Skip to main content
Tobacco Control logoLink to Tobacco Control
. 2004 Mar;13(1):13–16. doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.005579

The case of the disappearing nitrosamines: a potentially global phenomenon

N Gray 1, P Boyle 1
PMCID: PMC1747813  PMID: 14985588

Abstract

The cigarette usually carries in its smoke significant doses of carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), which have been implicated as causes of oral, lung, oesophageal, and pancreatic cancer. However, there is substantial variation in nitrosamine content of the smoke of modern cigarettes. This variation is both unacceptable and unnecessary, as TSNAs can be readily removed during the manufacturing process. Removing a known carcinogen needs no justification, even though proof of benefit may not be forthcoming for decades.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (440.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ashley David L., Beeson Michelle D., Johnson Diana R., McCraw Joan M., Richter Patricia, Pirkle James L., Pechacek Terry F., Song Siqing, Watson Clifford H. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003 Jun;5(3):323–331. doi: 10.1080/1462220031000095311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Djordjevic M. V., Stellman S. D., Zang E. Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Jan 19;92(2):106–111. doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.2.106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Fischer S., Spiegelhalder B., Eisenbarth J., Preussmann R. Investigations on the origin of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke of cigarettes. Carcinogenesis. 1990 May;11(5):723–730. doi: 10.1093/carcin/11.5.723. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Fischer S., Spiegelhalder B., Preussmann R. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in European and USA cigarettes. Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1990;60(3):169–177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Fischer S., Spiegelhalder B., Preussmann R. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in commercial cigarettes: possibilities for reducing exposure. IARC Sci Publ. 1991;(105):489–492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Gray N., Boyle P. Regulation of cigarette emissions. Ann Oncol. 2002 Jan;13(1):19–21. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdf007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Gray N., Boyle P. The regulation of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Ann Oncol. 2000 Aug;11(8):909–914. doi: 10.1023/a:1008313631233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gray N., Boyle P. The regulation of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Ann Oncol. 2000 Aug;11(8):909–914. doi: 10.1023/a:1008313631233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gray N., Boyle P., Zatonski W. Tar concentrations in cigarettes and carcinogen content. Lancet. 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):787–788. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60682-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gray N., Kozlowski L. T. More on the regulation of tobacco smoke: how we got here and where next. Ann Oncol. 2003 Mar;14(3):353–357. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdg103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gray N. Reflections on the saga of tar content: why did we measure the wrong thing? Tob Control. 2000 Mar;9(1):90–94. doi: 10.1136/tc.9.1.90. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gray N., Zaridze D., Robertson C., Krivosheeva L., Sigacheva N., Boyle P. Variation within global cigarette brands in tar, nicotine, and certain nitrosamines: analytic study. Tob Control. 2000 Sep;9(3):351–351. doi: 10.1136/tc.9.3.351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gray N., Zaridze D., Robertson C., Krivosheeva L., Sigacheva N., Boyle P. Variation within global cigarette brands in tar, nicotine, and certain nitrosamines: analytic study. Tob Control. 2000 Sep;9(3):351–351. doi: 10.1136/tc.9.3.351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gray N., Zatonski W., Boyle P. Regulation of carcinogens in cigarettes. Lancet. 1999 Sep 18;354(9183):1036–1036. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76649-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hecht S. S. DNA adduct formation from tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Mutat Res. 1999 Mar 8;424(1-2):127–142. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00014-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hecht S. S., Hoffmann D. N-nitroso compounds and tobacco-induced cancers in man. IARC Sci Publ. 1991;(105):54–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hecht S. S. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jul 21;91(14):1194–1210. doi: 10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hoffmann D., Brunnemann K. D., Prokopczyk B., Djordjevic M. V. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and Areca-derived N-nitrosamines: chemistry, biochemistry, carcinogenicity, and relevance to humans. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994 Jan;41(1):1–52. doi: 10.1080/15287399409531825. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hoffmann D., Hoffmann I. The changing cigarette, 1950-1995. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1997 Mar;50(4):307–364. doi: 10.1080/009841097160393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kozlowski L. T., O'Connor R. J. Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tob Control. 2002 Mar;11 (Suppl 1):I40–I50. doi: 10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i40. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kozlowski L. T., O'Connor R. J. Official cigarette tar tests are misleading: use a two-stage, compensating test. Lancet. 2000 Jun 17;355(9221):2159–2161. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02390-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kozlowski L. T., Rickert W. S., Pope M. A., Robinson J. C., Frecker R. C. Estimating the yield to smokers of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from the 'lowest yield' ventilated filter-cigarettes. Br J Addict. 1982 Jun;77(2):159–165. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01417.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Tobacco Control are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES