Skip to main content
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases logoLink to Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
. 2003 Sep;62(9):795–798. doi: 10.1136/ard.62.9.795

Lupus nephritis: current issues

C Mavragani 1, H Moutsopoulos 1
PMCID: PMC1754664  PMID: 12922947

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (63.5 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Austin H. A., 3rd, Klippel J. H., Balow J. E., le Riche N. G., Steinberg A. D., Plotz P. H., Decker J. L. Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs. N Engl J Med. 1986 Mar 6;314(10):614–619. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198603063141004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boletis J. N., Ioannidis J. P., Boki K. A., Moutsopoulos H. M. Intravenous immunoglobulin compared with cyclophosphamide for proliferative lupus nephritis. Lancet. 1999 Aug 14;354(9178):569–570. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01575-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Boumpas D. T., Austin H. A., 3rd, Vaughan E. M., Yarboro C. H., Klippel J. H., Balow J. E. Risk for sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Sep 1;119(5):366–369. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Boumpas Dimitrios T., Furie Richard, Manzi Susan, Illei Gabor G., Wallace Daniel J., Balow James E., Vaishnaw Akshay, BG9588 Lupus Nephritis Trial Group A short course of BG9588 (anti-CD40 ligand antibody) improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Mar;48(3):719–727. doi: 10.1002/art.10856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brodsky R. A., Petri M., Smith B. D., Seifter E. J., Spivak J. L., Styler M., Dang C. V., Brodsky I., Jones R. J. Immunoablative high-dose cyclophosphamide without stem-cell rescue for refractory, severe autoimmune disease. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Dec 15;129(12):1031–1035. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-129-12-199812150-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cervera R., Khamashta M. A., Font J., Sebastiani G. D., Gil A., Lavilla P., Doménech I., Aydintug A. O., Jedryka-Góral A., de Ramón E. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. The European Working Party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993 Mar;72(2):113–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cervera Ricard, Piette Jean-Charles, Font Josep, Khamashta Munther A., Shoenfeld Yehuda, Camps María Teresa, Jacobsen Soren, Lakos Gabriella, Tincani Angela, Kontopoulou-Griva Irene. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Apr;46(4):1019–1027. doi: 10.1002/art.10187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chan T. M., Li F. K., Tang C. S., Wong R. W., Fang G. X., Ji Y. L., Lau C. S., Wong A. K., Tong M. K., Chan K. W. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong Kong-Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Oct 19;343(16):1156–1162. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200010193431604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Daikh D. I., Finck B. K., Linsley P. S., Hollenbaugh D., Wofsy D. Long-term inhibition of murine lupus by brief simultaneous blockade of the B7/CD28 and CD40/gp39 costimulation pathways. J Immunol. 1997 Oct 1;159(7):3104–3108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Daugas Eric, Nochy Dominique, Huong Du Le Thi, Duhaut Pierre, Beaufils Hélène, Caudwell Valérie, Bariety Jean, Piette Jean-Charles, Hill Gary. Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jan;13(1):42–52. doi: 10.1681/ASN.V13142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Dooley M. A., Hogan S., Jennette C., Falk R. Cyclophosphamide therapy for lupus nephritis: poor renal survival in black Americans. Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network. Kidney Int. 1997 Apr;51(4):1188–1195. doi: 10.1038/ki.1997.162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gescuk Bryan D., Davis John C., Jr Novel therapeutic agents for systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Sep;14(5):515–521. doi: 10.1097/00002281-200209000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Houssiau Frédéric A., Vasconcelos Carlos, D'Cruz David, Sebastiani Gian Domenico, Garrido Ed Enrique de Ramon, Danieli Maria Giovanna, Abramovicz Daniel, Blockmans Daniel, Mathieu Alessandro, Direskeneli Haner. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Aug;46(8):2121–2131. doi: 10.1002/art.10461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Huong D. L., Papo T., Beaufils H., Wechsler B., Blétry O., Baumelou A., Godeau P., Piette J. C. Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of 180 patients from a single center. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999 May;78(3):148–166. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199905000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Illei G. G., Austin H. A., Crane M., Collins L., Gourley M. F., Yarboro C. H., Vaughan E. M., Kuroiwa T., Danning C. L., Steinberg A. D. Combination therapy with pulse cyclophosphamide plus pulse methylprednisolone improves long-term renal outcome without adding toxicity in patients with lupus nephritis. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Aug 21;135(4):248–257. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-135-4-200108210-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ioannidis J. P., Boki K. A., Katsorida M. E., Drosos A. A., Skopouli F. N., Boletis J. N., Moutsopoulos H. M. Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Kidney Int. 2000 Jan;57(1):258–264. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00832.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ioannidis John P. A., Katsifis Gikas E., Tzioufas Athanasios G., Moutsopoulos Haralampos M. Predictors of sustained amenorrhea from pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2002 Oct;29(10):2129–2135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Karim M. Y., Alba P., Tungekar M. F., Abbs I. C., Khamashta M. A., Hughes G. R. V., Hunt B. J. Hypertension as the presenting feature of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus. 2002;11(4):253–256. doi: 10.1191/0961203302lu179cr. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Katsifis G. E., Tzioufas A. G., Vlachoyiannopoulos P. G., Voulgarelis M., Moutsopoulos H. M., Ioannidis J. P. A. Risk of myelotoxicity with intravenous cyclophosphamide in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002 Jul;41(7):780–786. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/41.7.780. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kolasinski Sharon L., Chung James B., Albert Daniel A. What do we know about lupus membranous nephropathy? An analytic review. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Aug;47(4):450–455. doi: 10.1002/art.10417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Korbet S. M., Lewis E. J., Schwartz M. M., Reichlin M., Evans J., Rohde R. D. Factors predictive of outcome in severe lupus nephritis. Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000 May;35(5):904–914. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(00)70262-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Moss K. E., Isenberg D. A. Comparison of renal disease severity and outcome in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and SLE alone. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001 Aug;40(8):863–867. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.8.863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nossent H. C., Henzen-Logmans S. C., Vroom T. M., Berden J. H., Swaak T. J. Contribution of renal biopsy data in predicting outcome in lupus nephritis. Analysis of 116 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Jul;33(7):970–977. doi: 10.1002/art.1780330708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Nzerue Chike M., Hewan-Lowe Karlene, Pierangeli Silvia, Harris E. Nigel. "Black swan in the kidney": renal involvement in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Kidney Int. 2002 Sep;62(3):733–744. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00500.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Oelke Kurt, Richardson Bruce. Pathogenesis of lupus. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jun 15;47(3):343–345. doi: 10.1002/art.10380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ortmann R. A., Klippel J. H. Update on cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000 May;26(2):363-75, vii. doi: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70143-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Salmon J. E., Millard S., Schachter L. A., Arnett F. C., Ginzler E. M., Gourley M. F., Ramsey-Goldman R., Peterson M. G., Kimberly R. P. Fc gamma RIIA alleles are heritable risk factors for lupus nephritis in African Americans. J Clin Invest. 1996 Mar 1;97(5):1348–1354. doi: 10.1172/JCI118552. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Seligman Victoria A., Lum Raymond F., Olson Jean L., Li Hongzhe, Criswell Lindsey A. Demographic differences in the development of lupus nephritis: a retrospective analysis. Am J Med. 2002 Jun 15;112(9):726–729. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01118-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Tektonidou M. G., Ioannidis J. P., Boki K. A., Vlachoyiannopoulos P. G., Moutsopoulos H. M. Prognostic factors and clustering of serious clinical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome. QJM. 2000 Aug;93(8):523–530. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/93.8.523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Traynor A. E., Schroeder J., Rosa R. M., Cheng D., Stefka J., Mujais S., Baker S., Burt R. K. Treatment of severe systemic lupus erythematosus with high-dose chemotherapy and haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a phase I study. Lancet. 2000 Aug 26;356(9231):701–707. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02627-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Traynor Ann E., Barr Walter G., Rosa Robert M., Rodriguez Julianne, Oyama Yu, Baker Steven, Brush Mary, Burt Richard K. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe and refractory lupus. Analysis after five years and fifteen patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Nov;46(11):2917–2923. doi: 10.1002/art.10594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Vlachoyiannopoulos P. G., Kanellopoulos P., Tektonidou M., Moutsopoulos H. M. Renal involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16 (Suppl 6):60–62. doi: 10.1093/ndt/16.suppl_6.60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Vlachoyiannopoulos P. G., Karassa F. B., Karakostas K. X., Drosos A. A., Moutsopoulos H. M. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Greece. Clinical features, evolution and outcome: a descriptive analysis of 292 patients. Lupus. 1993 Oct;2(5):303–312. doi: 10.1177/096120339300200505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Wallace D. J., Podell T. E., Weiner J. M., Cox M. B., Klinenberg J. R., Forouzesh S., Dubois E. L. Lupus nephritis. Experience with 230 patients in a private practice from 1950 to 1980. Am J Med. 1982 Feb;72(2):209–220. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90812-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Wilson W. A., Gharavi A. E., Koike T., Lockshin M. D., Branch D. W., Piette J. C., Brey R., Derksen R., Harris E. N., Hughes G. R. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jul;42(7):1309–1311. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1309::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES