Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (137.0 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aho K., Heliövaara M., Maatela J., Tuomi T., Palosuo T. Rheumatoid factors antedating clinical rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1991 Sep;18(9):1282–1284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bennett J. C. The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. New considerations. Arthritis Rheum. 1978 Jun;21(5):531–538. doi: 10.1002/art.1780210507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Borén T., Falk P., Roth K. A., Larson G., Normark S. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science. 1993 Dec 17;262(5141):1892–1895. doi: 10.1126/science.8018146. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brandtzaeg P. Review article: Homing of mucosal immune cells--a possible connection between intestinal and articular inflammation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Dec;11 (Suppl 3):24–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1997.tb00806.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen T., Isomäki P., Rimpiläinen M., Toivanen P. Human cytokine responses induced by gram-positive cell walls of normal intestinal microbiota. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999 Nov;118(2):261–267. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01047.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen Tong, Rimpiläinen Marja, Luukkainen Reijo, Möttönen Timö, Yli-Jama Tuomas, Jalava Jari, Vainio Olli, Toivanen Paavo. Bacterial components in the synovial tissue of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pan-bacterial polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Jun 15;49(3):328–334. doi: 10.1002/art.11119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cromartie W. J., Craddock J. G., Schwab J. H., Anderle S. K., Yang C. H. Arthritis in rats after systemic injection of streptococcal cells or cell walls. J Exp Med. 1977 Dec 1;146(6):1585–1602. doi: 10.1084/jem.146.6.1585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Doran Michele F., Pond Gregory R., Crowson Cynthia S., O'Fallon W. Michael, Gabriel Sherine E. Trends in incidence and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota, over a forty-year period. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Mar;46(3):625–631. doi: 10.1002/art.509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duchmann R., Neurath M. F., Meyer zum Büschenfelde K. H. Responses to self and non-self intestinal microflora in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Res Immunol. 1997 Oct-Dec;148(8-9):589–594. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80154-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eerola E., Möttönen T., Hannonen P., Luukkainen R., Kantola I., Vuori K., Tuominen J., Toivanen P. Intestinal flora in early rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Nov;33(11):1030–1038. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/33.11.1030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Granfors K., Jalkanen S., Lindberg A. A., Mäki-Ikola O., von Essen R., Lahesmaa-Rantala R., Isomäki H., Saario R., Arnold W. J., Toivanen A. Salmonella lipopolysaccharide in synovial cells from patients with reactive arthritis. Lancet. 1990 Mar 24;335(8691):685–688. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90804-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Granfors K., Jalkanen S., Toivanen P., Koski J., Lindberg A. A. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide in synovial fluid cells in Shigella triggered reactive arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992 Mar;19(3):500–500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Granfors K., Jalkanen S., von Essen R., Lahesmaa-Rantala R., Isomäki O., Pekkola-Heino K., Merilahti-Palo R., Saario R., Isomäki H., Toivanen A. Yersinia antigens in synovial-fluid cells from patients with reactive arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jan 26;320(4):216–221. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198901263200404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gripenberg-Lerche C., Skurnik M., Toivanen P. Role of YadA-mediated collagen binding in arthritogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8: experimental studies with rats. Infect Immun. 1995 Aug;63(8):3222–3226. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.8.3222-3226.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guarner Francisco, Malagelada Juan-R. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet. 2003 Feb 8;361(9356):512–519. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HOEKSMA A., WINKLER K. C. The normal flora of the nose in twins. Acta Leiden. 1963;32:123–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heliövaara M., Aho K., Knekt P., Impivaara O., Reunanen A., Aromaa A. Coffee consumption, rheumatoid factor, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 Aug;59(8):631–635. doi: 10.1136/ard.59.8.631. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kool J., Ruseler-van Embden J. G., van Lieshout L. M., de Visser H., Gerrits-Boeye M. Y., van den Berg W. B., Hazenberg M. P. Induction of arthritis in rats by soluble peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complexes produced by human intestinal flora. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Dec;34(12):1611–1616. doi: 10.1002/art.1780341222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kyburz Diego, Rethage Janine, Seibl Reinhart, Lauener Roger, Gay Renate E., Carson Dennis A., Gay Steffen. Bacterial peptidoglycans but not CpG oligodeoxynucleotides activate synovial fibroblasts by toll-like receptor signaling. