Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases logoLink to Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
. 2001 Mar;60(3):177–184. doi: 10.1136/ard.60.3.177

How can a causal role for small bacteria in chronic inflammatory arthritides be established or refuted?

D Taylor-Robinson 1, A Keat 1
PMCID: PMC1753580  PMID: 11171674

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (138.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Archambeaud-Mouveroux F., Trèves R., Arnaud M., Desproges-Gotteron R. Arthrite réactionnelle à ureaplasma urealyticum. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1988 Jan;55(1):73–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BARTHOLOMEW L. E. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MYCOPLASMAS (PPLO) FROM PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND REITER'S SYNDROME. Arthritis Rheum. 1965 Jun;8:376–388. doi: 10.1002/art.1780080306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barile M. F., Yoshida H., Roth H. Rheumatoid arthritis: new findings on the failure to isolate or detect mycoplasmas by multiple cultivation or serologic procedures and a review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 Jul-Aug;13(4):571–582. doi: 10.1093/clinids/13.4.571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barnett E. V., Balduzzi P., Vaughan J. H., Morgan H. R. Search for infectious agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1966 Oct;9(5):720–724. doi: 10.1002/art.1780090509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bartholomew L. E. Characterization of mycoplasma strains and antibody studies from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967 Jul 28;143(1):522–534. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb27699.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bas S., Griffais R., Kvien T. K., Glennås A., Melby K., Vischer T. L. Amplification of plasmid and chromosome Chlamydia DNA in synovial fluid of patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated seronegative oligoarthropathies. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Jul;38(7):1005–1013. doi: 10.1002/art.1780380718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Beaudreuil J., Hayem G., Meyer O., Kahn M. F. Reactive arthritis ascribed to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Report of a case. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995 Mar;62(3):224–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Beutler A. M., Schumacher H. R., Jr, Whittum-Hudson J. A., Salameh W. A., Hudson A. P. Case report: in situ hybridization for detection of inapparent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial tissue of a patient with Reiter's syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 1995 Nov;310(5):206–213. doi: 10.1097/00000441-199511000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Braun J., Laitko S., Treharne J., Eggens U., Wu P., Distler A., Sieper J. Chlamydia pneumoniae--a new causative agent of reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Feb;53(2):100–105. doi: 10.1136/ard.53.2.100. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Braun J., Tuszewski M., Eggens U., Mertz A., Schauer-Petrowskaja C., Döring E., Laitko S., Distler A., Sieper J., Ehlers S. Nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting DNA sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint diseases. I. Screening of synovial fluid samples of patients with spondyloarthropathies and other arthritides. J Rheumatol. 1997 Jun;24(6):1092–1100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Braun J., Tuszewski M., Ehlers S., Häberle J., Bollow M., Eggens U., Distler A., Sieper J. Nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting DNA sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint diseases. II. Examination of sacroiliac and knee joint biopsies of patients with spondyloarthropathies and other arthritides. J Rheumatol. 1997 Jun;24(6):1101–1105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chingbingyong M. I., Hughes C. V. Detection of Mycoplasma fermentans in human saliva with a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Arch Oral Biol. 1996 Mar;41(3):311–314. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(96)84556-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Craft J. E., Grodzicki R. L., Steere A. C. Antibody response in Lyme disease: evaluation of diagnostic tests. J Infect Dis. 1984 May;149(5):789–795. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.5.789. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ford D. K., da Roza D. M., Shah P., Wenman W. M. Cell-mediated immune responses of synovial mononuclear cells in Reiter's syndrome against ureaplasmal and chlamydial antigens. J Rheumatol. 1980 Sep-Oct;7(5):751–755. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ford D. K., da Roza D., Schulzer M. Lymphocytes from the site of disease but not blood lymphocytes indicate the cause of arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 Oct;44(10):701–710. doi: 10.1136/ard.44.10.701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Fox A., Fox K., Christensson B., Harrelson D., Krahmer M. Absolute identification of muramic acid, at trace levels, in human septic synovial fluids in vivo and absence in aseptic fluids. Infect Immun. 1996 Sep;64(9):3911–3915. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.9.3911-3915.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Franz A., Webster A. D., Furr P. M., Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasmal arthritis in patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiency: clinical features and outcome in 18 patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Jun;36(6):661–668. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/36.6.661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fraser K. B., Shirodaria P. V., Haire M., Middleton D. Mycoplasmas in cell cultures from rheumatoid synovial membranes. J Hyg (Lond) 1971 Mar;69(1):17–25. