24):4252–4267. doi: 10.1021/jm0102654. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Rizk N. W., Faul J. L. Diagnosis and natural history of pulmonary infections in transplant recipients. Chest. 2000 Feb;117(2):303–305. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.2.303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Rossi D., Zlotnik A. The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 2000;18:217–242. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Russell Richard E. K., Culpitt Sarah V., DeMatos Carmen, Donnelly Louise, Smith Michael, Wiggins John, Barnes Peter J. Release and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002 May;26(5):602–609. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.5.4685. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Saetta M., Turato G., Maestrelli P., Mapp C. E., Fabbri L. M. Cellular and structural bases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 May;163(6):1304–1309. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.2009116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Sasaki T., Irie-Sasaki J., Jones R. G., Oliveira-dos-Santos A. J., Stanford W. L., Bolon B., Wakeham A., Itie A., Bouchard D., Kozieradzki I. Function of PI3Kgamma in thymocyte development, T cell activation, and neutrophil migration. Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):1040–1046. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5455.1040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Shapiro S. D., Senior R. M. Matrix metalloproteinases. Matrix degradation and more. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Jun;20(6):1100–1102. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.6.f151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Silbaugh S. A., Stengel P. W., Cockerham S. L., Froelich L. L., Bendele A. M., Spaethe S. M., Sofia M. J., Sawyer J. S., Jackson W. T. Pharmacologic actions of the second generation leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist LY29311: in vivo pulmonary studies. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2000 Apr;361(4):397–404. doi: 10.1007/s002109900211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Smith K. R. National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 21;97(24):13286–13293. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.24.13286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Souness J. E., Aldous D., Sargent C. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 inhibitors. Immunopharmacology. 2000 May;47(2-3):127–162. doi: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00185-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Spond J., Chapman R., Fine J., Jones H., Kreutner W., Kung T. T., Minnicozzi M. Comparison of PDE 4 inhibitors, rolipram and SB 207499 (ariflo), in a rat model of pulmonary neutrophilia. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2001;14(2):157–164. doi: 10.1006/pupt.2001.0291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Stockley R. A. Neutrophils and protease/antiprotease imbalance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov;160(5 Pt 2):S49–S52. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Takanashi S., Hasegawa Y., Kanehira Y., Yamamoto K., Fujimoto K., Satoh K., Okamura K. Interleukin-10 level in sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Eur Respir J. 1999 Aug;14(2):309–314. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14b12.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Tashkin D., Kanner R., Bailey W., Buist S., Anderson P., Nides M., Gonzales D., Dozier G., Patel M. K., Jamerson B. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2001 May 19;357(9268):1571–1575. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04724-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Timmer Wolfgang, Leclerc Violette, Birraux Guillaume, Neuhäuser Markus, Hatzelmann Armin, Bethke Thomas, Wurst Wilhelm. The new phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is efficacious in exercise-induced asthma and leads to suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha ex vivo. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Mar;42(3):297–303. doi: 10.1177/00912700222011328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Traves S. L., Culpitt S. V., Russell R. E. K., Barnes P. J., Donnelly L. E. Increased levels of the chemokines GROalpha and MCP-1 in sputum samples from patients with COPD. Thorax. 2002 Jul;57(7):590–595. doi: 10.1136/thorax.57.7.590. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Vestbo J., Sørensen T., Lange P., Brix A., Torre P., Viskum K. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999 May 29;353(9167):1819–1823. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)10019-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Vincken W., van Noord J. A., Greefhorst A. P. M., Bantje Th A., Kesten S., Korducki L., Cornelissen P. J. G., Dutch/Belgian Tiotropium Study Group Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J. 2002 Feb;19(2):209–216. doi: 10.1183/09031936.02.00238702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - White J. R., Lee J. M., Young P. R., Hertzberg R. P., Jurewicz A. J., Chaikin M. A., Widdowson K., Foley J. J., Martin L. D., Griswold D. E. Identification of a potent, selective non-peptide CXCR2 antagonist that inhibits interleukin-8-induced neutrophil migration. J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 24;273(17):10095–10098. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.17.10095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Yang X. D., Corvalan J. R., Wang P., Roy C. M., Davis C. G. Fully human anti-interleukin-8 monoclonal antibodies: potential therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory disease states. J Leukoc Biol. 1999 Sep;66(3):401–410. doi: 10.1002/jlb.66.3.401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - Yokomizo T., Kato K., Terawaki K., Izumi T., Shimizu T. A second leukotriene B(4) receptor, BLT2. A new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders. J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 7;192(3):421–432. doi: 10.1084/jem.192.3.421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - de Boer W. I., Sont J. K., van Schadewijk A., Stolk J., van Krieken J. H., Hiemstra P. S. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin 8, and chronic airways inflammation in COPD. J Pathol. 2000 Apr;190(5):619–626. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(200004)190:5<619::AID-PATH555>3.0.CO;2-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - de Godoy I., Donahoe M., Calhoun W. J., Mancino J., Rogers R. M. Elevated TNF-alpha production by peripheral blood monocytes of weight-losing COPD patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Feb;153(2):633–637. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 - van Noord J. A., Bantje T. A., Eland M. E., Korducki L., Cornelissen P. J. A randomised controlled comparison of tiotropium nd ipratropium in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Dutch Tiotropium Study Group. Thorax. 2000 Apr;55(4):289–294. doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.4.289. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 