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Mar;48(3):642–650. doi: 10.1002/art.10848. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lehman T. J., Allen J. B., Plotz P. H., Wilder R. L. Lactobacillus casei cell wall-induced arthritis in rats: cell wall fragment distribution and persistence in chronic arthritis-susceptible LEW/N and -resistant F344/N rats. Arthritis Rheum. 1984 Aug;27(8):939–942. doi: 10.1002/art.1780270815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lehtonen L., Eerola E., Oksman P., Toivanen P. Muramic acid in peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy human subjects. J Infect Dis. 1995 Apr;171(4):1060–1064. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.4.1060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lehtonen L., Eerola E., Toivanen P. Muramic acid in human peripheral blood leucocytes in different age groups. Eur J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep;27(9):791–792. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1950732.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lehtonen L., Kortekangas P., Oksman P., Eerola E., Aro H., Toivanen A. Synovial fluid muramic acid in acute inflammatory arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Dec;33(12):1127–1130. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/33.12.1127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacGregor A. J., Bamber S., Carthy D., Vencovsky J., Mageed R. A., Ollier W. E., Silman A. J. Heterogeneity of disease phenotype in monozygotic twins concordant for rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1995 Mar;34(3):215–220. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/34.3.215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacGregor A. J., Snieder H., Rigby A. S., Koskenvuo M., Kaprio J., Aho K., Silman A. J. Characterizing the quantitative genetic contribution to rheumatoid arthritis using data from twins. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Jan;43(1):30–37. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200001)43:1<30::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-B. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacKay Kirsten, Eyre Stephen, Myerscough Anne, Milicic Anita, Barton Anne, Laval Steven, Barrett Jenny, Lee Dorothea, White Sarah, John Sally. Whole-genome linkage analysis of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci in 252 affected sibling pairs in the United Kingdom. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Mar;46(3):632–639. doi: 10.1002/art.10147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mattey Derek L., Hutchinson David, Dawes Peter T., Nixon Nicola B., Clarke Sheila, Fisher June, Brownfield Ann, Alldersea Julie, Fryer Anthony A., Strange Richard C. Smoking and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis: association with polymorphism at the glutathione S-transferase M1 locus. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Mar;46(3):640–646. doi: 10.1002/art.10174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merilahti-Palo R., Söderström K. O., Lahesmaa-Rantala R., Granfors K., Toivanen A. Bacterial antigens in synovial biopsy specimens in yersinia triggered reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 Feb;50(2):87–90. doi: 10.1136/ard.50.2.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Midtvedt T. Intestinal bacteria and rheumatic disease. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1987;64:49–54. doi: 10.3109/03009748709096721. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mohammadi M., Redline R., Nedrud J., Czinn S. Role of the host in pathogenesis of Helicobacter-associated gastritis: H. felis infection of inbred and congenic mouse strains. Infect Immun. 1996 Jan;64(1):238–245. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.1.238-245.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Newkirk Marianna M. Rheumatoid factors: host resistance or autoimmunity? Clin Immunol. 2002 Jul;104(1):1–13. doi: 10.1006/clim.2002.5210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nikkari S., McLaughlin I. J., Bi W., Dodge D. E., Relman D. A. Does blood of healthy subjects contain bacterial ribosomal DNA? J Clin Microbiol. 2001 May;39(5):1956–1959. doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.5.1956-1959.2001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Olsén A., Wick M. J., Mörgelin M., Björck L. Curli, fibrous surface proteins of Escherichia coli, interact with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Infect Immun. 1998 Mar;66(3):944–949. doi: 10.1128/iai.66.3.944-949.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peltonen R., Kjeldsen-Kragh J., Haugen M., Tuominen J., Toivanen P., Førre O., Eerola E. Changes of faecal flora in rheumatoid arthritis during fasting and one-year vegetarian diet. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Jul;33(7):638–643. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/33.7.638. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salmi M., Rajala P., Jalkanen S. Homing of mucosal leukocytes to joints. Distinct endothelial ligands in synovium mediate leukocyte-subtype specific adhesion. J Clin Invest. 1997 May 1;99(9):2165–2172. doi: 10.1172/JCI119389. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schrijver I. A., Melief M. J., Markusse H. M., Van Aelst I., Opdenakker G., Hazenberg M. P., Laman J. D. Peptidoglycan from sterile human spleen induces T-cell proliferation and inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy subjects. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001 Apr;40(4):438–446. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.4.438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schumacher H. R., Jr, Arayssi T., Crane M., Lee J., Gerard H., Hudson A. P., Klippel J. Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acids can be found in the synovium of some asymptomatic subjects. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jun;42(6):1281–1284. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1281::AID-ANR27>3.0.CO;2-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Severijnen A. J., van Kleef R., Hazenberg M. P., van de Merwe J. P. Cell wall fragments from major residents of the human intestinal flora induce chronic arthritis in rats. J Rheumatol. 1989 Aug;16(8):1061–1068. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Silman A. J., MacGregor A. J., Thomson W., Holligan S., Carthy D., Farhan A., Ollier W. E. Twin concordance rates for rheumatoid arthritis: results from a nationwide study. Br J Rheumatol. 1993 Oct;32(10):903–907. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/32.10.903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Silman A., Davies P., Currey H. L., Evans S. J. Is rheumatoid arthritis becoming less severe? J Chronic Dis. 1983;36(12):891–897. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(83)90011-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Silman Alan J. The changing face of rheumatoid arthritis: why the decline in incidence? Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Mar;46(3):579–581. doi: 10.1002/art.508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Söderlund M., von Essen R., Haapasaari J., Kiistala U., Kiviluoto O., Hedman K. Persistence of parvovirus B19 DNA in synovial membranes of young patients with and without chronic arthropathy. Lancet. 1997 Apr 12;349(9058):1063–1065. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09110-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takeuchi O., Hoshino K., Kawai T., Sanjo H., Takada H., Ogawa T., Takeda K., Akira S. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity. 1999 Oct;11(4):443–451. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80119-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toivanen A. Throat streptococci in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1969;501:1–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toivanen P., Koskimies S., Granfors K., Eerola E. Bacterial antibodies in HLA-B27+ healthy individuals. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Nov;36(11):1633–1635. doi: 10.1002/art.1780361122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toivanen P., Vaahtovuo J., Eerola E. Influence of major histocompatibility complex on bacterial composition of fecal flora. Infect Immun. 2001 Apr;69(4):2372–2377. doi: 10.1128/IAI.69.4.2372-2377.2001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van de Merwe J. P., Stegeman J. H., Hazenberg M. P. The resident faecal flora is determined by genetic characteristics of the host. Implications for Crohn's disease? Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1983 Jun;49(2):119–124. doi: 10.1007/BF00393669. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilbrink B., van der Heijden I. M., Schouls L. M., van Embden J. D., Hazes J. M., Breedveld F. C., Tak P. P. Detection of bacterial DNA in joint samples from patients with undifferentiated arthritis and reactive arthritis, using polymerase chain reaction with universal 16S ribosomal RNA primers. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Mar;41(3):535–543. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199803)41:3<535::AID-ART20>3.0.CO;2-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilkinson N. Z., Kingsley G. H., Jones H. W., Sieper J., Braun J., Ward M. E. The detection of DNA from a range of bacterial species in the joints of patients with a variety of arthritides using a nested, broad-range polymerase chain reaction. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999 Mar;38(3):260–266. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.3.260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhang L., Nikkari S., Skurnik M., Ziegler T., Luukkainen R., Möttönen T., Toivanen P. Detection of herpesviruses by polymerase chain reaction in lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Aug;36(8):1080–1086. doi: 10.1002/art.1780360808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhang X., Rimpiläinen M., Simelyte E., Toivanen P. Characterisation of Eubacterium cell wall: peptidoglycan structure determines arthritogenicity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Mar;60(3):269–274. doi: 10.1136/ard.60.3.269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhang X., Rimpiläinen M., Simelyte E., Toivanen P. Enzyme degradation and proinflammatory activity in arthritogenic and nonarthritogenic Eubacterium aerofaciens cell walls. Infect Immun. 2001 Dec;69(12):7277–7284. doi: 10.1128/IAI.69.12.7277-7284.2001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van der Heijden I. M., Wilbrink B., Tchetverikov I., Schrijver I. A., Schouls L. M., Hazenberg M. P., Breedveld F. C., Tak P. P. Presence of bacterial DNA and bacterial peptidoglycans in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Mar;43(3):593–598. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<593::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]