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400021203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Freidank H. M., Pelz K. Chlamydia-pneumoniae-Infektion in einer Familie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1997 Nov 7;122(45):1377–1381. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1047774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Furr P. M., Taylor-Robinson D. Prevalence and significance of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urines of a non-venereal disease population. Epidemiol Infect. 1987 Jun;98(3):353–359. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800062117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Furr P. M., Taylor-Robinson D., Webster A. D. Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia and their role in arthritis: microbiological observations over twenty years. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Mar;53(3):183–187. doi: 10.1136/ard.53.3.183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Garcia-Monco J. C., Benach J. L. The pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989 Nov;15(4):711–726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gaston J. S. Immunological basis of Chlamydia induced reactive arthritis. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Jun;76(3):156–161. doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.156. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gaston J. S., Life P. F., Granfors K., Merilahti-Palo R., Bailey L., Consalvey S., Toivanen A., Bacon P. A. Synovial T lymphocyte recognition of organisms that trigger reactive arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1989 Jun;76(3):348–353. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Goichot B., Hercellin D., Kaltenbach G., Piemont Y., Imler M. Uvéite et arthralgies sans atteinte pulmonaire révélant une infection à Chlamydia pneumoniae. Presse Med. 1996 Nov 23;25(36):1801–1801. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gran J. T., Hjetland R., Andreassen A. H. Pneumonia, myocarditis and reactive arthritis due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Scand J Rheumatol. 1993;22(1):43–44. doi: 10.3109/03009749309095111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Grayston J. T., Campbell L. A., Kuo C. C., Mordhorst C. H., Saikku P., Thom D. H., Wang S. P. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J Infect Dis. 1990 Apr;161(4):618–625. doi: 10.1093/infdis/161.4.618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Grayston J. T. Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Nov;15(5):757–761. doi: 10.1093/clind/15.5.757. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hammer M., Nettelnbreker E., Hopf S., Schmitz E., Pörschke K., Zeidler H. Chlamydial rRNA in the joints of patients with Chlamydia-induced arthritis and undifferentiated arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992 Jan-Feb;10(1):63–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hannan M. M., Nelson M. R. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in the UK. Int J STD AIDS. 1998 Mar;9(3):125–127. doi: 10.1258/0956462981921783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hannan P. C. Antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma fermentans strains from various sources and the development of resistance to aminoglycosides in vitro. J Med Microbiol. 1995 Jun;42(6):421–428. doi: 10.1099/00222615-42-6-421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hannu T., Puolakkainen M., Leirisalo-Repo M. Chlamydia pneumoniae as a triggering infection in reactive arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999 May;38(5):411–414. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.5.411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hassell A. B., Reynolds D. J., Deacon M., Gaston J. S., Pearce J. H. Identification of T-cell stimulatory antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis using synovial fluid-derived T-cell clones. Immunology. 1993 Aug;79(4):513–519. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hassler D., Zöller L., Haude M., Hufnagel H. D., Heinrich F., Sonntag H. G. Cefotaxime versus penicillin in the late stage of Lyme disease--prospective, randomized therapeutic study. Infection. 1990 Jan-Feb;18(1):16–20. doi: 10.1007/BF01644175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hoffman R. W., O'Sullivan F. X., Schafermeyer K. R., Moore T. L., Roussell D., Watson-McKown R., Kim M. F., Wise K. S. Mycoplasma infection and rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of their relationship using immunoblotting and an ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction detection method. Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Jul;40(7):1219–1228. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199707)40:7<1219::AID-ART5>3.0.CO;2-#. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Horowitz S., Horowitz J., Taylor-Robinson D., Sukenik S., Apte R. N., Bar-David J., Thomas B., Gilroy C. Ureaplasma urealyticum in Reiter's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1994 May;21(5):877–882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ishikawa H., Ohno O., Yamasaki K., Ikuta S., Hirohata K. Arthritis presumably caused by Chlamydia in Reiter syndrome. Case report with electron microscopic studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986 Jun;68(5):777–779. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Johnston C. L., Webster A. D., Taylor-Robinson D., Rapaport G., Hughes G. R. Primary late-onset hypogammaglobulinaemia associated with inflammatory polyarthritis and septic arthritis due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Ann Rheum Dis. 1983 Feb;42(1):108–110. doi: 10.1136/ard.42.1.108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Johnston Y. E., Duray P. H., Steere A. C., Kashgarian M., Buza J., Malawista S. E., Askenase P. W. Lyme arthritis. Spirochetes found in synovial microangiopathic lesions. Am J Pathol. 1985 Jan;118(1):26–34. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Jorup-Rönström C., Ahl T., Hammarström L., Smith C. I., Rylander M., Hallander H. Septic osteomyelitis and polyarthritis with ureaplasma in hypogammaglobulinemia. Infection. 1989 Sep-Oct;17(5):301–303. doi: 10.1007/BF01650712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Katseni V. L., Gilroy C. B., Ryait B. K., Ariyoshi K., Bieniasz P. D., Weber J. N., Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma fermentans in individuals seropositive and seronegative for HIV-1. Lancet. 1993 Jan 30;341(8840):271–273. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92617-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Keat A. C., Thomas B. J., Taylor-Robinson D., Pegrum G. D., Maini R. N., Scott J. T. Evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually acquired reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980 Oct;39(5):431–437. doi: 10.1136/ard.39.5.431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Keat A., Thomas B. J., Taylor-Robinson D. Chlamydial infection in the aetiology of arthritis. Br Med Bull. 1983 Apr;39(2):168–174. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071811. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kingsley G. Microbial DNA in the synovium--a role in aetiology or a mere bystander? Lancet. 1997 Apr 12;349(9058):1038–1039. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)22015-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kloppenburg M., Breedveld F. C., Terwiel J. P., Mallee C., Dijkmans B. A. Minocycline in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1994 May;37(5):629–636. doi: 10.1002/art.1780370505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kousa M., Saikku P., Richmond S., Lassus A. Frequent association of chlamydial infection with Reiter's syndrome. Sex Transm Dis. 1978 Apr-Jun;5(2):57–61. doi: 10.1097/00007435-197804000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kraus V. B., Baraniuk J. N., Hill G. B., Allen N. B. Ureaplasma urealyticum septic arthritis in hypogammaglobulinemia. J Rheumatol. 1988 Feb;15(2):369–371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kuipers J. G., Köhler L., Zeidler H. Reactive or infectious arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 Nov;58(11):661–664. doi: 10.1136/ard.58.11.661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lee A. H., Ramanujam T., Ware P., Edelstein P. H., Brooks J. J., Freundlich B., Schumacher H. R., Jr, Zurier R. B., Weiner D. B., Williams W. V. Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum septic arthritis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum. 1992 Apr;35(4):443–448. doi: 10.1002/art.1780350414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Lehmer R. R., Andrews B. S., Robertson J. A., Stanbridge E. J., de la Maza L., Friou G. J. Clinical and biological characteristics of Ureaplasma urealyticum induced polyarthritis in a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 Aug;50(8):574–576. doi: 10.1136/ard.50.8.574. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lehtonen L., Kortekangas P., Oksman P., Eerola E., Aro H., Toivanen A. Synovial fluid muramic acid in acute inflammatory arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Dec;33(12):1127–1130. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/33.12.1127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Li F., Bulbul R., Schumacher H. R., Jr, Kieber-Emmons T., Callegari P. E., Von Feldt J. M., Norden D., Freundlich B., Wang B., Imonitie V. Molecular detection of bacterial DNA in venereal-associated arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Jun;39(6):950–958. doi: 10.1002/art.1780390612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Moling O., Pegoretti S., Rielli M., Rimenti G., Vedovelli C., Pristerá R., Mian P. Chlamydia pneumoniae--reactive arthritis and persistent infection. Br J Rheumatol. 1996 Nov;35(11):1189–1190. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/35.11.1189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Munday P. E., Furr P. M., Taylor-Robinson D. The prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in the cervix and anal canal of women. J Infect. 1981 Sep;3(3):253–257. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(81)90888-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Mårdh P. A., Nilsson F. J., Bjelle A. Mycoplasmas and bacteria in synovial fluid from patients with arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1973 Jul;32(4):319–325. doi: 10.1136/ard.32.4.319. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Nocton J. J., Dressler F., Rutledge B. J., Rys P. N., Persing D. H., Steere A. C. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jan 27;330(4):229–234. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199401273300401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Ong G., Thomas B. J., Mansfield A. O., Davidson B. R., Taylor-Robinson D. Detection and widespread distribution of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the vascular system and its possible implications. J Clin Pathol. 1996 Feb;49(2):102–106. doi: 10.1136/jcp.49.2.102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Poole E. S., Highton J., Wilkins R. J., Lamont I. L. A search for Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial fluids from patients with reactive arthritis using the polymerase chain reaction and antigen detection methods. Br J Rheumatol. 1992 Jan;31(1):31–34. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/31.1.31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Purcell R. H., Taylor-Robinson D., Wong D., Chanock R. M. Color test for the measurement of antibody to T-strain mycoplasmas. J Bacteriol. 1966 Jul;92(1):6–12. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.1.6-12.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Puéchal X., Hilliquin P., Renoux M., Menkès C. J. Ureaplasma urealyticum destructive septic polyarthritis revealing a common variable immunodeficiency. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Oct;38(10):1524–1526. doi: 10.1002/art.1780381022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Rahman M. U., Cheema M. A., Schumacher H. R., Hudson A. P. Molecular evidence for the presence of chlamydia in the synovium of patients with Reiter's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1992 May;35(5):521–529. doi: 10.1002/art.1780350506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Rahn D. W. Lyme disease: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Feb;20(4):201–218. doi: 10.1016/0049-0172(91)90017-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Saario R., Toivanen A. Chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of reactive arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1993 Dec;32(12):1112–1112. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/32.12.1112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Schachter J. Complement-fixing antibodies to Bedsonia in Reiter's syndrome, TRIC agent infection, and control groups. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971 Apr;71(4):857–860. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(71)90255-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Schaeverbeke T., Gilroy C. B., Bébéar C., Dehais J., Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma fermentans, but not M penetrans, detected by PCR assays in synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic disorders. J Clin Pathol. 1996 Oct;49(10):824–828. doi: 10.1136/jcp.49.10.824. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Schaeverbeke T., Vernhes J. P., Lequen L., Bannwarth B., Bébéar C., Dehais J. Mycoplasmas and arthritides. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 Feb;64(2):120–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Schumacher H. R., Jr, Magge S., Cherian P. V., Sleckman J., Rothfuss S., Clayburne G., Sieck M. Light and electron microscopic studies on the synovial membrane in Reiter's syndrome. Immunocytochemical identification of chlamydial antigen in patients with early disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Aug;31(8):937–946. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Sieper J., Braun J., Döring E., Wu P., Heesemann J., Treharne J., Kingsley G. Aetiological role of bacteria associated with reactive arthritis in pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 Nov;51(11):1208–1214. doi: 10.1136/ard.51.11.1208. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Sieper J., Braun J., Wu P., Kingsley G. T cells are responsible for the enhanced synovial cellular immune response to triggering antigen in reactive arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993 Jan;91(1):96–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03361.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Sieper J., Kingsley G., Palacios-Boix A., Pitzalis C., Treharne J., Hughes R., Keat A., Panayi G. S. Synovial T lymphocyte-specific immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis in Reiter's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 May;34(5):588–598. doi: 10.1002/art.1780340511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Snydman D. R., Schenkein D. P., Berardi V. P., Lastavica C. C., Pariser K. M. Borrelia burgdorferi in joint fluid in chronic Lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Jun;104(6):798–800. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-104-6-798. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. So A. K., Furr P. M., Taylor-Robinson D., Webster A. D. Arthritis caused by Mycoplasma salivarium in hypogammaglobulinaemia. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Mar 5;286(6367):762–763. doi: 10.1136/bmj.286.6367.762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sohaeverbeke T., Gilroy C. B., Bébéar C., Dehais J., Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma fermentans in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other joint disorders. Lancet. 1996 May 18;347(9012):1418–1418. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91065-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Stagg A. J., Hughes R. A., Keat A. C., Elsley W. A., Knight S. C. Antigen-presenting cells but not lymphocytes in the joint may indicate the cause of reactive arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1996 Nov;35(11):1082–1090. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/35.11.1082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Steere A. C., Duray P. H., Butcher E. C. Spirochetal antigens and lymphoid cell surface markers in Lyme synovitis. Comparison with rheumatoid synovium and tonsillar lymphoid tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Apr;31(4):487–495. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Steere A. C., Grodzicki R. L., Kornblatt A. N., Craft J. E., Barbour A. G., Burgdorfer W., Schmid G. P., Johnson E., Malawista S. E. The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1983 Mar 31;308(13):733–740. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198303313081301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Steere A. C., Hutchinson G. J., Rahn D. W., Sigal L. H., Craft J. E., DeSanna E. T., Malawista S. E. Treatment of the early manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Jul;99(1):22–26. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-99-1-22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Steere A. C., Malawista S. E., Snydman D. R., Shope R. E., Andiman W. A., Ross M. R., Steele F. M. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum. 1977 Jan-Feb;20(1):7–17. doi: 10.1002/art.1780200102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Steuer A., Franz A., Furr P. M., Taylor-Robinson D., Webster A. D., Hughes G. R. Common variable immunodeficiency presenting as a Mycoplasma hominis septic arthritis. J Infect. 1996 Nov;33(3):235–237. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(96)92441-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Stuckey M., Quinn P. A., Gelfand E. W. Identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain Mycoplasma) in patient with polyarthritis. Lancet. 1978 Oct 28;2(8096):917–920. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91632-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Taylor-Robinson D., Bébéar C. Antibiotic susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and treatment of mycoplasmal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 Nov;40(5):622–630. doi: 10.1093/jac/40.5.622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Taylor-Robinson D., Furr P. M. Genital mycoplasma infections. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1997 Aug 8;109(14-15):578–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Taylor-Robinson D., Gilroy C. B., Horowitz S., Horowitz J. Mycoplasma genitalium in the joints of two patients with arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994 Dec;13(12):1066–1069. doi: 10.1007/BF02111830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Taylor-Robinson D., Gilroy C. B., Thomas B. J., Keat A. C. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in joints of reactive arthritis patients by polymerase chain reaction. Lancet. 1992 Jul 11;340(8811):81–82. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90399-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Taylor-Robinson D., Gumpel J. M., Hill A., Swannell A. J. Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the synovial fluid of a hypogrammaglobulinaemic patient in a survey of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1978 Apr;37(2):180–182. doi: 10.1136/ard.37.2.180. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Taylor-Robinson D., Purcell R. H. Mycoplasmas of the human urogenital tract and oropharynx and their possible role in disease: a review with some recent observations. Proc R Soc Med. 1966 Nov;59(11 Pt 1):1112–1116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Taylor-Robinson D., Thomas B. J., Dixey J., Osborn M. F., Furr P. M., Keat A. C. Evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis causes seronegative arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 Apr;47(4):295–299. doi: 10.1136/ard.47.4.295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Taylor-Robinson D., Thomas B., Rooney M. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with chronic juvenile arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998 Mar;17(3):211–212. doi: 10.1007/BF01691121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Tilley B. C., Alarcón G. S., Heyse S. P., Trentham D. E., Neuner R., Kaplan D. A., Clegg D. O., Leisen J. C., Buckley L., Cooper S. M. Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis. A 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. MIRA Trial Group. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jan 15;122(2):81–89. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-122-2-199501150-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Vilppula A. H., Yli-Kerttula U. I., Ahlroos A. K., Terho P. E. Chlamydial isolations and serology in Reiter's syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 1981;10(3):181–185. doi: 10.3109/03009748109095295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Vittecoq O., Schaeverbeke T., Favre S., Daragon A., Biga N., Cambon-Michot C., Bébéar C., Le Loët X. Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in an immunocompetent patient with destructive reactive polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Nov;40(11):2084–2089. doi: 10.1002/art.1780401122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Vogler L. B., Waites K. B., Wright P. F., Perrin J. M., Cassell G. H. Ureaplasma urealyticum polyarthritis in agammaglobulinemia. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 Nov-Dec;4(6):687–691. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198511000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Webster A. D., Taylor-Robinson D., Furr P. M., Asherson G. L. Mycoplasmal (ureaplasma) septic arthritis in hypogammaglobulinaemia. Br Med J. 1978 Feb 25;1(6111):478–479. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6111.478. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Wilkinson N. Z., Kingsley G. H., Sieper J., Braun J., Ward M. E. Lack of correlation between the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in synovial fluid from patients with a range of rheumatic diseases and the presence of an antichlamydial immune response. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 May;41(5):845–854. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5<845::AID-ART11>3.0.CO;2-P. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Wordsworth B. P., Hughes R. A., Allan I., Keat A. C., Bell J. I. Chlamydial DNA is absent from the joints of patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1990 Jun;29(3):208–210. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/29.3.208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. van der Heijden I. M., Wilbrink B., Tchetverikov I., Schrijver I. A., Schouls L. M., Hazenberg M. P., Breedveld F. C., Tak P. P. Presence of bacterial DNA and bacterial peptidoglycans in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Mar;43(3):593–598. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<593::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES